Bringing Nature Home
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
the-piedmont-environmental-council -
Category
Documents
-
view
1.684 -
download
1
Transcript of Bringing Nature Home
Bringing Nature Home
Doug Tallamy
Economy 80%Health Care 66%Gov’t Corruption 66%Taxes 58%Energy Policy 52%Education 61%Social Security 60%Immigration 45%National Security 52%Afghanistan 35%
Top 10 Voter Concerns
Biodiversity losses are a clear signal
that humanity’s life support systems
are failing.
What is biodiversity ?
What is biodiversity?
Every species on earth
Each species has a specific function in its ecosystem, and there is much redundancy in
healthy ecosystems.
Several species do the same job.
Why do we needbiodiversity?
Biodiversity is essential to ecosystems because it:
Increases stability Increases productivity Decreases susceptibility to biotic invasions
David Tilman, Peter Price, Don Strong
Plants and animals are the rivets
holding the ecosystems that sustain us together.
Biodiversity = ecosystem services
We also needbiodiversityfor our own mental health
Our kids have nature deficit disorder because we have a deficit of nature!
Where does animal diversity come from?
950 million acresKershner & Leverett 2004
Photosynthesis drawing
Sunlight
CO2
Water
Food
O2
Plants also provide shelter
Plants are literally a matter of life and death
Carrying Capacity
The number of individuals of a particular species that can be
supported sustainably without degrading the resource
base
Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity
Popu
latio
n Si
ze
Time
Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity
Popu
latio
n Si
ze
Time
What have we done to the carrying capacity of the U.S. ?
Sanderson 2009
We haven’t done this only on Manhattan!
We have turned 950 million acres of virgin forests into tiny patches of secondary growth woodlots
We have paved 4 million miles of roads in the U.S. (Hayden 2004)
This is equivalent to 37,879 sq miles,
or nearly five times the size of New Jersey
We have converted 62,500 sq miles to suburban lawn in the U.S. This is over 8 times the size of New Jersey
dedicated to a non-native plant
The U.S. is a human- dominated ecosystem
41% agriculture
54 % cities and suburbs
We have converted our natural world into cities and suburbs.
This is not abouthumans disappearingfrom the earth;it’s about humanssharing the earth.
127 spp of neotropical migrants are declining.
Even though biodiversityis an essential, non-renewable natural resource,we are forcing it to extinction.
Why can’t biodiversity survive in our parks
and preserves?
When we shrink a habitat, we lose niche space.
Consequences:1) Only tiny populations can exist in
tiny habitats.
2) Tiny populations are vulnerable to extinction.
Pimm et al. 1988
Time
Popu
latio
n Si
ze
few
m
any
Our natural
areas are not
large enough
to sustain nature
Today, our yards support very little
biodiversity.Our challenge is to raise
the carrying capacity of our neighborhoods so that they can be healthy, functioning
ecosystems.
Just add plants?
All plants do notsupport wildlife equally
Autumn Olive
Black Cherry
Non-native plantssupport fewer insects.
Non-native plantssupport fewer insects.
05
1015202530354045
Number of Species
Uninvaded Invaded
050
100150200250300350400450500
Abundance
Uninvaded Invaded
Why can’t insects eat aliens?
Why can’t insects eat aliens?
Foliage is defended by distasteful chemicals
Most insects can develop and reproduce only
on the plants with which they share an evolutionary history.
(Ehrlich & Raven, 1964)
Insects that specialize on one plantInsects that specialize on one plant are no longer able to eat other plants.
90% of all phytophagous insect species can eat plants in only 3 or fewer families.
Most can tolerate onlya few closely related species.
(Bernays & Graham, 1988)
Who cares if our plants make insects?
Animals that eat insects care!
