Briefing Book - MIT Organization Chart

Briefing Book 2010 M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y

Briefing BookMassachusett s Insti tute of Technology17 February, 2010

Researched and writt en by a variety of MIT faculty and staff , in parti cular the members of the Offi ce of the Provost/Insti tuti onal Research, Offi ce of the President, Of-fi ce of Sponsored Research, Student Financial Services, and the MIT Washington Offi ce.

Executi ve EditorsClaude R. Canizares, Vice President for Research [email protected] B. Bonvillian, Director, MIT Washington Offi ce [email protected]

EditorsAudrey Resutek [email protected] Snover, to whom all questi ons should be directed [email protected]

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Acknowledgements and Contributors Many thanks to the following individuals who provided informati on, contributed data, or wrote secti ons of this book.

Scott BargeSuzanne BergerMargaret BruzeliusStephen E. CarsonDaniel DelgadoStephen D. DowdyMichael J. FaberGregory FarleyGreg FrostPatrick E. GilloolyRachel GlennersterDanielle Guichard-AshbrookGregory Harris Ronald E. Hasselti neElizabeth M. Hicks April Julich PerezDanielle KhouryRobin LempDavid L. LewisJohn H. LienhardRebecca Marshall-Howarth

Anne Marie MichelDaniel G. NoceraO’Neil OutarCharlene M. PlacidoBrendon Puff er Penny J. RosserJennifer Schmitt Timothy Manning SwagerAmy TarrBernhardt L. TroutJack TurnerIngrid VargasHeather G. Williams Nancy Y.J. WongShirley Wong

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Massachusett s Insti tute of Technology 77 Massachusett s Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

Telephone Number 617-253-1000Cable Address MIT CAM Fax Number 617-253-8000URL htt p://web.mit.edu/

MIT Washington Offi ce The MIT Washington Offi ce was established in 1991 as part of the President’s Offi ce.

Staff

DirectorWilliam B. Bonvillian [email protected]

Assistant Director Alison Fox [email protected]

Senior Legislati ve AssistantAbby Benson

Address

MIT Washington Offi ce 820 First Street, NE, Suite 410 Washington, DC 20002

Telephone Number

202-789-1828

Fax

202-789-1830

Website

htt p://web.mit.edu/dc

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Chairman, MIT Corporati on Dana M. Mead

President Susan Hockfi eld

Provost L. Rafael Reif

Chancellor Phillip L. Clay

Executi ve Vice President and Treasurer Theresa Stone

Vice President for Research and Associate Provost Claude R. Canizares

Dean, School of Architecture and Planning Adèle Naudé Santos

Dean, School of Engineering Subra Suresh

Dean, School of Humaniti es, Arts, and Social SciencesDeborah K. Fitzgerald

Dean, School of Science Marc A. Kastner

Dean, Sloan School of Management David C. Schmitt lein

Associate ProvostMarti n Schmidt

Associate Provost Philip S. Khoury

Associate Provost for Faculty Equity Wesley L. Harris

Associate Provost for Faculty Equity Barbara H. Liskov

Director, Libraries Ann Wolpert

Vice Chancellor and Dean for Graduate Educati on Steven Lerman

Dean for Undergraduate Educati on Daniel Hasti ngs

Dean for Student LifeChris Colombo

Vice President for Insti tute Aff airs and Corporati on Secretary Kirk Kolenbrander

Vice President for Resource Development Jeff rey Newton

Vice President & General Counsel R. Gregory Morgan

Vice President for FinanceIsrael Ruiz

Vice President for Human Resources Alison Alden

Director, Lincoln Laboratory Eric D. Evans

Director, SMART CentreRohan Abeyaratne

MIT Senior Leadership

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Secti on 1: MIT Facts and History 9 People 11 Students 11 Degrees 12 Faculty, Staff , and Trustees 12 Alumni 13 Postdoctoral Appointments 14 Awards and Honors of Current Faculty 15 and Staff Fields of Study 16 Major Research Laboratories, Centers, 17 and Programs Academic and Research Affi liati ons 19 Educati on Highlights 22 Research Highlights 25Secti on 2: Campus Research 31 Federal Research Support 34 Department of Defense 36 Department of Health and Human Services 38 Department of Energy 40 Nati onal Science Foundati on 42 NASA 44 Other Federal Agencies 46 Non-Profi t Insti tuti ons 48Secti on 3: Lincoln Laboratory 51 Economic Impact 54 Air and Missile Defense Technology 55 Communicati ons and Informati on 56 Technology Intelligence, Surveillance, and 57 Reconnaissance Systems and Technology Space Control 58

Contents

Advanced Electronics Technology 59 Tacti cal Systems 60 Homeland Protecti on 61 Lincoln Laboratory Staff 62 Test Faciliti es and Field Sites 63Secti on 4: MIT and Industry 65 Fostering Innovati on 66 Licensing Inventi ons 66 Benefi ts to the Nati onal Economy 67 Selected Current Campus Projects 68 Research Funded by Industry 69 Service to Industry 70 Strategic Partnerships 72Secti on 5: Global Engagement 75 Internati onal Collaborati on 76 Internati onal Scholars 82 Internati onal Students 83 Internati onal Entrepreneurs 87 Internati onal Alumni 88 Faculty Country of Origin 89 Internati onal Study Opportuniti es 90 Internati onal Research 92Secti on 6: Undergraduate Financial Aid 95 Principles of MIT Undergraduate Aid 96 Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate 97 Educati on Forms of Undergraduate Financial Aid 98 Sources of Undergraduate Finacial Aid 99Secti on 7: Service to Local, Nati onal, 103 and World Communiti es Key Programs 105 Selected Recent Projects 107

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Contents People 11Students 11Degrees 12Faculty, Staff , and Trustees 12Alumni 13Postdoctoral Appointments 14Awards and Honors of Current Faculty 15 and Staff Fields of Study 16Major Research Laboratories, Centers, 17 and ProgramsAcademic and Research Affi liati ons 19Educati on Highlights 22Research Highlights 25

1 MIT Facts and History

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The Massachusett s Insti tute of Technology is one of the world’s preeminent research universiti es, dedicated to advancing knowledge and educati ng students in science, technology, and other areas of scholarship that will best serve the nati on and the world. It is known for rigorous academic programs, cutti ng-edge research, a diverse campus community, and its longstanding commitment to working with the public and private sectors to bring new knowl-edge to bear on the world’s great challenges.

William Barton Rogers, the Insti tute’s founding pres-ident, believed that educati on should be both broad and useful, enabling students to parti cipate in “the humane culture of the community,” and to discover and apply knowledge for the benefi t of society. His emphasis on “learning by doing,” on combining liberal and professional educati on, and on the value of useful knowledge conti nues to be at the heart of MIT’s educati onal mission.

MIT’s commitment to innovati on has led to a host of scienti fi c breakthroughs and technological ad-vances. Achievements of the Insti tute’s faculty and graduates have included the fi rst chemical synthe-sis of penicillin and vitamin A, the development of inerti al guidance systems, modern technologies for arti fi cial limbs, and the magneti c core memory that enabled the development of digital comput-ers. Exciti ng areas of research and educati on today include neuroscience and the study of the brain and mind, bioengineering, energy, the environment and sustainable development, informati on sciences and technology, new media, fi nancial technology, and entrepreneurship.

University research is one of the mainsprings of growth in an economy that is increasingly defi ned by technology. A study released in February of 2009 by the Kauff man Foundati on revealed that MIT graduates had founded 25,800 acti ve companies. These fi rms employed about 3.3 million people, and generated annual world sales of $2 trillion, or the equivalent of the eleventh-largest economy in the world.

MIT has forged educati onal and research collabora-ti ons with universiti es, governments, and compa-nies throughout the nati on and world, and draws its faculty and students from every corner of the globe. The result is a vigorous mix of people, ideas, and programs dedicated to enhancing the world’s well-being.

MIT Facts and History

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Total MIT-affi liated people in 50,000+ Massachusett sEmployees 14,000Cambridge Campus 11,512Lincoln Laboratory 2,800Students 10,299Alumni in Masssachusett s Aprx. 20,000

Economic Informati on Total MIT Expenditures in FY 2009 $2.2 billion Federal Research Expenditures Cambridge campus (MIT FY 2009) $718 million Lincoln Laboratory* (MIT FY 2009) $678 million SMART* (MIT FY 2009) $14 million Total (MIT FY 2009) $1.41 billion

*Totals do not include research performed by Cam-pus Laboratories for Lincoln Lab and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (“SMART”)

Payroll, including Lincoln Laboratory $837 million (FY 2009)

Technology Licensing Offi ceThe Technology Licensing Offi ce (TLO) manages the patenti ng and licensing process for MIT, Lincoln Laboratory, and the Whitehead Insti tute. The TLO aims to benefi t the public by moving results of MIT research into societal use via technology licensing.

Stati sti cs for FY 2009 Total Number of Inventi ons Disclosures 501Number of U.S. New Uti lity Patent Applicati ons 131 FiledNumber of U.S. Patents Issued 153Number of Licenses and Opti ons granted 67 (not including trademarks and end-use soft ware) Number of Opti ons Granted 18 (not including opti ons as part of research agreements)Number of Soft ware End-Use Licenses granted 23Number of Companies Started 21 (venture capitalized and/or with a minimum of $500K of other funding)

The Insti tute’s student body of 10,384 is highly di-verse. Students come from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, three territories and dependencies, and 118 foreign countries. U.S. minority groups consti tute 48 percent of undergraduates and 18 percent of graduate students. The Insti tute’s 2,747 internati onal students make up 9 percent of the, undergraduate and 38 percent of the graduate populati on. For more informati on about Interna-ti onal Students at MIT, see pages 82-85.

Student Profi le 2009-2010Undergraduate 4,232Graduate 6,152Total 10,384

Undergraduate 45 percent female 55 percent male Graduate 31 percent female 69 percent male

In Fall 2009, 40 percent of MIT’s fi rst-year students (who submitt ed their class standing) were fi rst in their high school class; 89 percent ranked in the top 5 percent.

Members of U.S. Minority Groups: 3,130

Undergraduate* Graduate*African American 358 129Asian American 1,086 695Hispanic American 557 234Nati ve American 42 29Total 2,043(48%) 1,087 (18%)

*These fi gures may not precisely refl ect the popu-lati on because they are self-reported, and not all students choose to provide this informati on.

Students People

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In 2008-2009, MIT awarded 3,227 degrees:

607 Doctoral degrees1,463 Master’s degrees11 Professional Engineer degrees1,146 Bachelor of Science degrees

45 percent of MIT Ph.D. graduates remain in Massachusett s.

Nearly half of 2008-09 graduates from MIT Ph.D. programs planned to stay in Massachusett s aft er completi ng their studies, according to the annual Doctoral Student Exit Survey. Conducted by the Of-fi ce of the Provost/Insti tuti onal Research, the survey found that 45 percent of respondents intended to remain in the Bay State. This compares to roughly 6 percent of those earning degrees who indicated they att ended high school in Massachusett s — a rough gauge of who among degree recipients were nati ve to the state.

