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Transcript of Bringing landscapes, lifestyles and livelihoods together to assess and engage in improving natural...
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Bringing landscapes, lifestyles and livelihoods together to assess and engage in improving natural
resource condition.
Andrew Campbell
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Knowledgefor managing Australian landscapes
Andrew Campbell
Place & Purpose Symposium, Adelaide
30 September 2009
www.triplehelix.com.au
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My perspectives
• Farming background Cavendish (SW Vic)
• Forestry (Creswick & Melbourne)
• Extension officer, Shepparton, Bendigo &
Stawell
• Manager, Potter Farmland Plan
• National Landcare Facilitator
• Post-grad studies, Holland & France
• Senior Executive, Australian Government
• 7 years CEO of Land & Water Australia
• Triple Helix Consulting
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Outline
1. Context
2. Imperative
3. Knowledge needs
4. Implications for landscape science
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1. CONTEXT
• Climate
• Water
• Energy
• Soil & land
• Food
• Human health & animal welfare
• Natural Resource Management
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Source: WBCSD & IUCN 2008; Harvard Medical School 2008
Population & carbon emissions
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Water
• Every calorie takes one litre of
water to produce, on average*
• Like the Murray Darling Basin,
all the world‘s major food
producing basins are
effectively ‗closed‘ or already
over-committed
* IWMI 2007
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Energy & nutrients
• The era of abundant, cheap fossil fuels is over
• Rising energy costs = rising fertiliser costs
Remaining reserves (billions of barrels) of crude oil (EWG 2007)7
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Feeding the world
• The world needs to almost double food production by
2050, & improve distribution
• We have done this in the past, mainly through
clearing, cultivating and irrigating more land
– and to a lesser extent better varieties, more fertiliser etc
• Climate change is narrowing those options, with limits
to water, land, energy & nutrients
• Concern among rich consumers about modern
industrial food systems
– human health, animal welfare, environment
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But maybe we ain‘t seen nothin yet….
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Land & soil
• The FAO recently assessed trends in land condition (measured
by net primary productivity) from 1981-2004
• Land degradation is increasing in severity and extent:
– >20 percent of all cultivated areas
>30 percent of forests
>10 percent of grasslands
• 1.5 billion people depend directly on land that is being degraded
• Land degradation is cumulative. Limited overlap between 24% of
the land surface identified as degraded now and the 15% classified in
1991,
because NPP has flatlined near zero in flogged areas
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000874/index.html
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2. THE IMPERATIVEPROFOUND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES:1. To decouple economic growth from carbon emissions
2. To increase water productivity
decoupling the every calorie = 1 litre relationship
3. To increase energy productivity– more food energy out per unit of energy in
– while shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy
4. To develop more sustainable food systems– while conserving biodiversity
– and improving landscape amenity
5. To achieve all of the above simultaneously
– If you are in the water business, you are in the energy business,
and if you are in the energy business, you will soon be in the carbon
business12
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3 Pillars of Sustainability
KNOWLEDGE: Sustainable systems and practices must exist, and the know-how
for people to implement them
CAPACITY: People must have the wherewithal to be
able to implement more sustainable systems and
practices at sufficient scale
COMMITMENT: People must
want it
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3. KNOWLEDGE
From a public policy perspective, there are
three main reasons to invest in knowledge:
1.To help us make better decisions & policy
2.To underpin the innovation process
3.So that we can learn as we go along
— in the words of Peter Cullen:
“at least we should be making new mistakes”
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Knowledge 101
• Knowledge happens between the ears
• An individual cognitive process and highly contextual:
– “I only know what I know when I need to know it”
– knowledge is most useful when it is needed
• Revealed in artifacts (writing, art, formulae, products etc), skills,
experience, rules of thumb and natural talent (Dave Snowden)
• Across quite different domains:
– Including local, Indigenous, scientific, strategic (organisational)
• And different sectors:
– research, policy, management, planning, extension, education, monitoring
• People default to known, trusted, accessible sources
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The Cynefin knowledge framework*
• Climate change spans all of these domains
• If temp increase > 2ºC, then disorder & chaos will reign
• The challenge is to handle the necessary range of simultaneous responses
– to work in all of these domains at once
– to develop a system-wide perspective
– & the knowledge systems and learning strategies to underpin
that perspective
* David Snowden & Mary Boone (2007)
“Leader's Framework for Decision Making” Harvard Business Review16
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Observations on the current situation
• Community concern exceeds political will
• Knowledge at all levels is patchy
– “De Nile ain’t just a river in Egypt…”
• The overall NRM/Ag knowledge system lacks cohesion
– Research investment is concentrated in a few big players
– Alternative technologies/approaches struggle for funds
– Cross-system learning is poor
– Especially across climate-carbon-water-energy-food system
boundaries
• Climate chaos/water/energy literacy is far too low
– in the wider community
– in the bureaucracy
– in corporate boardrooms & management
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Response
Options
We need to be
operating in each of
these quadrants
Develop research
partnerships +/or
link into existing
collaborations
Source: FFI CRC EverCrop
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Lyndoch
Nurioopta
Eden Valley
N
Beware of
generalising
Source: Peter Hayman
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We need a third agricultural revolution— what might it look like?