Bill Duyck
Icteridae (blackbirds & orioles) Fringillidae (finches)Ploceidae (weaver finches) Passeridae (Old World Sparrows) Podicipedidae (grebes) Ardeidae (herons) Threskiornithidae (ibises & spoonbills) Anatidae (ducks, geese & swans) Accipitridae (hawks, kites & eagles) Falconidae (falcons) Phasianidae (turkeys & grouse) Odontophoridae (new world quail) Rallidae (rails, gallinules & coots) Aramidae (limpkins) Gruidae (cranes) Charadriidae (plovers) Recurvirostridae (avocets & stilts) Jacanidae (Jacana) Scolopacidae (sandpipers & phalaropes)Laridae (gulls & terns) Columbidae (pigeons & doves) Cuculidae (cuckoos & roadrunners) Tytonidae (barn owls) Strigidae (owls) Caprimulgidae (goatsuckers)Apodidae (swifts) Trochilidae (hummingbirds) Trogonidae (trogons) Alcedinidae (kingfishers)Picidae (woodpeckers)
Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers)Laniidae (shrikes)Vireonidae (vireos)Corvidae (crows & jays)Alaudidae (larks) Hirundinidae (swallows) Paridae (titmice) Remizidae (verdins) Aegithalidae (bushtit) Sittidae (nuthatches) Certhiidae (creepers) Troglodytidae (wrens) Pycnonotidae (bulbul)Regulidae (kinglets) Sylviidae (Old World warblers)Muscicapidae (old world flycatchers) Timaliidae (babblers) Turdidae (thrushes) Mimidae (mockingbirds & thrashers) Sturnidae (starlings) introducedPrunellidae (accentors) Motacillidae (pipits & wagtails) Bombycillidae (waxwings) Ptilogonatidae (silky-flycatcher) Peucedramidae (olive warbler)Parulidae (wood warblers) Coerebidae (bananaquits) Thraupidae (tanagers) Emberizidae (sparrows& buntings) Cardinalidae (cardinals & grosbeaks)
Birds that eat insects
How much food do we need to make in our yards?
L
Lots !!
Carolina chickadee feeds its young almost exclusively caterpillars
Both the male and female forage for caterpillars
A pair can deliver food about every 3 min
30 caterpillars in 27 min
Parents forage from 6 am til 8 pm
A chickadee pair brings at least 300 (390-570) caterpillars to the nest per day
( Brewer 1961);
Chickadees feed their young for 16 days before they fledge.
So to rear one clutch they must catch at least
4800 caterpillars!
25 caterpillars per tree
At 25 caterpillars per tree, it will take 192 trees to produce one clutch of chickadees.
If each tree occupies 225 sq ft (15 x15’), it will take 43,200 sq ft, or about 1 acre of trees, to provide enough food for one chickadee nest.
0.35 oz
How close areour yards to making
this much food?
Landscapable Area that is
Lawn
Alien Species Alien Plants Invasive Plants0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
10.92
0.740.79
0.09
Perc
ent
Biomass of trees in suburbia
Biomass of trees in woodlots
Problems with Plant Introductions
Chestnut blight Sudden oak death White pine blister rust Dogwood anthracnose Greening disease Hemlock wooly adelgid Chestnut gall wasp Japanese beetle Light brown apple moth Citrus long-horned beetle
58 high-impact insects and diseases have been brought to the U.S. on ornamental stock
(Liebold et al. 2012)
85% of our invasive woody plants have escaped from the ornamental industry Reichard & White 2001
Invasives from the Ornamental IndustryJapanese honeysuckle Japanese barberryMelaleuca BuckthornOriental bittersweet KudzuMile-a-minute Purple loosestrifeAutumn olive Yellow IrisBrazilian peppertree Norway maple Callery pear English ivyPrivet PorcelainberryBurning bush MiscanthusJapanese hop vine CarrotwoodLaurel fig Day lily Multiflora rose PaulowniaCork tree Butterfly bushAmur honeysuckle JetbeadPeriwinkle AkebiaOriental Wisteria Virgin’s bowerOld man’s beard White poplarWintercreeper Mimosa
house
It’s not just the types of plants in our landscapes that are starving our birds, it is the amount of plants we use in suburbia.
To restore the ecological integrity of urban ecosystems we must not only use more plants, but use more productive
plants as well.
Does your yard have to 100%
natives?
Is the solution to simply plant native plants?