DegreesFaculty/Staff 2009-2010Faculty 1,025Other academic and instructi onal staff 860Research staff and research scienti sts 2,791 (includes postdoctoral positi ons)Administrati ve staff 2,294Support staff 1,549Service staff 819Medical 110Affi liated faculty, scienti sts, and scholars 1,025Total campus faculty and staff 10,473

In additi on, approximately 590 graduate students serve as teaching assistants or instructors, and 2,390 graduate students serve as research assistants.

MIT Lincoln Laboratory employs about 3,000 people, primarily at Hanscom Air Force Base in Lexington, Massachusett s.

Faculty Profi le64 percent hold the rank of Full Professor 21 percent hold the rank of Associate Professor 15 percent hold the rank of Assistant Professor 77 percent of faculty are tenured

Professors 653Associate professors 216Assistant professors 156Total 1,025

Faculty, Staff , and Trustees

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64 percent of the faculty are in Science and Engi-neering fi elds.

School Faculty Architecture and Planning 84Engineering 370Humaniti es, Arts, and Social Sciences 164Science 281Sloan School of Management 106Whitaker College 7All others 13

Gender Faculty Percent

Male 812 79

Female 213 21

Minority Group Representati on 6 percent are members of an underrepresented minority.*

American Indian or Alaskan Nati ve 1 female 2 males

Black or African American 9 females 25 males

Hispanic 3 females 25 males

Asian 31 females 96 males

*Some faculty members identi fy as part of multi ple groups.

MIT’s 122,000 alumni are connected to the Insti -tute through graduati ng-class events, departmental organizati ons, and over 48 clubs in the United States and 41 abroad. More than 9,500 volunteers off er their ti me, fi nancial support, and service on com-mitt ees and on the MIT Corporati on, the Insti tute’s Board of Trustees. MIT graduates hold leadership positi ons in industries and organizati ons around the world. An esti mated 20,000 alumni reside in Massa-chusett s, and about 85 percent of MIT’s alumni live in the United States.

Alumni

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Postdoctoral AppointmentsTotal URM

2%Asian

4%

White20%

Unknown US15%

International59%

Female27%

Male73%

China13%

India10%

Korea9%

Canada7%

Germany6%

Italy5%

Israel4%

Japan3%

Spain4%

France3%

All Others36%

In 2009, MIT hosted over 1,000 postdoctoral associ-ates and fellows. These individuals work with faculty in academic departments, laboratories, and centers.

As of October 31, 2008American Indian or Alaskan Nati ve 2Black or African American 2Hispanic or Lati no 12Total URM 16

Asian 48White 224Unknown U.S. 175Internati onal 677Total 1,140

Female 311Male 829

Country of Citi zenship Count Percent of Total China 86 12.7India 66 9.7Korea 62 9.2Canada 50 7.4Germany 41 6.1Italy 33 4.9Israel 26 3.8Japan 24 3.5Spain 24 3.5France 23 3.4All Others 242 35.7Total 677

Less than one41%

One year27%

Two Years17%

Three years7%

Four Years4%

5 to 9 Years4%

Years at MIT All Postdocs

Country of Citi zenship of Internati onal Students

Ethnicity of Internati onal Students

Gender of Internati onal Students

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Awards and Honors of Current Faculty and Staff Award Discipline Count

Nobel Prize Chemistry 1Nobel Prize Medicine/Physiology 3 Nobel Prize Physics 3

Award Agency Award/Honor Count

Abdus Salam Internati onal Centre for Theoreti cal Dirac Medal 4 Physics American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow 142American Associati on for the Advancement of Science American Associati on for the Advancement of 92 Science Fellow American Economic Associati on John Bates Clark Medal 3American Philosophical Society American Philosophical Society Member 17American Physical Society American Physical Society Fellow 71Associati on for Computi ng Machinery A. M. Turing Award 3Council for Internati onal Exchange of Scholars (CIES) Fulbright Scholars Program 6Expo ‘90 Foundati on Internati onal Cosmos Prize 1Gairdner Foundati on Gairdner Internati onal Award 7German City of Stutt gart Hegel Prize 1Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute (HHMI) HHMI Investi gator 17Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute (HHMI) HHMI Alumni Investi gator 2Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute (HHMI) HHMI Early Career Scienti st 3Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute (HHMI) HHMI Professor 2IEEE John von Neumann Medal 2Internati onal Mathemati cal Union (IMU) Rolf Nevanlinna Prize 2John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundati on MacArthur Fellow 21John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundati on Guggenheim Fellow 80Materials Research Society MRS Medal 1Millennium Prize Foundati on Millennium Technology Prize 2 Nati onal Academies Insti tute of Medicine Member 30 Nati onal Academies Nati onal Academy of Engineering Member 62Nati onal Academies Nati onal Academy of Sciences Member 78Nati onal Academies Nati onal Associate 8Nati onal Book Foundati on Nati onal Book Award 1Nati onal Science & Technology Medals Foundati on Nati onal Medal of Science 8Nati onal Science & Technology Medals Foundati on Nati onal Medal of Technology 1Nati onal Science Foundati on Alan T. Waterman Award 2Norwegian Academy of Science and Lett ers Abel Prize 1Pulitzer Board Pulitzer Prize 4Science and Technology Foundati on of Japan Japan Prize 1Semiconductor Industry Associati on (SIA) University Researcher Award 2

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MIT supports a large variety of fi elds of study, from science and engineering to the arts. MIT’s fi ve aca-demic schools are organized into departments and other degree-granti ng programs. In additi on, several programs, laboratories, and centers cross traditi onal boundaries and encourage creati ve thought and research.

School of Architecture and Planning

ArchitectureProgram in Media Arts and SciencesCenter for Real EstateUrban Studies and Planning

School of Engineering

Aeronauti cs and Astronauti csBiological Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Engineering Systems DivisionMaterials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Science and Engineering

School of Humaniti es, Arts, and Social Sciences

AnthropologyComparati ve Media Studies EconomicsForeign Languages and LiteraturesHistoryLinguisti cs and PhilosophyLiterature Music and Theatre Arts Politi cal Science Science, Technology, and Society Writi ng and Humanisti c Studies

Sloan School of Management

Management Science Finance Informati on Technology Marketi ng Science Operati ons Research

School of Science

Biology Brain and Cogniti ve Sciences Chemistry Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Mathemati cs Physics

Interdisciplinary Educati onal Programs

Computati onal and Systems Biology Computati on for Design and Opti mizati on Energy Studies, Minor Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Leaders for Global Operati ons Operati ons Research Program in Polymer Science and TechnologyMIT-Woods Hole Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering Women’s Studies

Fields of Study

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In additi on to teaching and conducti ng research within their departments, MIT faculty, students, and staff work in MIT’s interdisciplinary laboratories. These include the following.

Center for Advanced Visual Studies htt p://cavs.mit.edu/

Center for Biomedical Engineering htt p://web.mit.edu/cbe/www/

Center for Biomedical Innovati on htt p://web.mit.edu/cbi/

Center for Collecti ve Intelligence htt p://cci.mit.edu/

Center for Computati onal Research in Economics and Management Science htt p://mitsloan.mit.edu/research/ computati onal.php

Center for Digital Business htt p://ebusiness.mit.edu/

Center for Educati onal Computi ng Initi ati ves htt p://ceci.mit.edu/

Center for Energy and Environmental PolicyResearch htt p://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/

Center for Environmental Health Sciences htt p://cehs.mit.edu/

Center for Future Civic Media htt p://civic.mit.edu/

Center for Global Change Science htt p://web.mit.edu/cgcs/www/

Center for Gynepathology Research htt p://web.mit.edu/cgr/

Center for Innovati on in Product Design htt p://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/3764

Center for Internati onal Studies htt p://web.mit.edu/cis

Center for Materials Research in Archaeology and Ethnology htt p://htt p://web.mit.edu/cmrae/index.html

Center for Materials Science and Engineering htt p://web.mit.edu/cmse/

Center for Real Estate htt p://web.mit.edu/cre/

Major Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs

Center for Technology, Policy, and IndustrialDevelopment htt p://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_ centers_programs/ctpid.php

Center for Transportati on and Logisti cs htt p://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_ centers_programs/ctl.php

Clinical Research Center htt p://web.mit.edu/crc/www/

Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory htt p://csail.mit.edu/

The Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformati ve Values htt p://thecenter.mit.edu/

Deshpande Center for Technological Innovati on htt p://web.mit.edu/deshpandecenter/

Division of Comparati ve Medicine htt p://web.mit.edu/comp-med/

Francis Bitt er Magnet Laboratory htt p://web.mit.edu/fb ml/

Haystack Observatory htt p://www.haystack.mit.edu

Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies htt p://web.mit.edu/isn/

Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change htt p://globalchange.mit.edu/

David H. Koch Insti tute for Integrati ve Cancer Research htt p://web.mit.edu/ki/

Knight Science Journalism Fellows Program htt p://web.mit.edu/knight-science/

Laboratory for Financial Engineering htt p://lfe.mit.edu/

Laboratory for Informati on and Decision Systems htt p://lids.mit.edu/

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Producti vity htt p://web.mit.edu/lmp/

Laboratory for Nuclear Science htt p://www.lns.mit.edu

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Lean Advancement Initi ati ve htt p://lean.mit.edu/

Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship htt p://legatum.mit.edu/Lemelson-MIT Program htt p://web.mit.edu/invent

Materials Processing Center htt p://mpc-web.mit.edu/

McGovern Insti tute for Brain Research htt p://mit.edu/mcgovern/

Media Laboratory htt p://www.media.mit.edu

Microsystems Technology Laboratory htt p://mtlweb.mit.edu

MIT Center for Digital Business htt p://digital.mit.edu/

MIT Energy Initi ati ve htt p://web.mit.edu/mitei

MIT Entrepreneurship Center htt p://entrepreneurship.mit.edu

MIT Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and SpaceResearch htt p://space.mit.edu/

MIT Mind Machine Project htt p://mmp.cba.mit.edu

MIT-Portugal Program htt p://mitportugal.org/

Nuclear Reactor Laboratory htt p://web.mit.edu/nrl/www/

Offi ce of Professional Educati on Programs htt p://web.mit.edu/professional/

Operati ons Research Center htt p://web.mit.edu/orc/www/

Picower Insti tute for Learning and Memory htt p://web.mit.edu/picower/

Plasma Science and Fusion Center htt p://www.psfc.mit.edu/

Producti vity from Informati on Technology Initi ati ve htt p://mitsloan.mit.edu/research/profi t/

Research Laboratory of Electronics htt p://rle.mit.edu/

Sea Grant College Program htt p://seagrant.mit.edu/

Singapore-MIT Alliance htt p://web.mit.edu/sma/

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre htt p://web.mit.edu/SMART/

Spectroscopy Laboratory htt p://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/

System Design and Management Program htt p://sdm.mit.edu/

Technology and Development Program htt p://web.mit.edu/mit-tdp/www/

Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology htt p://hst.mit.ed/index.jsp

Women’s Studies and Gender Studies Program htt p://web.mit.edu/wgs/index.html

MIT Lincoln Laboratory MIT operates Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusett s as an off -campus Federally Funded Research and Development Center focused on tech-nologies for nati onal security.

Major Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs (conti nued)

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Alliance for Global Sustainability

Established in 1995, the Alliance for Global Sustain-ability (AGS) is an internati onal partnership among MIT, the Swiss Federal Insti tute of Technology, the University of Tokyo, and the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. See page 77 for more infor-mati on.