• Closed loop farming systems (water, energy, nutrients, carbon)
• Farming systems producing renewable bioenergy
• Smart metering, sensing, telemetry, robotics, guidance
• Understanding & use of soil microbial activity (&GM)
• Urban food production (roofs etc), recycling waste streams & urban
water and nutrients
• Detailed product specification (e.g. Tesco)
• ‗Carbon plus‘ offsets and incentives
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A detour: woody biomass
energy• Learning from the Vikings:
– Finland: same area and population as Victoria, tougher
climate, shorter growing season, slower growth rates
– Private forestry thinnings etc produce 23% of Finland‘s
primary energy, over 75% of thermal energy needs, and
20% of Finland‘s electricity
– In Sweden it is 20% with a target of 40%
• Foran et al suggest woody biomass energy can fuel
Australia
• WA already has a pilot plant using mallees
– Verve Energy at Narrogin
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Transition to carbon-neutral,
energy-positive rural landscapes
• We should market ‗carbon plus‘ grass-fed, rain-fed, red
meat
– Which means significant offsets built-in to grazing systems
– Potential benefits for habitat, micro-climate, aesthetics, water
quality, shelter, bioenergy and carbon
• BUT: MIS schemes show that, without good planning &
controls, the market will default to large monoculture plantations
replacing agriculture, not integrated into farming (sub-prime
carbon!)
•
•
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―Carbon plus‖ wool, beef and sheep meat
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Forestry integrated with farming
vs replacing farming
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Forestry integrated with farming
vs replacing farming
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The temporal dimension
E. Nitens harvested from riparian revegetation after 16 years
Rowan Reid, Bambra Agroforestry Farm
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The temporal dimension (2)
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John Marriott direct-seeding a shelterbelt
on the Potter Farmland Plan ―Helm
View‖ demonstration farm 1985
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The shelterbelt from previous slide in 2005 (20 years on)
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NRM: sequential vs parallel evolution
Three major developments in NRM over the last 20
years:
1. Community landcare
2. The regional model
3. Assets-based approach — evidence-based targeting
• There is a tendency to see these developments as
sequential: each supplanting the previous approach
• In fact they should be implemented in parallel
– They are complementary, mutually reinforcing
– Synergistic with good planning & delivery
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The human dimension
• Managing whole landscapes
- landscapes: ―where nature meets culture‖ (Simon Schama)
- landscapes are socially constructed
- beyond ‗ecological apartheid‘
- sustainability means people management
- engage values, perceptions, aspirations, behaviour
- build knowledge grounded in a sense of place
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An engaged community base is crucial
• Rapid, often surprising, on-going environmental change will
challenge governments and industries, and stress communities.
• Many responses (proactive and reactive) will need to be worked out
at regional and local levels. Successful implementation of tough
decisions depends on community support.
• This requires environmentally literate and capable delivery
frameworks at regional scale, involving community leaders and
engaging grassroots volunteers.
• Convergence in climate, energy, water and food mandates an
integrated planning & delivery framework
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A Prime Ministerial Mandate
Kevin Rudd, Westminster Abbey, 31 March 2009:
suggesting that the free market needs a moral compass:
“To these values of security, liberty and prosperity
must also be grafted the values of
equity, of sustainability and community.”
• Equity, Sustainability, Community…
• Sounds like Landcare values to me
– Revisit community engagement & empowerment models
– Most adaptation knowledge will come from
the community, not from experts
– web 2.0 is ideally suited here - social tools critical
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4. IMPLICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE SCIENCE
• Consideration of whole landscapes is more crucial than ever
• We need tools that can handle the convergence of carbon, water,
energy, food and health
– how these interactions play out in rural landscapes
– and regional economies
• Make sure the portfolio is well weighted
– From ‗modify‘ and ‗adapt‘ to ‗innovate‘ and ‗create‘
• Be pluralistic in disciplines and methodologies
• Pay attention to the whole knowledge system
– For decisions, for innovation, and for long term learning
• Seek to engage and work with community science
– Invest in understanding the knowledge need
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Policy - putting it all together
• ―Joined-up Government‖ has to be more than a slogan
• New alliances, platforms, networks are needed
• Climate chaos is both a row and a column
• Planning for carbon, energy, transport, water, waste, fires,
health, food and demographics needs integration
• This requires a solid and extensive evidence base in the ‗known‘,
‗knowable‘ and ‗complex‘ domains
• Chaotic domains demand good adaptive tools
– e.g. real-time monitoring, environmental literacy, scenarios
– resilience attributes (flexibility, redundancy, buffering etc)
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A 7 point plan for renovating agriculture
and natural resources
1. Rejuvenate Landcare and Re-engage the Community
2. Reinforce the Regional/Catchment Model
3. Rewire Environmental Information Systems
4. Revolutionise Agricultural Research, Extension and Education(rebrand agriculture around food, carbon, landscapes & energy)
5. Reform Drought Policy & Rural & Regional Services
6. Re-unite the Carbon, Water, Energy, Food & Farming agendas
7. Redesign the Institutional Architecture
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Underpinning principles
• Building Resilience
• Balancing centralism and subsidiarity
• Re-engaging stakeholders and devolving responsibility
• Taking the time necessary to sort through complex,
contested, connected issues
• Building, sustaining and using a comprehensive evidence
base
• Investing in skills, knowledge, innovation and leadership
• Budgeting for longer term stability
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Take home messages
• We are in a period of rapid environmental change
– Not all predictable, often bewildering
• This is not a blip. Normal service will not be resumed
• Business as usual is not a viable trajectory
– Not in business, not in policy and not in science
• These are exciting days for landscape science
• Food, carbon, water, energy, biodiversity & landscape
amenity
– A compelling big picture agenda needs fleshing out
GO FOR IT!
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For more info
www.triplehelix.com.au
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The Environment Institute