Quercus (534)Prunus (456)Salix (455)Betula (411)Populus (367)Malus (308)Acer (297)Vaccinium (294)Alnus (255)Carya (235)Ulmus (215)Pinus (201)Crataegus (168)Rubus (163)Picea (150)Fraxinus (149)Tilia (149)Pyrus (138)Rosa (135)Corylus (131)Juglans (129)Castanea (127)Fagus (127)Amelanchier (124)Larix (121)Cornus (118)Abies (117)Myrica (108)Viburnum (104)Ribes (99)Ostrya (94)Tsuga (92)Spiraea (89)Vitis (79)Pseudotsuga (76)Robinia (72)Carpinus (68)Sorbus (68)Comptonia (64)Hamamelis (63)Rhus (58)Rhododendron (51)
Thuja (50)Diospyros (46)Gleditsia (46)Ceanothus (45)Platanus (45)Gaylussacia (44)Celtis (43)Juniperus (42)Sambucus (42)Physocarpus (41)Syringa (40)Ilex (39)Sassafras (38)Lonicera (37)Liquidambar (35)Kalmia (33)Aesculus (33)Parthenocissus (32)Photinia (29)Nyssa (26)Symphoricarpos (25)Cydonia (24)Ligustrum (24)Shepherdia (22)Liriodendron (21)Magnolia (21)Cephalanthus (19)Cercis (19)Smilax (19)Wisteria (19)Persea (18)Arctostaphylos (17)Ricinus (16)Taxodium (16)Chamaedaphne (15)Toxicodendron (15)Oxydendrum (14)Ampelopsis (13)Arbutus (12)Asimina (12)Berberis (12)Acacia (11)
Euonymus (11)Frangula (11)Lindera (11)Lyonia (11)Caragana (10)Clethra (10)Rhamnus (10)Pyracantha (9)Morus (9)Elaeagnus (9)Chaenomeles (8)Cytisus (8)Ficus (8)Catalpa (8)Chamaecyparis (8)Chionanthus (8)Maclura (8)Taxus (8)Cupressus (7)Andromeda (7)Campsis (7)Celastrus (7)Halesia (7)Ledum (7)Ailanthus (6)Clematis (6)Ptelea (6)Zanthoxylum (6)Albizia (5)Ginkgo (5)Decodon (5)Diervilla (5)Gymnocladus (5)Hydrangea (5)Cotinus (4)Eremochloa (4)Genista (4)Indigofera (4)Pueraria (4)Leucothoe (4)Philadelphus (4)Phoradendron (4)
Sideroxylon (4)Cedrus (3)Cissus (3)Cotoneaster (3)Hedera (3)Lagerstroemia (3)Myrtus (3)Tamarix (3)Deutzia (2)Lavandula (2)Lycium (2)Melia (2)Paulownia (2)Phoenix (2)Sophora (2)Sorbaria (2)Weigela (2)Calycanthus (2)Gaultheria (2)Litsea (2)Menziesia (2)Pieris (2)Staphylea (2)Abelia (1)Bambusa (1)Broussonetia (1)Buddleja (1)Buxus (1)Calluna (1)Camellia (1)Clerodendrum (1)Colutea (1)Forsythia (1)Koelreuteria (1)Laburnum (1)Phyllostachys (1)Poncirus (1)Pterostyrax (1)Sapium (1)Thamnocalamus (1)Vincetoxicum (1)Callicarpa (1)
Dirca (1)Leiophyllum (1)Menispermum (1) Nemophila (1)Osmanthus (1)Stewartia (1)Metasequoia (0)Vitex (0)Ceratonia (0)Cercidiphyllum (0)Exochorda (0)Firmiana (0)Grewia (0)Kalopanax (0)Kerria (0)Kolkwitzia (0)Nandina (0)Phellodendron (0)Pseudosasa (0)Rhodotypos (0)Stephanandra (0)Styphnolobium (0)Tetradium (0)Toona (0)Zelkova (0)Adlumia (0)Arceuthobium (0)Berchemia (0)Borrichia (0)Cladrastis (0)Empetrum (0)Eubotrys (0)Itea (0)Loiseleuria (0)Nestronia (0)Styrax (0)Xanthorhiza (0)Zenobia (0)
Quercus (534)Prunus (456)Salix (455)Betula (411)Populus (367)Malus (308)Acer (297)Vaccinium (294)Alnus (255)Carya (235)Ulmus (215)Pinus (201)Crataegus (168)Rubus (163)Picea (150)Fraxinus (149)Tilia (149)Pyrus (138)Rosa (135)Corylus (131)Juglans (129)Castanea (127)Fagus (127)Amelanchier (124)Larix (121)Cornus (118)Abies (117)Myrica (108)Viburnum (104)Ribes (99)Ostrya (94)Tsuga (92)Spiraea (89)Vitis (79)Pseudotsuga (76)Robinia (72)Carpinus (68)Sorbus (68)Comptonia (64)Hamamelis (63)Rhus (58)Rhododendron (51)