Broad Insti tute of MIT and Harvard The Broad Insti tute of MIT and Harvard was launched in 2004 with the visionary philanthropic investment of Eli and Edythe Broad, who joined with leaders at Harvard and its affi liated hospitals, MIT, and the Whitehead Insti tute to pioneer a “new model” of collaborati ve science that would transform medicine. A unique scienti fi c community of diverse talents but singular purpose, the Broad Insti tute brings together world-class faculty, profes-sional staff , and students from throughout the MIT and Harvard communiti es and beyond, empowering them to work together to identi fy and overcome the most criti cal obstacles to realizing the full promise of genomic medicine. See htt p://www.broadinsti -tute.org/about/about-broad-insti tute

Cambridge MIT Insti tute

The Cambridge-MIT Insti tute (CMI) is a collabora-ti on between the University of Cambridge and MIT. Funded by Briti sh government and industry, CMI’s mission is to enhance competi ti veness, producti vity, and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. See page 88 for more informati on.

Cross-Registrati on at Other Insti tuti ons

MIT has cross-registrati on arrangements with sev-eral area schools, enabling qualifi ed MIT students to take courses at Harvard University, Boston Univer-sity’s African Studies Program, Brandeis University’s Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Stud-ies in Social Welfare, Massachusett s College of Art, The School of the Museum of Fine Arts, and Tuft s University’s School of Dental Medicine. MIT also has junior year abroad and domesti c year away pro-grams where students may study at another insti tu-ti on in the U.S. or abroad.

Charles Stark Draper Laboratory

Founded as MIT’s Instrumentati on Laboratory, Drap-er Laboratory became an independently operated, nonprofi t research and educati onal organizati on in 1973. MIT and Draper Laboratory sti ll collaborate in areas such as guidance, navigati on, and control; computer and computati onal sciences; data and signal processing; material sciences; integrated cir-cuitry; informati on systems; and underwater vehicle technologies.

Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and

Molecular Medicine

Known by its acronym, GEM4, this enterprise brings together engineers and life scienti sts from around the world to apply the advances of engineering, science, and nanotechnology to global medical chal-lenges. See page 90 for more informati on.

Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute

Howard Hughes Medical Insti tute (HHMI) is a scien-ti fi c and philanthropic organizati on that conducts biomedical research in collaborati on with univer-siti es, academic medical centers, hospitals, and other research insti tuti ons throughout the country. Sixteen HHMI investi gators hold MIT Faculty ap-pointments.

Academic and Research Affi liati ons

20

Idaho Nati onal Laboratory

Created in 2005 by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Idaho Nati onal Laboratory (INL) includes the visionary proposal for the Nati onal University Con-sorti um (NUC) – fi ve leading research universiti es from around the nati on whose nuclear research and engineering experti se are of criti cal importance to the future of the nati on’s nuclear industry. MIT will initi ally lead the NUC team, whose goal is collabora-ti ve, coordinated nuclear research and educati on, accomplished in conjuncti on with the Center for Ad-vanced Energy Studies (CAES). The NUC partners will establish the university-based Academic Centers of Excellence (ACE) to collaborate with CAES research programs and the collocated research centers of CAES. The NUC consists of MIT, Oregon State Uni-versity, North Carolina State University, Ohio State University, and University of New Mexico.

Magellan Project

The Magellan Project is a fi ve-university partnership to construct and operate two 6.5 meter opti cal tele-scopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The telescopes allow researchers to observe planets orbiti ng stars in solar systems beyond our own and to explore the fi rst galaxies that formed near the edge of the observable universe. Collaborati ng with MIT in the Magellan Project are the Carnegie Insti -tute of Washington, Harvard University, the Univer-sity of Arizona, and the University of Michigan.

MIT-Portugal Program

MIT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Tech-nology and Higher Educati on have announced plans to enter into a long-term collaborati on to signifi -cantly expand research and educati on in engineer-ing and management across many of Portugal’s top universiti es. The wide-ranging initi ati ve will be the broadest of its kind ever undertaken by the govern-ment of Portugal, and will include the parti cipati on of more than 40 MIT faculty from all fi ve schools at the Insti tute. The MIT-Portugal Program will under-take research and educati on in several focus areas, and will give MIT an opportunity to gain insight into

the planning, design, and implementati on of trans-portati on, energy, manufacturing, and bioengineer-ing systems in Portugal.

MIT-Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti tuti on

Joint Program in Oceanography and

Applied Ocean Science and Engineering

MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti tuti on jointly off er Doctor of Science and Doctor of Phi-losophy degrees in chemical oceanography, marine geology, marine geophysics, physical oceanography, applied ocean science and engineering, and bio-logical oceanography. They also off er Master’s and professional degrees in some disciplines.

Naval Constructi on and Engineering (Course 2N)The graduate program in Naval Constructi on and Engineering at MIT is intended for acti ve duty of-fi cers in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and foreign navies that have been designated for specializa-ti on in the design, constructi on, and repair of naval ships. The curriculum prepares Navy, Coast Guard, and foreign offi cers for careers in ship design and constructi on, and is sponsored by Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command.

The Ragon Insti tuteThe Ragon Insti tute, offi cially established in Febru-ary 2009 and supported by the Phillip T. and Susan M. Ragon Foundati on, seeks to establish a model of scienti fi c collaborati on that links the clinical, trans-lati onal and basic science experti se at MGH, MIT, Harvard, and the Broad Insti tute to tackle the great-est global health challenges related to infecti ous disease research. See htt p://www.ragoninsti tute.org/index.html

Academic and Research Affi liati ons (conti nued)

21


ROTC (Reserve Offi cer Training Corps) Programs

Military training has existed at MIT since students fi rst arrived in 1865. In 1917, MIT established the nati on’s fi rst Army ROTC unit. Today, MIT’s Air Force, Army, and Navy ROTC programs also serve students from Harvard and Tuft s Universiti es; the Air Force and Army programs also include Wellesley College students. These programs enable students to become commissioned military offi cers upon graduati on and may provide scholarships. More than 12,000 offi cers have been commissioned from MIT, and more than 150 have achieved the rank of general or admiral.

Singapore-MIT Alliance

The Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) is an innovati ve engineering educati on and research collaborati on of three premier academic insti tuti ons: MIT, Nati onal University of Singapore, and the Nanyang Techno-logical University. SMA promotes global educati on and research in engineering and the life sciences through distance educati on. Off ering graduate degrees in fi ve engineering disciplines and one life science discipline, SMA is the largest interacti ve distance educati on collaborati on in the world. More than 50 MIT faculty members and 50 from Singa-pore universiti es parti cipate in SMA’s programs.

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and

Technology (SMART) CentreThe Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Tech-nology (SMART) Centre is MIT’s fi rst such research center of its kind outside of Cambridge, Mass., and is MIT’s largest internati onal research endeavor ever. See page 88 for more informati on.

Syntheti c Biology Engineering Research Center

Five MIT researchers are among the pioneers behind a new research center in syntheti c biology. The Syntheti c Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC) was established in 2006, and is managed via the California Insti tute for Qualitati ve Biomedical Research. In additi on to MIT, parti cipati ng univer-

siti es are the University of California at Berkeley, Harvard University, the University of California at San Francisco, and Prairie View A&M University. SynBERC’s foundati onal research will be moti vated by pressing biotechnology applicati ons.

Wellesley-MIT Exchange Program

Through this cross-registrati on program, students may enroll in any courses at the other school, expanding the educati onal opportuniti es for par-ti cipati ng students. Through the Wellesley College Educati on Department, students also earn Massa-chusett s certi fi cates to teach at the elementary and secondary level.

Whitehead Insti tute for Biomedical Research

An independent basic research and teaching insti tu-ti on affi liated with MIT, the Whitehead Insti tute conducts research in developmental biology and the emerging fi eld of molecular medicine. Faculty at the Whitehead Insti tute teach at MIT, and MIT graduate students conduct research and receive training in Whitehead Insti tute Laboratories.

22

Educati on Highlights

MIT has long maintained that professional com-petence is best fostered by coupling teaching with research and by focusing educati on on practi cal problems. This hands-on approach has made MIT a consistent leader in outside surveys of the nati on’s best colleges. MIT was the fi rst university in the country to off er curriculums in architecture (1865), electrical engineering (1882), sanitary engineering (1889), naval architecture and marine engineering (1895), aeronauti cal engineering (1914), meteorol-ogy (1928), nuclear physics (1935), and arti fi cial intelligence (1960s). More than 4,000 MIT graduates are professors at colleges and universiti es around the world. MIT faculty have writt en some of the best-selling textbooks of all ti me, such as Econom-ics by Paul A. Samuelson and Calculus and Analyti c Geometry by George Thomas. The following are some notable MIT teaching milestones since 1969, when humans, including MIT alumnus Buzz Aldrin, fi rst landed on the moon.

1969 MIT launches the Undergraduate Research Opportuniti es Program (UROP), the fi rst of its kind. The program, which enables undergraduates to work directly with faculty on professional research, subsequently is copied in universiti es throughout the world. About 2,800 MIT students parti cipate in UROP annually.

1970 The Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology is established to focus advances in science and technology on human health and to train physicians with a strong base in engineering and science.

1971 MIT holds its fi rst Independent Acti viti es Period (IAP), a January program that emphasizes creati vity and fl exibility in teaching and learning. Almost 800 acti viti es are off ered annually, includ-ing design contests, laboratory projects, workshops, fi eld trips, and courses in practi cal skills.

1977 MIT organizes the Program in Science, Tech-nology, and Society to explore and teach courses on the social context and consequences of science and technology – one of the fi rst programs of its kind in the U.S.

1981 MIT launches Project Athena, a $70 million program to explore the use of computers in educa-ti on. Digital Equipment Corporati on and IBM each contribute $25 million in computer equipment.

1981 The MIT Sloan School of Management launch-es its Management of Technology program, the world’s fi rst Master’s program to focus on the stra-tegic management of technology and innovati on.

1983-1990 MIT language and computer science faculty join in the Athena Language Learning Project to develop interacti ve videos that immerse students in the language and character of other cultures. The work pioneers a new generati on of language learn-ing tools.

1984 MIT establishes the Media Laboratory, bring-ing together pioneering educati onal programs in computer music, fi lm, graphics, holography, lasers, and other media technologies.

1991 MIT establishes the MacVicar Faculty Fellows Program, named in honor of the late Margaret A. MacVicar, to recognize outstanding contributi ons to teaching. MacVicar, a professor of physics, had conceived of, designed, and launched UROP (see 1969, above).

1992 MIT launches the Laboratory for Advanced Technology in the Humaniti es to extend its pioneer-ing work in computer- and video-assisted language learning to other disciplines. Its fi rst venture was a text and performance multi -media archive for stud-ies of Shakespeare’s plays.

23


1993 In recogniti on of the increasing importance of molecular and cell biology, MIT becomes the fi rst college in the nati on to add biology to its under-graduate requirement.

1995 MIT’s Politi cal Science Department establishes the Washington Summer Internship Program to provide undergraduates the opportunity to apply their scienti fi c and technical training to public policy issues.

1998 MIT teams up with Singapore’s two leading research universiti es to create a global model for long-distance engineering educati on and research. The fi rst truly global collaborati on in graduate en-gineering educati on and research, this large-scale experiment today is a model for distance educati on.

