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BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER CHAPTER 26, SECTION 4 Slide 2 THE HYDROGEN BOMB Define: Hydrogen Bomb A thermonuclear device with the explosive power of 1 million tons of TNT. When? 1950 52 Why? a. Fear of Soviet nuclear efforts b. Desire to gain nuclear advantage Truman approves research / development of bomb. 1 st Test: 1952 detonation of an American H-Bomb Problem? Yes 1953, Soviets detonate their first H-Bomb So What? Nuclear balance is evened again Slide 3 1952 Hydrogen Bomb Detonation Slide 4 BRINKMANSHIP 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President Ikes Sec. Of State: John Foster Dulles Dulles: Staunch Anti-Communist Dulles foreign policy principle: BRINKMANSHIP Define: A willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war, especially nuclear war. So What? The U.S. will keep the peace by promising to use all its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nations Brinkmanship requires larger numbers of nuclear weapons So... THE ARMS RACE BEGINS Slide 5 GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER World War II Slide 6 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, PRESIDENT OF THE U.S., 1953 - 61 Slide 7 John F. Dulles Time, 1954 Sec. of State Slide 8 THE COLD WAR SPREADS WHY? Superpower rivalry; both want to dominate global affairs Both want to spread their own political & economic systems Both want access to more resources How do superpowers gain global power? Expand alliances Prevent other superpower from doing the same thing How? Conventional / Direct confrontation Example? Conventional War - Define Covert / Indirect confrontation Examples? Spying Aiding friendly revolutions Helping overthrow unfriendly govts. Slide 9 THE COLD WAR SPREADS(CONTD.) Who will do this effectively? Intelligence agencies; examples? C.I.A. Military Intelligence communities Where? 1953: IRAN CIA helps overthrow Pres. Mossadegh ; Shah of Iran takes over Why? Oil access 1954: GUATEMALA CIA helps overthrow Pres. Arbenz Why? Arbenz viewed as sympathetic to communism Slide 10 ATTEMPTS AT PEACE 1953: Stalin dies 1955: Soviets form Warsaw Pact Define: Alliance of Eastern European Soviet satellite nations. 1955: The Geneva Summit What? U.S. Soviet meetings to discuss issues of mutual concern. Ike proposes an Open Skies Policy Define: Both nations would allow flights over their territory to guard against surprise nuclear attack Soviets reject offer; Why? Soviets fear a U.S. trick to discover where Soviet nuclear weapons are So What? Lack of trust worsens superpower tension Slide 11 THE WARSAW PACT Slide 12 OTHER FLASHPOINTS 1956: Egypt: The Suez Crisis U.S. backs a Brit.-French-Israel takeover of the Suez Canal Why? Egypt growing too friendly w/USSR 1956: Hungary Soviets invade Hungary Why? Govt has become too friendly w/Western European nations U.S. decides not to intervene ; risk is too high and Suez Crisis take precedence Result? The Eisenhower Doctrine Define: U.S. would give aid to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by any Communist aggression/expansion Slide 13 U.S. EMBARRASSMENTS 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I SO WHAT? 1960: U-2 Spyplane shot down Pilot: Francis Gary Powers captured & tried for espionage Embarrassment for U.S. SO WHAT? The Cold War heats up Slide 14 SPUTNIK I Slide 15 Slide 16 U-2 SPYPLANE Slide 17 Frances Gary Powers USAF, 1950s Slide 18 Slide 19 POWERS WITH U-2, PRE-FLIGHT Slide 20