Thuja (50)Diospyros (46)Gleditsia (46)Ceanothus (45)Platanus (45)Gaylussacia (44)Celtis (43)Juniperus (42)Sambucus (42)Physocarpus (41)Syringa (40)Ilex (39)Sassafras (38)Lonicera (37)Liquidambar (35)Kalmia (33)Aesculus (33)Parthenocissus (32)Photinia (29)Nyssa (26)Symphoricarpos (25)Cydonia (24)Ligustrum (24)Shepherdia (22)Liriodendron (21)Magnolia (21)Cephalanthus (19)Cercis (19)Smilax (19)Wisteria (19)Persea (18)Arctostaphylos (17)Ricinus (16)Taxodium (16)Chamaedaphne (15)Toxicodendron (15)Oxydendrum (14)Ampelopsis (13)Arbutus (12)Asimina (12)Berberis (12)Acacia (11)
Euonymus (11)Frangula (11)Lindera (11)Lyonia (11)Caragana (10)Clethra (10)Rhamnus (10)Pyracantha (9)Morus (9)Elaeagnus (9)Chaenomeles (8)Cytisus (8)Ficus (8)Catalpa (8)Chamaecyparis (8)Chionanthus (8)Maclura (8)Taxus (8)Cupressus (7)Andromeda (7)Campsis (7)Celastrus (7)Halesia (7)Ledum (7)Ailanthus (6)Clematis (6)Ptelea (6)Zanthoxylum (6)Albizia (5)Ginkgo (5)Decodon (5)Diervilla (5)Gymnocladus (5)Hydrangea (5)Cotinus (4)Eremochloa (4)Genista (4)Indigofera (4)Pueraria (4)Leucothoe (4)Philadelphus (4)Phoradendron (4)
Sideroxylon (4)Cedrus (3)Cissus (3)Cotoneaster (3)Hedera (3)Lagerstroemia (3)Myrtus (3)Tamarix (3)Deutzia (2)Lavandula (2)Lycium (2)Melia (2)Paulownia (2)Phoenix (2)Sophora (2)Sorbaria (2)Weigela (2)Calycanthus (2)Gaultheria (2)Litsea (2)Menziesia (2)Pieris (2)Staphylea (2)Abelia (1)Bambusa (1)Broussonetia (1)Buddleja (1)Buxus (1)Calluna (1)Camellia (1)Clerodendrum (1)Colutea (1)Forsythia (1)Koelreuteria (1)Laburnum (1)Phyllostachys (1)Poncirus (1)Pterostyrax (1)Sapium (1)Thamnocalamus (1)Vincetoxicum (1)Callicarpa (1)
Dirca (1)Leiophyllum (1)Menispermum (1) Nemophila (1)Osmanthus (1)Stewartia (1)Metasequoia (0)Vitex (0)Ceratonia (0)Cercidiphyllum (0)Exochorda (0)Firmiana (0)Grewia (0)Kalopanax (0)Kerria (0)Kolkwitzia (0)Nandina (0)Phellodendron (0)Pseudosasa (0)Rhodotypos (0)Stephanandra (0)Styphnolobium (0)Tetradium (0)Toona (0)Zelkova (0)Adlumia (0)Arceuthobium (0)Berchemia (0)Borrichia (0)Cladrastis (0)Empetrum (0)Eubotrys (0)Itea (0)Loiseleuria (0)Nestronia (0)Styrax (0)Xanthorhiza (0)Zenobia (0)
E
Quercus (534)Prunus (456)Salix (455)Betula (411)Populus (367)Malus (308)Acer (297)Vaccinium (294)Alnus (255)Carya (235)Ulmus (215)Pinus (201)Crataegus (168)Rubus (163)Picea (150)Fraxinus (149)Tilia (149)Pyrus (138)Rosa (135)Corylus (131)Juglans (129)Castanea (127)Fagus (127)Amelanchier (124)Larix (121)Cornus (118)Abies (117)Myrica (108)Viburnum (104)Ribes (99)Ostrya (94)Tsuga (92)Spiraea (89)Vitis (79)Pseudotsuga (76)Robinia (72)Carpinus (68)Sorbus (68)Comptonia (64)Hamamelis (63)Rhus (58)Rhododendron (51)
Thuja (50)Diospyros (46)Gleditsia (46)Ceanothus (45)Platanus (45)Gaylussacia (44)Celtis (43)Juniperus (42)Sambucus (42)Physocarpus (41)Syringa (40)Ilex (39)Sassafras (38)Lonicera (37)Liquidambar (35)Kalmia (33)Aesculus (33)Parthenocissus (32)Photinia (29)Nyssa (26)Symphoricarpos (25)Cydonia (24)Ligustrum (24)Shepherdia (22)Liriodendron (21)Magnolia (21)Cephalanthus (19)Cercis (19)Smilax (19)Wisteria (19)Persea (18)Arctostaphylos (17)Ricinus (16)Taxodium (16)Chamaedaphne (15)Toxicodendron (15)Oxydendrum (14)Ampelopsis (13)Arbutus (12)Asimina (12)Berberis (12)Acacia (11)
Euonymus (11)Frangula (11)Lindera (11)Lyonia (11)Caragana (10)Clethra (10)Rhamnus (10)Pyracantha (9)Morus (9)Elaeagnus (9)Chaenomeles (8)Cytisus (8)Ficus (8)Catalpa (8)Chamaecyparis (8)Chionanthus (8)Maclura (8)Taxus (8)Cupressus (7)Andromeda (7)Campsis (7)Celastrus (7)Halesia (7)Ledum (7)Ailanthus (6)Clematis (6)Ptelea (6)Zanthoxylum (6)Albizia (5)Ginkgo (5)Decodon (5)Diervilla (5)Gymnocladus (5)Hydrangea (5)Cotinus (4)Eremochloa (4)Genista (4)Indigofera (4)Pueraria (4)Leucothoe (4)Philadelphus (4)Phoradendron (4)