1999 The University of Cambridge and MIT establish the Cambridge-MIT Insti tute, whose programs in-clude student and faculty exchanges, an integrated research program, professional practi ce educati on, and a nati onal competi ti veness network in Britain.

1999 MIT establishes the Society of Presidenti al Fel-lows to honor the most outstanding students world-wide entering the Insti tute’s graduate programs. With gift s provided by lead donors, presidenti al fellows are awarded fellowships that fund fi rst year tuiti on and living expenses.

2000 MIT Faculty approve the Communicati on Requirement (CR), which went into eff ect for the Class of 2005. The CR integrates substanti al instruc-ti on and practi ce in writi ng and speaking into all four years and across all parts of MIT’s undergradu-ate program. Students parti cipate regularly in acti vi-ti es designed to develop both general and technical communicati on skills.

2001 Studio Physics is introduced to teach freshman physics. Incorporati ng a highly collaborati ve, hands-on environment that uses networked laptops and desktop experiments, the new curriculum lets stu-dents work directly with complicated and unfamiliar concepts as their professors introduce them.

2001 To provide a model for sharing of knowledge to benefi t all humankind, MIT launches Open-CourseWare, a program that makes materials for nearly all of its courses freely available on the web.

2001 MIT establishes WebLab, a microelectronics teaching laboratory that allows students to interact remotely on the Web with transistors and other microelectronics devices anywhere and at any ti me.

2001 MIT’s Earth System Initi ati ve launches Terrascope, a freshman course where students work in teams to solve complex problems in earth scienc-es. Bringing together physics, mathemati cs, chemis-try, biology, management, and communicati ons, the course has enabled students to devise strategies for preserving tropical rainforests, understand the costs and the benefi ts of oil drilling in the Arcti c Nati onal Wildlife Refuge, and plan a mission to Mars.

2002 To give engineering students the opportunity to develop the skills they’ll need to be leaders in the workplace, MIT introduces the Undergraduate Practi ce Opportuniti es Program (UPOP). The pro-gram involves a corporate training workshop, job seminars taught by alumni, and a 10-week summer internship.

2003 MIT Libraries introduce DSpace, a digital repository that gathers, stores, and preserves the in-tellectual output of MIT’s faculty and research staff , and makes it freely available to research insti tuti ons worldwide. Within a year of its launch, DSpace ma-terial had been downloaded more than 8,000 ti mes, and more than 100 organizati ons had adopted the system for their own use.

2003 MIT’s Computati onal and Systems Biology program (CSBi), an Insti tute-wide program linking biology, engineering, and computer science in a systems biology approach to the study of cell-to-cell signaling, ti ssue formati on, and cancer, begins ac-cepti ng students for a new Ph.D. program that will give them the tools for treati ng biological enti ti es as complex living systems.

24

2005 Combining courses from engineering, mathe-mati cs, and management, MIT launches its Master’s program in Computati on for Design and Opti miza-ti on, one of the fi rst curriculums in the country to focus on the computati onal modeling and design of complex engineered systems. The program prepares engineers for the challenges of making systems ranging from computati onal biology to airline sched-uling to telecommunicati ons design and operati ons run with maximum eff ecti veness and effi ciency.

2006 MIT creates the Campaign for Students, a fundraising eff ort dedicated to enhancing the edu-cati onal experience at MIT through creati ng schol-arships and fellowships, and supporti ng multi disci-plinary educati on and student life.

2007 MIT makes material from virtually all MIT courses available online for free on OpenCourse-Ware (OCW). The publicati on marks the beginning of a worldwide movement toward open educati on that now involves more than 160 universiti es and 5,000 courses.

2009 MIT launches the Bernard M. Gordon-MIT En-gineering Leadership Program. Through interacti on with industry leaders, faculty, and fellow students, the program aims to help undergraduate engineer-ing students develop the skills, tools and character they will need as future engineering leaders.

2009 MIT introduces a minor in Energy Studies, open to all undergraduates. The new minor, un-like most energy concentrati ons available at other insti tuti ons, and unlike any other concentrati on at MIT, is designed to be inherently cross-disciplinary, encompassing all of MIT’s fi ve schools. It can be combined with any major subject. The minor aims to allow the student to develop experti se and depth in their major discipline, but then complement that with the breadth of understanding off ered by the energy minor.

Educati on Highlights (conti nued)

25


Research Highlights

The following are selected research achievements of MIT faculty over the last four decades.

1969 Ioannis V. Yannas begins work on developing arti fi cial skin – a material used successfully to treat burn victi ms.

1970 David Balti more reports the discovery of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of RNA to DNA. The advance, which led to a Nobel Prize for Balti more in 1975, provided a new means for studying the structure and functi on of genes.

1973 Jerome Friedman and Henry Kendall, with Stanford colleague Richard Taylor, complete a series of experiments confi rming the theory that protons and neutrons are made up of minute parti cles called quarks. The three received the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

1974 Samuel C.C. Ting, Ulrich Becker, and Min Chen discover the “J” parti cle. The discovery, which earned Ting the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics, points to the existence of one of the six postulated types of quarks.

1975-1977 Barbara Liskov and her students design the CLU programming language, an object-oriented language that helped form the underpinnings for languages like Java and C++. As a result of this work and other accomplishments, Liskov later wins the Turing Award, considered the Nobel Prize in com-puti ng.

1975-1982 Joel Moses develops the fi rst extensive computerized program (MACSYMA) able to ma-nipulate algebraic quanti ti es and perform symbolic integrati on and diff erenti ati on.

1976 Har Gobind Khorana and his research team complete chemical synthesis of the fi rst human-manufactured gene fully functi onal in a living cell. The culminati on of 12 years’ work, it establishes the foundati on for the biotechnology industry. Khorana won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for other geneti cs work.

1977 Phillip Sharp discovers the split gene struc-ture of higher organisms, changing the view of how genes arose during evoluti on. For this work, Sharp shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medi-cine.

1977 Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adle-man invent the fi rst workable public key crypto-graphic system. The new code, which is based on the use of very large prime numbers, allows secret communicati on between any pair of users. Sti ll un-broken, the code is in widespread use today.

1979 Robert Weinberg reports isolati ng and iden-ti fying the fi rst human oncogene – an altered gene that causes the uncontrolled cell growth that leads to cancer.

1981 Alan Guth publishes the fi rst sati sfactory model of the universe’s development in the fi rst 10-32 seconds aft er the Big Bang.

1982 Alan Davison discovers a new class of techne-ti um compounds that leads to the development of the fi rst diagnosti c techneti um drug for imaging the human heart.

1985 Susumu Tonegawa describes the structure of the gene for the receptors – “anchor molecules” – on the white blood cells called T lymphocytes, the immune system’s master cells. In 1987, Tonegawa receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for similar work on the immune system’s B cells.

26

1986 H. Robert Horvitz identi fi es the fi rst two genes found to be responsible for the process of cell death, which is criti cal both for normal body de-velopment and for protecti on against autoimmune diseases, cancer, and other disorders. Going on to make many more pioneering discoveries about the geneti cs of cell death, Horvitz shares the 2002 No-bel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for his work.

1988 Sallie Chisholm and associates report the dis-covery of a form of ocean plankton that may be the most abundant single species on earth.

1990 Julius Rebek, Jr. and associates create the fi rst self-replicati ng syntheti c molecule.

1990 Building on the discovery of the metathesis – the process of cutti ng carbon-carbon double bonds in half and constructi ng new ones – Richard Schrock devises a catalyst that greatly speeds up the reacti on, consumes less energy, and produces less waste. A process based on his discovery is now in widespread use for effi cient and more environ-mentally friendly producti on of important pharma-ceuti cals, fuels, syntheti c fi bers, and many other products. Schrock shares the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his breakthrough.

1991 Cleveland heart doctors begin clinical trials of a laser catheter system for microsurgery on the arteries that is largely the work of Michael Feld and his MIT associates.

1993 H. Robert Horvitz, together with scienti sts at Massachusett s General Hospital, discover an asso-ciati on between a gene mutati on and the inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease).

1993 David Housman joins colleagues at other insti -tuti ons in announcing a successful end to the long search for the geneti c defect linked with Hunti ng-ton’s disease.

1993 Alexander Rich and post-doctoral fellow Shu-guang Zhang report the discovery of a small protein fragment that spontaneously forms into mem-branes. This research will lead to advances in drug development, biomedical research, and the under-standing of Alzheimer’s and other diseases.

1994 MIT engineers develop a robot that can “learn” exercises from a physical therapist, guide a pati ent through them, and – for the fi rst ti me – record biomedical data on the pati ent’s conditi on and progress.

1995 Scienti sts at the Whitehead Insti tute for Biomedical Research and MIT create a map of the human genome and begin the fi nal phase of the Hu-man Genome Project. This powerful map contains more than 15,000 disti nct markers and covers virtu-ally all of the human genome.

1996 A group of scienti sts at MIT’s Center for Learn-ing and Memory, headed by Matt hew Wilson and Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa, demonstrate with new geneti c and multi ple-cell monitoring technologies how animals form memory about new environments.

1997 MIT physicists create the fi rst atom laser, a device which is analogous to an opti cal laser but emits atoms instead of light. The resulti ng beam can be focused to a pinpoint or made to travel long distances with minimal spreading.

1998 MIT biologists led by Leonard Guarente iden-ti fy a mechanism of aging in yeast cells that sug-gests researchers may one day be able to intervene in, and possibly inhibit, the aging process in certain human cells.

Research Highlights (conti nued)

27


1998 An interdisciplinary team of MIT researchers, led by Yoel Fink and Edwin L. Thomas, invent the “perfect mirror,” which off ers radical new ways of directi ng and manipulati ng light. Potenti al appli-cati ons range from a fl exible light guide that can illuminate specifi c internal organs during surgery to new devices for opti cal communicati ons.

1999 Michael Cima, Robert Langer, and graduate student John Santi ni report the fi rst microchip that can store and release chemicals on demand. Among its potenti al applicati ons is a “pharmacy” that could be swallowed or implanted under the skin and pro-grammed to deliver precise drug dosages at specifi c ti mes.

1999 Alexander Rich leads a team of researchers in the discovery that left -handed DNA (also known as Z-DNA) is criti cal for the creati on of important brain chemicals. Having fi rst produced Z-DNA syntheti cally in 1979, Rich succeeded in identi fying it in nature in 1981. He also discovered its fi rst biological role and received the Nati onal Medal of Science for this pioneering work in 1995.

2000 Scienti sts at the Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research and their collaborators announce the completi on of the Human Genome Project. Pro-viding about a third of all the sequences assembled, the Center was the single largest contributor to this internati onal enterprise.

2000 Researchers develop a device that uses ultra-sound to extract a number of important molecules noninvasively and painlessly through the skin. They expect that the fi rst applicati on will be a portable device for noninvasive glucose monitoring for dia-beti cs.

2000 Researchers from the MIT Sloan School of Management launch the Social and Economic Explo-rati ons of Informati on Technology (SeeIT) Project, the fi rst empirical study of the eff ects of Informati on Technology (IT) on organizati onal and work prac-ti ces. Examining IT’s relati onship to changes in these models, SeeIT is providing practi cal data for under-standing and evaluati ng IT’s business and economic eff ects, which will enable us taking full advantage of its opportuniti es and bett er control its risks.

2001 In a step toward creati ng energy from sunlight as plants do, Daniel Nocera and a team of research-ers invent a compound that, with the help of a cata-lyst and energy from light, produces hydrogen.

2002 MIT researchers create the fi rst acrobati c roboti c bird – a small, highly agile helicopter for military use in mountain and urban combat.

2002-2005 Scienti sts at MIT, the Whitehead In-sti tute for Biomedical Research, and the Broad Insti tute complete the genomes of the mouse, the dog, and four strains of phytoplankton, photosyn-theti c organisms that are criti cal for the regulati on of atmospheric carbon dioxide. They also identi fy the genes required to create a zebrafi sh embryo. In collaborati on with scienti sts from other insti tuti ons, they map the genomes of chimpanzees, humans’ closest geneti c relati ve, and the smallest known vertebrate, the puff er fi sh.

2003 MIT scienti sts cool a sodium gas to the lowest temperature ever recorded – a half-a-billionth of a degree above absolute zero. Studying these ultra-low temperature gases will provide valuable insights into the basic physics of matt er; and by facilitati ng the development of bett er atomic clocks and sen-sors for gravity and rotati on, they also could lead to vast improvements in precision measurements.

28

2004 MIT’s Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), a collaborati on among scienti sts at MIT and Colum-bia, generates a strong dipole magneti c fi eld that enables them to experiment with plasma fusion, the source of energy that powers the sun and stars, with the goal of producing it on Earth. Because the hydrogen that fuels plasma fusion is practi cally limit-less and the energy it produces is clean and doesn’t contribute to global warming, fusion power will be of enormous benefi t to humankind and to earth systems in general.

2004 A team led by neuroscienti st Mark Bear illumi-nates the molecular mechanisms underlying Fragile X Syndrome, and shows that it might be possible to develop drugs that treat the symptoms of this lead-ing known inherited cause of mental retartdati on, whose eff ects range from mild learning disabiliti es to severe auti sm.

2004 Shuguang Zhang of MIT’s Center for Biomedi-cal Engineering, Marc A. Baldo, assistant professor of electric engineering and computer science, and recent graduate Patrick Kiley, fi rst fi gure out how to stabilize spinach proteins – which, like all plants, produce energy when exposed to light – so they can survive without water and salt. Then, they devise a way to att ach them to a piece of glass coated with a thin layer of gold. The resulti ng spinach-based solar cell, the world’s fi rst solid-state photosyntheti c solar cell, has the potenti al to power laptops and cell phones with sunlight.

2005 MIT physicists, led by Nobel laureate Wolfgang Kett erle, create a new type of matt er, a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfl uidity.

2005 Vladimir Bulovic, professor of electrical en-gineering and computer science, and Tim Swager, professor of chemistry, develop lasing sensors based on a semiconducti ng polymer that is able to detect the presence of TNT vapor subparts per billion con-centrati ons.

2006 MIT launches the MIT Energy Initi ati ve (MITei) to address world energy problems. Led by Ernest J. Moniz and Robert C. Armstrong, MITei coordinates energy research, educati on, campus energy man-agement, and outreach acti viti es across the Insti -tute.

2007 Rudolf Jaenisch, of the Whitehead Insti tute of Biomedical Research, conducts the fi rst proof-of-principle experiment of the therapeuti c potenti al of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), using iPS cells reprogrammed from mouse skin cells to cure a mouse model of human sickle-cell anemia. Jaenisch would then use a similar approach to treat a model of Parkinson’s disease in rats.

2007 Marin Soljacic and his colleagues develop a new form of wireless power transmission they call WITricity. It is based on a strongly coupled magneti c resonance and can be used to transfer power over distances of a few meters with high effi ciency. The technique could be used commercially to wirelessly power laptops, cell phones, and other devices.

2007 David H. Koch ’62, SM ’63 gives MIT $100 mil-lion to create the David H. Koch Insti tute for Integra-ti ve Cancer Research. The Insti tute, scheduled to open in 2010, will bring together molecular geneti -cists, cell biologists, and engineers in a unique multi -disciplinary approach toward cancer research.

2007 Tim Jamison, Professor of Chemistry, discov-ers that cascades of epoxide-opening reacti ons that were long thought to be impossible can very rapidly assemble the Red Tide marine toxins when they are induced by water. Such processes may be emulati ng how these toxins are made in nature and may lead to a bett er understanding of what causes devastati ng Red Tide phenomena. These methods also open up an environmentally green synthesis of new classes of complex highly biologically acti ve compounds.

Research Highlights(conti nued)

29


2007 MIT mathemati cians form part of a group of 18 mathemati cians from the U.S. and Europe that maps one of the the most complicated structures ever studied: the excepti onal Lie group E8. The “answer” to the calculati on, if writt en, would cover an area the size of Manhatt an. The resulti ng atlas has applicati ons in the fi elds of string theory and geometry.

2008 Mriganka Sur’s laboratory discovers that astrocytes, star-shaped cells in the brain that are as numerous as neurons, form the basis for functi oning brain imaging. Using ultra high-resoluti on imaging in the intact brain, they demonstrate that astrocytes regulate blood fl ow to acti ve brain regions by linking neurons to brain capillaries.

2008 A team led by Marc A. Baldo designs a so-lar concentrator that focuses light at the edges of a solar power cell. The technology can increase the effi ciency of solar panels by up to 50 percent, substanti ally reducing the cost of generati ng solar electricity.

2008 Daniel Nocera creates a chemical catalyst that hurdles one of the obstacles to widespread use of solar power — the diffi culty of storing energy from the sun. The ca talyst, which is cheap and easy to make, uses the energy from sunlight to separate the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in water. The hydrogen can then be burned, or used to power an electric fuel cell.

2009 A team of MIT researchers led by Angela Belcher reports that it was able to geneti cally en-gineer viruses to produce both the positi vely and negati vely charged ends of a lithium ion batt ery. The batt ery has the same energy capacity as those being considered for use in hybrid cars, but is produced using a cheaper, less environmentally hazardous process. MIT President Susan Hockfi eld presents a prototype batt ery to President Barack Obama at a press briefi ng at the White House.

2009 Researchers at MIT’s Picower Insti tute for Learning and Memory show for the fi rst ti me that multi ple, interacti ng geneti c risk factors may infl u-ence the severity of auti sm symptoms. The fi nding could lead to therapies and diagnosti c tools that target the interacti ng genes.

2009 Professor Gerbrand Ceder and graduate stu-dent Byoungwoo Kang develop a new way to manu-facture the material used in lithium ion batt eries that allows ultrafast charging and discharging. The new method creates a surface structure that allows lithium ions to move rapidly around the outside of the batt ery. Batt eries built using the new method could take seconds, rather than the now standard hours, to charge.

2009 As neuroscience progresses rapidly toward an understanding of basic mechanisms of neural and synapse functi on, MIT neuroscienti sts are discover-ing the mechanisms underlying brain discorders and diseases. Li-Huei Tsai’s laboratory describes mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer’s Disease, and propose that inhibiti on of histone deacetylases is therapeuti c for degenerati ve discorders of learn-ing and memory. Her laboratory also discovers the mechanisms of acti on of the gene Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), and demonstrates why drugs such as lithium are eff ecti ve in certain instances of schizophrenia. This research opens up pathways to discovering novel classes of drugs for devastati ng neuropsychiatric conditi ons.

31

Contents

Federal Research Support 34Campus Research Sponsors 36 Department of Defense 36 Department of Health and Human 38 Services Department of Energy 40 Nati onal Science Foundati on 42 NASA 44 Other Federal Agencies 46 Non-Profi t Organizati ons 48

2 Campus Research

32

MIT has historically viewed teaching and research as inseparable parts of its academic mission. Therefore, the Insti tute recognizes its obligati on to encourage faculty to pursue research acti viti es that hold the greatest promise for intellectual ad-vancement. MIT maintains one of the most vigor-ous programs of research of any university, and conducts basic and applied research principally at two Massachusett s locati ons, the MIT campus in Cambridge and MIT Lincoln Laboratory, a Federally-Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) in Lexington.

MIT pioneered the federal/university research relati onship, starti ng in World War II. Initi ally called upon by the federal government to serve the na-ti onal war eff ort, that relati onship has conti nued into the present day, helping MIT fulfi ll its original mission of serving the nati on and the world.

All federal research on campus is awarded competi -ti vely, based on the scienti fi c and technical merit of the proposals. In FY 2009, there were 2,324 acti ve awards and 573 members of research consorti ums.

Research acti viti es range from individual projects to large-scale, collaborati ve, and someti mes in-ternati onal endeavors. Peer-reviewed research accomplishments form a basis for reviewing the qualifi cati ons of prospecti ve faculty appointees and for evaluati ons related to promoti on and tenure decisions.

The Insti tute provides the faculty with the infra-structure and support necessary to conduct re-search, much of it through contracts, grants, and other arrangements with government, industry, and foundati ons. The Offi ce of Sponsored Programs provides central support related to the administra-ti on of sponsored research programs, and it assists faculty, other principal investi gators, and their local administrators in managing and identi fying resourc-es for individual sponsored projects. In additi on, a Research Council — which is chaired by the vice president for research and associate provost and composed of the heads of all major research labora-

tories and centers — addresses research policy and administrati on issues. The Resource Development Offi ce also works with faculty to generate proposals for foundati on or other private support.

The Insti tute sees profound merit in a policy of open research and free interchange of informati on among scholars. At the same ti me, MIT is committ ed to acti ng responsibly and ethically in all its research acti viti es. As a result, MIT has policies related to the suitability of research projects, research conduct, sources of support, use of human subjects, spon-sored programs, relati ons with intelligence agencies, the acquisiti on of art and arti facts, the dispositi on of equipment, and collaborati ons with research-oriented industrial organizati ons. These policies are spelled out on the Policies and Procedures website and on the Offi ce of Sponsored Programs Website.htt p://web.mit.edu/policies/htt p://web.mit.edu/osp/www/

The bar graphs for campus research expenditures on the opposite page show the amount MIT ex-pended by fi scal years (July 1 — June 30). The red line represents an adjustment for infl ati on, using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) as the defl ator with the most recent fi scal year as the base.

33

Campus Research

MIT Campus Research ExpendituresFY 2005-2009

$448 $464 $464 $484 $522

$120 $123 $134 $159

$196

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Mill

ions

Federal Non Federal Constant Dollars 2009 = 100

MIT Campus Research ExpendituresFY 2005-2009

Research Expenditures 2009 % of Total

Department of Defense $97,528,094 14%Department of Energy $65,773,294 9%Health & Human Services $255,895,734 36%NASA $27,358,036 4%NSF $61,385,770 9%Other Federal $14,558,505 2%Industry $99,219,127 14%Non Profits $60,538,156 8%State Local Foreign Govt $27,144,634 4%Internal $8,801,950 1%Grand Total $718,203,299 100%

Federal 73%Non Federal 27%

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Mill

ions

Internal

State Local Foreign Govt

Non Profits

Industry

Other Federal

NSF

NASA

Health & Human Services

Department of Energy

Department of Defense

Federal research expenditures include all primary contracts and grants, including sub-awards from other organizati ons where the federal government is the original funding source.