Sideroxylon (4)Cedrus (3)Cissus (3)Cotoneaster (3)Hedera (3)Lagerstroemia (3)Myrtus (3)Tamarix (3)Deutzia (2)Lavandula (2)Lycium (2)Melia (2)Paulownia (2)Phoenix (2)Sophora (2)Sorbaria (2)Weigela (2)Calycanthus (2)Gaultheria (2)Litsea (2)Menziesia (2)Pieris (2)Staphylea (2)Abelia (1)Bambusa (1)Broussonetia (1)Buddleja (1)Buxus (1)Calluna (1)Camellia (1)Clerodendrum (1)Colutea (1)Forsythia (1)Koelreuteria (1)Laburnum (1)Phyllostachys (1)Poncirus (1)Pterostyrax (1)Sapium (1)Thamnocalamus (1)Vincetoxicum (1)Callicarpa (1)
Dirca (1)Leiophyllum (1)Menispermum (1) Nemophila (1)Osmanthus (1)Stewartia (1)Metasequoia (0)Vitex (0)Ceratonia (0)Cercidiphyllum (0)Exochorda (0)Firmiana (0)Grewia (0)Kalopanax (0)Kerria (0)Kolkwitzia (0)Nandina (0)Phellodendron (0)Pseudosasa (0)Rhodotypos (0)Stephanandra (0)Styphnolobium (0)Tetradium (0)Toona (0)Zelkova (0)Adlumia (0)Arceuthobium (0)Berchemia (0)Borrichia (0)Cladrastis (0)Empetrum (0)Eubotrys (0)Itea (0)Loiseleuria (0)Nestronia (0)Styrax (0)Xanthorhiza (0)Zenobia (0)
Io Moth
Saddled Prominent
Double-lined Prominent
Double-lined Prominent
What does a biodiversity-friendly
suburb look like?
To share suburbia with wildlife, we need to:
Create corridors connecting natural areas
Reduce the area now in lawn Begin the transition from alien
ornamentals to native ornamentals
If we replant half of the area now in lawn…..
20 Million AcresAdirondacks +Yellowstone +Yosemite +Grand Tetons +Canyonlands +Mount Ranier +North Cascades +Badlands +Olympic +Sequoia +Grand Canyon +Denali +Great Smoky Mountains
It is often hardest to see what is most
obviousIt is often hardest to see what is most obvious
Nature is what you make it.
We have paved 4 million miles of roads in the U.S.
This is equivalent to 37,879 square miles, or nearly five times the size of New Jersey
Native
Native
Species of “Conservation Concern” at the Study Sites
From “Partners in Flight” list of priority species for the mid-Atlantic piedmont region
Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) Veery (Catharus fucescens) Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)
Build a balanced community
Planting natives is a “grass roots” approachto conservation
There is no better way to expose children to nature than to bring nature home to the children.
“Gardening is a way of showingthat you believe in tomorrow”
Unknown
BringingNatureHome.net
Tilia 149Fagus 127Myrica 108 Ostrya 94Carpinus 68Hamamelis 63Diospyrus 46Platanus 45Sassafras 38
Liquidambar 35 Nyssa 26Liriodendron 21Cercis 19Lindera 11Morus 9Campsus 7Celastrus 7Itea 0
Plant Homeland herbivores Novel herbivores Years since introduction
Phragmites australis 170 species 5 species 300+Eucalyptus stelloleta 48 species 1 species 100Opuntia ficus-indica 16 species 0 species 250Clematis vitalba 40 species 1 species 100Melaleuca quinquenervia 409 species 8 species 120
Can a plant become native if it’s been here long enough?
Compromise With Alien
Credits!
Fagace
ae
Pinace
ae
Betulac
eae
Rosaceae
Acerace
ae
Faba
ceae
Magnoli
aceae
Juglan
dacea
e
Oleacea
e
Caprifo
liacea
e
Moracea
e
Bignonia
ceae
Hippocas
tanace
ae
Laurac
eae
Cupressa
ceae
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time on Non-natives
Time on Natives
Min
utes
fora
ging
by
mig
rant
bir
ds r
ecor
ded