These fi gures do not include ex-penditures for MIT Lincoln Labo-ratory. Informati on for Lincoln Laboratory begins on page 51.

34

Units with Research Greater than $10 Million in Research Expenditures The Broad Insti tute Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence LaboratoryResearch Laboratory of ElectronicsPlasma Science and Fusion CenterKoch Insti tute for Integrati ve Cancer ResearchMechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Laboratory for Nuclear Science ChemistryBiologyMIT Energy Initi ati ve Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space ResearchMedia Laboratory Aeronauti cs and Astronauti csPicower Insti tute for Learning and MemoryBiological Engineering Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Microsystems Technology Laboratories Harvard/MIT Division of Health Science and TechnologyMaterials Science and Engineering

Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor

FY 2009

Department of Defense14%

Department of Energy9%

Health & Human Services36%

NASA4%

NSF8%

Other Federal2%

Industry14%

Non Profits8%

State Local Foreign Govt4% Internal

1%

Federal Research Support

35

Campus Research

Although proud of its existi ng safeguards, MIT has recommitt ed itself to examine issues of integrity with added vigilance. In recent years, the complex-ity of the research enterprise has increased, parti cu-larly in the areas involving commercial sponsorship, technology transfer, and internati onal engagement. Given this evoluti on, MIT has initi ated a number of comprehensive reviews of its principles, policies, and procedures with the goal of preserving the highest standards of conduct among all those in its community.

In fall 2008, the provost, in consultati on with the chair of the faculty, appointed an ad hoc faculty Committ ee on Managing Potenti al Confl icts of Interest in Research. The role of the committ ee is threefold: (1) to review the types of individual and insti tuti onal relati onships that have the potenti al to give rise to actual or perceived confl icts of interest; (2) to assess applicable laws and regulati ons; and (3) to examine the Insti tute’s writt en and practi ced poli-cies and procedures related to confl icts of interest and compare them to those of other higher edu-cati onal insti tuti ons. This committ ee is expected to recommend changes that will strengthen and clarify the Insti tute’s policies and procedures; review mechanisms for monitoring and reporti ng confl icts of interest; and recommend programs for ongo-ing educati on and informati on exchange regarding research integrity and confl ict of interest.

In a related move, the provost, in consultati on with the chair of the faculty, appointed another ad hoc faculty committ ee, the Committ ee on Technology Transfer in the 21st Century. This group is explor-ing ways in which MIT’s policies, procedures, and practi ces can enhance and accelerate technology transfer to contribute to the economy and welfare of the nati on and the world. In additi on to reviewing industrial partnerships and the principles on which they rest, the group will learn from practi ces at peer insti tuti ons. Then it will recommend appropriate changes to MIT’s policies and procedures to enable the formati on of benefi cial, strategic partnerships with industry while preserving MIT’s fundamental values and principles.

In recogniti on of the connecti on between the two studies, the Committ ee on Managing Potenti al Confl icts of Interest and the Committ ee on Technol-ogy Transfer in the 21st Century are coordinati ng with each other. Reports are expected from both groups in 2009-10. More informati on can be found at htt p://web.mit.edu/provost/committ ees.html.

36

Department of Defense Selected Current Projects

Cyborg Moths

Scienti sts from Microsystems Technology Laborato-ries and the Research Laboratory of Electronics are developing the technology to guide the fl ight of the giant hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. A neurosti mula-tor implanted in the moth’s abdomen simulates the moth’s abdominal nerve cord, altering the directi on of its fl ight. In additi on to creati ng the fi rst guided live insect, the project aims to also create technolo-gies that will impact human health, roboti c devices, and military interventi on. Led by professors Joel Voldman, Anantha Chandrakasan, Jeff rey Lang, and Marti n Schmidt, the project is funded by the De-fense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Improving the Detecti on of Explosives

MIT Scienti sts have developed a new semiconduct-ing polymer that is able to detect the presence of TNT vapor even at the concentrati on of parts per billion. The polymer’s molecules emit light when exposed to ultraviolet light. If TNT vapor is present, however, it binds to the molecules and exti nguishes the emission. In comparison with most commer-cially-available systems which can sense only TNT parti cles, this new technology off ers a much more powerful defense against threats like improvised explosive devises or explosives hidden in cargo. The new polymer is the work of Timothy Swager of the Department of Chemistry, Vladimir Bulovic of Elec-trical Engineering and Computer Science, and their team of researchers at MIT’s Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN). They are working now on similar molecules that can sense other explosives, minute amounts of nerve agents, or nitrous oxide levels in human breath, an indicator of physiologi-cal conditi on. ISN is a university-affi liated research center funded by the US Army Research Offi ce.

Nature Gives a Lesson in Armor Design

Sea shells provide extraordinary protecti on – sti ff , strong and yet lightweight – for the small soft -bodied creatures like sea snails that live in perilous environments. Now teams of Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies researchers, directed by Chris-ti ne Orti z of the department of Materials Sciences and Engineering and by Mary Boyce of Mechanical Engineering, are unraveling the source of nacre – the shell’s mother-of-pearl inner lining. Composed of ceramic calcium carbonate and a fl exible biopoly-mer — two relati vely weak materials — nacre gets its strength as millions of ceramic plates, each a few nanometers in size, are stacked and then glued together with thin biopolymer layers. The teams are studying the nanoscale behavior of the adhe-sion forces that bind these elements together with such resilience. Understanding nature’s nanoscale structural principles will help engineers design bet-ter body armor for soldiers, police offi cers, rescue workers, and other people in dangerous situati ons. It will also shed light on the problem of creati ng durable composites that can withstand high forces in water. The work is supported by the US Army Research Offi ce.

37

Campus Research

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

Research Laboratory of ElectronicsComputer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Mechanical Engineering Aeronati cs and Astronauti cs Media LaboratoryMaterials Science and Engineering Haystack ObservatoryChemistry

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 336 graduate stu-dents held research assistantships and 93 held fel-lowships funded at least in part by the Department of Defense: of these, 292 research assistantships and 3 fellowships were fully funded by DOD.

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fi scal year with 2009 = 100

$86.10 $89.55 $90.57

$87.37

$97.53

$0.00

$20.00

$40.00

$60.00

$80.00

$100.00

$120.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Department of Defense Constant $

Department of Defense

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change

Research Expenditures $86,096,029 $89,552,070 $90,570,607 $87,369,845 $97,528,094 12%

Constant $ $96,410,972 $96,602,266 $95,238,018 $88,589,619 $97,528,094 10%

Mill

ions

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2005-2009

38

Department of Health and Human Services Selected Current Projects

Restoring Sight Researchers at MIT are working on a reti nal im-plant that could one day help blind people regain a useful level of vision. A team led by John Wyatt , a professor of electrical engineering, and comprised of scienti sts, engineers, and ophthalmologists from Massachusett s Eye and Ear Infi rmary, the Boston VA Medical Center, Cornell University, and MIT, is designing an implant for people who have lost their sight from reti niti s pigmentosa or age-related macu-lar degenerati on. The reti nal prosthesis would take over the functi on of lost reti nal cells by electrically sti mulati ng nerve cells that normally carry visual input from the reti na to the brain. The team hopes to start testi ng a prototype in blind pati ents within the next three years. The research is funded by the Nati onal Insti tutes of Health, The VA Center for In-novati ve Visual Rehabilitati on, the Nati onal Science Foundati on, the Catalyst Foundati on and the MOSIS microship fabricati on service. See htt p://web.mit.edu/newsoffi ce/2009/microchip-blind-092309.html

Nanotechnology Comes to Cancer Research

Nanotechnology has demonstrated great promise in cancer research and treatment, from the fabricati on of nanoparti cles to delivering drugs and imaging agents to the implantati on of ti ny sensors for early detecti on and monitoring. With a Nati onal Cancer Insti tute grant establishing the MIT-Harvard Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, an interdis-ciplinary team of MIT and Harvard researchers has launched a number of projects to rapidly advance the applicati on of these technologies. One proj-ect, led by MIT chemical and biomedical engineer Robert Langer, who is internati onally recognized for advancements in drug delivery systems, and Omid Farokhzad of Harvard Medical School, focuses on using nanoparti cle “homing devices” that will transport ti me-released anti -cancer drugs directly to prostate cancer cells. The technology also has the advantage of avoiding the toxic side eff ects of cur-rent cancer therapies, which att ack healthy as well as diseased cells. Another project, led by biologist

and Nobel laureate Phillip Sharp, is exploring the use of nanomaterials to deliver short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the genes associated with lethal cancers. siRNAs are ti ny sequences for RNA that, when introduced into a cell, silence the targeted gene. Although potenti ally very powerful cancer-fi ghti ng tools, siRNAs remain diffi cult to dispatch to tumor cells. With its goal of mastering the technol-ogy of siRNA delivery, this project has the potenti al to open up a broad range of new cancer therapies.

What’s Controlling the Gene

With more and more success in determining the genomes of everything from yeast to humans, scien-ti sts now are able to turn their att enti on to fi nding out how the geneti c sequences work. Key to this un-derstanding are the gene regulators, the molecules that bind to a DNA region and switch the gene on or off . Many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cancer, are associated with mutated gene regula-tors. Given the vastness of the genome, however, and the gene regulators’ fl eeti ng acti vity, these crucial mechanisms have been hard to fi nd. Now a group of researchers at MIT and the Whitehead Insti tute for Biomedical Research has developed a method for scanning an enti re genome and quickly identi fying the regulators’ precise landing sites. As a result, they can now begin to understand how genes and their regulators interact. Richard Young of the Department of Biology, David Giff ord of Electri-cal Engineering and Computer Science, and Ernest Fraenkel of the Whitehead Insti tute and the Com-puter Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory are leading this eff ort. Young and Giff ord also have appointments at the Broad Insti tute. Their work is supported by the Nati onal Insti tutes of Health.

39

Campus Research


Research Laboratory of ElectronicsComputer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory Insti tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Mechanical Engineering Aeronauti cs and Astronauti cs Media LaboratoryMaterials Science and Engineering Haystack ObservatoryChemistry

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 336 graduate stu-dents held research assistantships and 93 held fel-lowships funded at least in part by the Department of Defense: of these, 292 research assistantships and 3 fellowships were fully funded by DOD.

The following MIT faculty and alumni have received the NIH Pioneer Award:

Current Faculty: Leona Sampson, 2009; Aviv Regev, 2008; Alice Ting, 2008; Alex von Oudenaarden, 2008; Emery Brown, 2007; Arup Chakrabarty, 2006.

Former Faculty: James Sherley, 2006

Alumni: Joshua M. Epstein, 2008; Krishna V. Shenoy, 2009 Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fi scal year with 2009 = 100

$180.68 $195.57 $201.56

$226.31

$255.90

$0.00

$50.00

$100.00

$150.00

$200.00

$250.00

$300.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Health and Human Services Constant $

Health and Human Services

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % change


Constant $ $202,329,412 $210,969,419 $211,944,302 $229,466,140 $255,895,734 12%

Mill

ions


40

Department of Energy Selected Current Projects

The Second Wireless Revoluti on

The solid state amplifi ers that the nati on’s roughly 200,000 wireless base stati ons now use to commu-nicate with cell phones and other electronic devices are costly. Generati ng excessive heat, they require bulky cooling equipment and also need large backup batt eries. Chiping Chen and a team of research-ers in MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center are developing an alternati ve – the fi rst radio frequency (RF) power amplifi er, which combines vacuum tube technology with an ellipti cal or “ribbon,” electron beam, another recent MIT breakthrough. Much more effi cient for RF amplifi cati on than the one-dimensional electron beam that conventi onal vacuum electron devices emit, the device requires less energy than both the vacuum tubes and the solid-state transistors which replaced them in many applicati ons. These amplifi ers are smaller, generate less heat, require smaller backup batt eries, and cost thousands of dollars less than solid-state amplifi ers. With the potenti al to reduce the cost of delivering voice and data from the current 50 cents to 5 cents per megabyte, they could save consumers hundreds of billions of dollars over the next 20 years. The technology has a range of applicati ons, extending from communicati ons (telephone, broadband, and satellite) to defense and scienti fi c research. The work is funded by the Department of Energy, the Air Force Offi ce of Scienti fi c Research, and the MIT Deshpande Center for Technological Innovati on.

Looking for the Stuff of the Universe

Although physicists understand a lot about the pro-tons, neurons, and electrons that make up conven-ti onal atomic matt er, these parti cles in fact consti -tute only about 4 percent of the universe’s total mass and energy. The compositi on of the other 96 percent is a mystery: 73 percent is the “dark energy” that accounts for the accelerated expansion of the universe, and 23 percent is “dark matt er,” measured from its gravitati on pull on ordinary matt er. Now, researchers from MIT’s Department of Physics and Laboratory of Nuclear Science and the Department of Physics are helping to solve part of this mystery

by designing an experiment that will enable them to observe dark matt er parti cles as they interact with ordinary matt er. They are constructi ng a chamber fi lled with a dilute gas whose atoms will act as tar-gets for dark matt er parti cles. When one hits a gas atom, the atom recoils and bumps into another one, causing them to lose electrons. The chamber will convert these electrons into visible light detectable by a video camera, which then will provide an actual image of the dark matt er interacti on. The project is supported by the Department of Energy and the Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space Research.

41

Campus Research



Plasma Science and Fusion CenterLaboratory for Nuclear ScienceNuclear Science and Engineering Chemistry Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesChemical Engineering Earth System Initi ati ve Mechanical Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Materials Processing Center

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 157 graduate stu-dents held research assistantships and 14 held fel-lowships funded at least in part by the Department of Energy; of these, 151 research assistantships and 12 fellowships were fully funded by DOE.

Department of Energy 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change


Constant $ $78,305,167 $72,560,129 $68,243,245 $66,526,624 $65,773,294 -1%

$69.93 $67.26

$64.90 $65.61 $65.77

$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

$70.00

$80.00

$90.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Department of Energy Constant $

Mill

ions


42

Nati onal Science Foundati on Selected Current Projects

Solar-Power BreakthroughProfessor Daniel G. Nocera, The Henry Dreyfus Pro-fessor of Energy at the Massachusett s Insti tute of Technology, has duplicated the solar fuels process of photosynthesis with the creati on of a new catalyst that is structurally and functi onally the same as that found in a leaf. In doing so he provides a cheap and highly manufacturable method to store solar energy so that it may be used 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by the individual. Biochemistry pioneer James Barber of London’s Imperial College, who deter-mined the structure of the photosyntheti c mem-brane in 2004, stated “this is a major discovery with enormous implicati ons for the future prosperity of mankind.” The discovery provides a carbon-neutral source by enabling the large scale deployment of solar energy at the personal level.

Nocera’s cobalt-oxygen evolving catalyst (Co-OEC) can use solar light as an input (via a photovoltaic cell or directly) to split water into hydrogen and oxy-gen.The Co-OEC is unique because it operates safely with high acti vity under benign conditi ons (room temperature and pH 7); is comprised of inexpensive, earth-abundant materials and is easy to manufac-ture and engineer; is self-healing; is functi onal in natural, waste, and sea waters; can form on diverse conducti ng surfaces of varying geometry and can be easily interfaced with a variety of light-absorbing and charge-separati ng materials, and; may be acti vated by solar-derived electricity or directly by sunlight mediated by a semiconductor. In additi on, because Co-OEC is fully functi onal in waste and natural water streams, Nocera’s discovery also sets a path to providing clean drinking water to the poor populati ons worldwide.

For his discovery and for his leadership positi on in championing personalized energy, Nocera was named one of Time Magazine’s 100 Most Infl uen-ti al People in the World. In garnering this recogni-ti on, Time Magazine stated, “He’s developed a new method for making hydrogen fuel from water, taking his cue from sunlight. His discovery makes it conceivable that by midcentury we could sati sfy our global energy needs.”

Developing the Next Generati on of Batt eries

MIT researchers are researching innovati ve ap-proaches to batt ery constructi on. A team of MIT researchers led by Angela Belcher was able to ge-neti cally engineer viruses to produce both the posi-ti vely and negati vely charged ends of a lithium ion batt ery. The batt ery has the same energy capacity as those being considered for use in hybrid cars, but is produced using a cheaper, less environmentally hazardous process. MIT President Susan Hockfi eld presented a prototype batt ery to President Barack Obama at a press briefi ng at the White House. Professor Gerbrand Ceder and graduate student Byoungwoo Kang have developed a new way to manufacture the material used in lithium ion bat-teries that allows ultrafast charging and discharg-ing. The new method creates a surface structure that allows lithium ions to move rapidly around the outside of the batt ery. Batt eries built using the new method could take seconds, rather than the now standard hours, to charge. Angela Belcher’s research is funded by the Nati onal Science Founda-ti on through the Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers program, as well as the Army Research Offi ce Insti tute of collaborati ve Technolo-gies. Gerbrand Ceder’s research is funded by the Nati onal Science Foundati on through the Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers program, and by the Department of Energy through the Bat-teries for Advanced Transportati on Program.

43

Campus Research


Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space ResearchEarth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science Research Laboratory of ElectronicsHaystack ObservatoryChemistryEarth System Initi ati ve Center for Material Science and EngineeringChemical Engineering Mathemati cs

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 278 graduate students held research assistantships, 168 held fel-lowships and 13 held traineeships funded at least in part by the Nati onal Science Foundati on; of these, 256 research assistantships, 167 fellowships, and 13 traineeships were fully funded by NSF.

The Nati onal Science Foundati on has awarded the Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award to 106 current MIT faculty and staff members.


National Science Foundation

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change

Research Expenditures $66,767,888 $65,162,840 $65,057,176 $64,972,918 $61,385,770 -6%

Constant $ $74,767,176 $70,292,937 $68,409,793 $65,880,007 $61,385,770 -7%

$66.77 $65.16 $65.06 $64.97 $61.39

$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

$70.00

$80.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

National Science Foundation Constant $

Mill

ions


44

NASASelected Current Projects

Mapping the Moon

NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter made its way to the moon following a fl awless lift off in June 2009 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Stati on aboard an Atlas V rocket. The mission will perform high-reso-luti on mapping of the moon with seven sensors in preparati on for future roboti c and human explora-ti on. MIT has ti es to three of the instruments on the craft . Professor Maria Zuber, head of the Depart-ment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, is the co-leader of investi gati ons to perform high-resoluti on topographic mapping and the fi rst op-erati onal opti cal tracking of a planetary spacecraft . Members of MIT Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space Research are also parti cipati ng in an experi-ment to characterize the lunar radiati on environ-ment. See htt p://web.mit.edu/newsoffi ce/2009/launch-0619.html for the original MIT news arti cle about the launch.

Probing the Violent Universe

The Chandra X-ray observatory, launched in July 1999, is one of NASA’s major astronomical satel-lites. X-rays mark the most energeti c phenomena in the universe including black holes, highly acti ve stars, supernovae and their remnants, quasars, and the ten million degree gas that permeates clusters of galaxies. Chandra carries by far the best X-ray telescope ever built, one capable of making images at X-ray wavelengths that are comparable to those made by the best ground-based opti cal telescopes in visible light. MIT’s Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space Research (formerly the Center for Space Research) built two of the four scienti fi c instruments that record the radiati on focused by the telescope. A great majority of the observati ons performed with Chandra use one or both of these instruments, which were developed over more than a decade using technological advances made both on cam-pus and at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The specialized, X-ray sensiti ve Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) and the periodic, submicron structures at the cores of these instruments remain unique in the world. They provide astronomers with orders of magnitude im-

provements in imaging and spectroscopic sensiti vity. MIT’s own researchers conti nue to use Chandra to probe the violent universe and also parti cipate in the Chandra X-ray Center, which operates the obser-vatory from Cambridge, Massachusett s.

Weather, Climate Change, and Searching for Life on

Mars

Currently operati ng in Mars’ orbit on the Mars Glob-al Surveyor spacecraft is a joint MIT-NASA instru-ment that is mapping changes in the seasonal frost cap of Mars. On the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft an MIT-led investi gati on is collecti ng data to study the internal structure, CO2 cycle, and at-mospheric density of Mars. A joint study by MIT and Harvard Medical School is designing a prototype of a device to att empt to detect Earth-like life on Mars or other space environments. The device is being designed to fl y on a future planetary lander or rover.

45

Campus Reseach



Kavli Insti tute for Astrophysics and Space ResearchEarth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesAeronauti cs and Astronauti cs Haystack Observatory Center for Global Change Science Earth System Initi ati ve

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 61 graduate students held research assistantships and and 3 held fellowships funded at least in part by NASA; of these, 54 research assistantships and 3 fellowships were fully funded by NASA.

NASA 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change


Constant $ $36,024,691 $33,687,807 $29,325,907 $25,835,292 $27,358,036 6%

$32.17 $31.23

$27.89 $25.48

$27.36

$0.00

$5.00

$10.00

$15.00

$20.00

$25.00

$30.00

$35.00

$40.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

NASA Constant $

Mill

ions


46

Other Federal Agencies Selected Current Projects

Keeping the Noise Down

The demand for air travel is predicted to double over the next 20 years. Yet, with key airports operat-ing at full capacity, aircraft noise in these mostly urban areas is a major barrier to service growth. Is there any way to design an airplane whose noise is impercepti ble outside the boundaries of the airport and no longer so detrimental to people living, work-ing, or going to school close to the fl ight paths? This is the challenge researchers from MIT, the University of Cambridge, and many parts of the civil aerospace and aviati on industry are addressing in the Silent Aircraft Initi ati ve, launched in 2003 by the Cam-bridge-MIT Insti tute (CMI). Exploring the design of the three major aircraft noise sources – the engines, the undercarriage, and the airframe, researchers are exploring such opti ons as putti ng the engines above the aircraft , so the body itself shields the ground from noise; embedding them in long, muffl ed ducts; and designing an advanced engine located inside the airframe. They also are addressing technologies that will improve the integrati on of the airframe and the propulsion system. In additi on, the team is assessing the economic implicati ons of silent aircraft for both airlines and regional economics. The work is funded by the NASA Langley Research Center and CMI.

…While Keeping Down the Polluti on and the Cost

Under the leadership of Aeronauti cs and Astronau-ti cs Professor John-Paul Clarke, a team of research-ers has developed a new landing procedure that reduces noise, cuts polluti on, and shortens fl ight ti me. In traditi onal approaches, planes begin their descent many miles from the runway, spending substanti al ti me at relati vely low alti tudes. Further-more, the planes move down in steps, which require noisy engine thrusts every ti me they level out. The new system, which uses sophisti cated avionics that enable pilots on their fi nal approach to guide their planes directly to the correct radio beam, keeps a plane at cruise alti tude unti l it is relati vely close to the airport. At this point, the plane makes an even, conti nuous descent to the runway, appreciably reducing noise, burning less fuel and emitti ng fewer fumes. Because the aircraft maintains higher speeds and takes a more direct path to the runway, the system also reduced fl ight ti me. The team demon-strated the approach’s eff ecti veness in a two-week test at Louisville Regional Airport; and it now is con-ducti ng research to adapt and test the procedure for airports with heavier traffi c volume and greater aircraft diversity. The Louisville test was funded by Congress, with additi onal support from UPS, Boe-ing, regional traffi c control centers, MIT, the Federal Aviati on Administrati on, and NASA. In 2003, MIT was designated an Air Transportati on Center of Excellence for Aircraft Noise and Aviati on Emission Miti gati on, created by the FAA. Clarke is the center’s director.

47

Campus Research

Other Federal Agencies includes: Department of Transportati on, Department of Commerce, Department of the Interior, Department of Educati on, Department of Agriculture, Nuclear Reactor Commission, Environmen-tal Protecti on Agency, etc.


Aeronauti cs and Astronauti cs Sea Grant College ProgramCenter for Transportati on and Logisti csThe Broad Insti tuteComputer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory

In the 2008-2009 Academic Year, 35 graduate students heldp research assistantships and 20 held fellowships funded at least in part by the Other Fed-eral Agencies; of these, 34 research assistantships and 12 fellowships were fully funded.


Other Federal Agencies

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change


Constant $ $13,386,517 $16,795,744 $15,174,632 $14,367,140 $14,558,505 1%

$11.95

$15.57

$14.43 $14.17 $14.56

$0.00

$2.00

$4.00

$6.00

$8.00

$10.00

$12.00

$14.00

$16.00

$18.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Other Federal Agencies Constant $

Mill

ions


48

Non-Profi t Organizati onsSelected Current Projects

Treati ng Parkinson’s Disease with Stem Cells

A team including MIT researchers has demonstrated for the fi rst ti me that arti fi cially created stem cells can be used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s dis-ease in rats. Researchers at the Whitehead Insti tute of Biomedical Research found that nerve cells de-rived from skin cells reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells can be successfully integrated in animal brains and improve symptoms of a neuro-degenerati ve conditi on similar to Parkinson’s. The work could lead to successful treatments for human pati ents of Parkinson’s, the degenerati ve neurologi-cal disorder. However, the researchers pointed out that hurdles associated with reprogramming cells must fi rst be cleared. The research was supported by the Ellison Medical Foundati on and the Nati onal Insti tutes of Health. htt p://web.mit.edu/newsof-fi ce/2008/parkinson-0407.html

Marine Microbiology Initi ati ve

Marine microbes are extraordinarily sensiti ve bio-sensors; they rapidly alter their protein expression in response to minute changes in environmental conditi ons such as light, temperature, chemicals, or pressure. The same sensiti vity that makes them valuable environmental indicators also renders them diffi cult to study in their natural state. Re-searchers in MIT’s departments of civil and envi-ronmental engineering, and biological engineering are using a new method to studying these marine microbe communiti es by examining small RNA (sRNA), the snippets of geneti c material that control gene expression. The discovery of sRNA in a natural setti ng may make it possible to study on a broad scale how microbial communiti es living in diff er-ent ocean environments respond to environmental sti muli. The research is being led by Professors Edward DeLong and Sallie Chisholm, and is funded by the Gordon and Bett y Moore Foundati on Marine Microbiology Initi ati ve. The research is also sup-ported by the Nati onal Science Foundati on and the Department of Energy. htt p://web.mit.edu/newsof-fi ce/2009/smallRNA-0514.html

Simons Initi ati ve on Auti sm and the Brain

Disorders of learning and development aff ect up to 5 in 100 individuals in the United States. A subset af-fected by Auti sm Spectrum Disorders (ASD) includes approximately one in every 150 children. Recent advances in neuroscience, including neurogenet-ics, systems neuroscience, and cogniti ve neurosci-ence, have the promise of signifi cantly advancing our understanding of the causes of ASD and other pervasive developmental disorders, and help in their treatment. To be eff ecti ve, however, a research eff ort requires close interacti on between neurosci-enti sts, cogniti ve scienti sts, and clinicians.In 2005, the Simons Foundati on awarded a 5-year grant to fund auti sm research in 6 BCS labs at MIT under the Simons Auti sm Project. The projects aim to use advanced research tools and methods to de-velop accurate diagnosis and treatment for children with ASD and related developmental disorders, and for developing animal models of ASD. In 2009, the Simons Foundati on established a three-year grant to improve the infrastructure for auti sm research at MIT. This gift promotes innovati ve, collabora-ti ve, and interdisciplinary research that bridges labs and methods and that is targeted toward a deeper understanding of auti sm. This grant includes several components: funding for postdoctoral fellows and seed research grants, and funds for a colloquium series.

With the help of the SFARI, MIT’s auti sm research eff ort has grown into the Simons Initi ati ve on Auti sm and the Brain. Many MIT researchers are members of the Auti sm Consorti um, a collaborati on between 75 clinicians and researchers across 13 Boston-area insti tuti ons to seek the causes and de-velop therapies for auti sm. htt p://auti sm.mit.edu/

49

Campus Research

$19.74

$24.83

$32.20

$47.69

$60.54

$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

$70.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Non Profit Institutions Constant $

Non Profit Institutions 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change


Constant $ $22,109,136 $26,788,186 $33,857,986 $48,360,264 $60,538,156 25%


Technology and Development Program Earth System Initi ati veMechanical Engineering MIT Energy Initi ati veLaboratory for Manufacturing Sciences McGovern Insti tute for Brain Research Research Laboratory of Electronics Chemical Engineering


Mill

ions


51

Contents Economic Impact 54Air and Missile Defense Technology 55Communicati ons and Informati on 56 Technology Intelligence, Surveillance, 57 and Reconnaissance TechnologySpace Control 58Advanced Electronics Technology 59Tacti cal Systems 60Homeland Protecti on 61Lincoln Laboratory Staff 62Test Faciliti es and Field Sites 63

3 Lincoln Laboratory

52

Lincoln LaboratoryMIT Lincoln Laboratory is a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) operated by the Massachusett s Insti tute of Technology under contract with the Department of Defense (DOD). The Laboratory’s core competencies are in sensors, informati on extracti on (signal processing and embedded computi ng), communicati ons, integrated sensing, and decision support, all supported by a strong program in advanced electronics technology.

Since its establishment in 1951, MIT Lincoln Laboratory’s mission has been to apply technology to problems of nati onal security. The Laboratory’s technology development is focused on its primary mission areas—space control; air and missile defense technology; communicati ons and informati on technology; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems and technology; advanced electronics; tacti cal systems; and homeland protecti on. In additi on, Lincoln Laboratory undertakes government-sponsored, nondefense projects in areas such as air traffi c control and weather surveillance.

Two of the Laboratory’s principal technical objecti ves are (1) the development of components and systems for experiments, engineering measurements, and tests under fi eld operati ng conditi ons and (2) the disseminati on of informati on to the government, academia, and industry. Program acti viti es extend from fundamental investi gati ons through the design process, and fi nally to fi eld demonstrati ons of prototype systems. Emphasis is placed on transiti oning systems and technology to industry.

MIT Lincoln Laboratory also emphasizes meeti ng the government’s FFRDC goals of maintaining long-term competency, retaining high-quality staff , providing independent perspecti ve on criti cal issues, sustaining strategic sponsor relati onships, and developing technology for both long-term interests and short-term, high-priority needs.

FY 2009 Funding By Sponsor

Total FY 2009 funding = $749.0 M

All data is for the Lincoln Laboratory fi scal year, which runs concurrent with the U.S. Government fi scal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

53

Lincoln Laboratory


$595.5$625.7 $628.8

$675.7

$749

0

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Fund

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Total Funding

$65.1

$34.7$39.4

$62

$89.9

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Non-DOD ProgramsFY05 to FY09 in millions

54

Lincoln Laboratory’s Economic ImpactThe Laboratory has generated and supported a range of nati onal business and industrial acti viti es. The charts that follow show the Laboratory’s eco-nomic impact by business category and state.

October 1, 2008 to August 20, 2009(In $millions)

Type AmountLarge Business 188.5Small Business 155.4Educati on (not MIT) 2.1Other (Gov./Foreign) 5.0Total 351.0

October 1, 2008 to August 20, 2009(In $millions)

Top Seven StatesMassachusett s 156.1California 49.3Virginia 32.2Texas 14.7Ohio 11.7New Hampshire 11.6Colorado 10.5

Other New England States(In $millions)Rhode Island 6.0Connecti cut 2.8Maine 0.2Vermont 0.1


55

Lincoln Laboratory

Air and Missile Defense Technology

In the Air and Missile Defense Technology mission, Lincoln Laboratory works with government, indus-try, and other laboratories to develop integrated systems for defense against ballisti c missiles, cruise missiles, and air vehicles in tacti cal, strategic, and homeland defense applicati ons. Acti viti es include the investi gati on of system architectures, develop-ment of advanced sensor and decision support technologies, development of fl ight-test hardware, extensive fi eld measurements and data analysis, and the verifi cati on and assessment of deployed system capabiliti es. The program includes a focused evalu-ati on of the survivability of U.S. air vehicles against air defense systems. A strong emphasis is placed on the rapid prototyping of sensor and system concepts and algorithms, and the transfer of the resulti ng technologies to government contractors responsible for the development of operati onal systems.

Lincoln Laboratory conti nues to have a signifi cant role in characterizing the capabiliti es and limitati ons of deployed ballisti c missile defense components and in helping to develop, refi ne, and verify tacti cs, techniques, and procedures to opti mize perfor-mance. The Laboratory is also acti vely engaged in the analysis, development, testi ng, and imple-mentati on of new capabiliti es. Areas of parti cular focus are system-wide tracking and discriminati on, system-level testi ng, and advanced counter-coun-termeasures techniques.


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Air and Missile Defense TechnologyDOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

$124.9$118.1$121.8$128

$136.9

56

Communicati ons and Informati onTechnology In the Communicati ons and Informati on Technology mission, the Laboratory works to enhance the capabiliti es of current and future U.S. global defense communicati ons networks (space, air, land, and sea) in the transport and knowledge domains. Emphasis is placed on developing architectures; identi fying, prototyping, and demonstrati ng components, subsystems, and systems; and then transferring this technology to industry for use in operati onal systems. Current eff orts span all network layers (from physical to applicati on), with primary focuses on satellite communicati ons, aircraft and vehicle radios and antennas, tacti cal networking, language processing, net-centric operati ons, and cyber operati ons.

Future directi ons include evolving core program-mati c thrusts, such as satellite communicati ons and on-the-move communicati ons, and expanding the focus on net-centric operati ons and cybersecurity.


$87.4

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Communications and Information TechnologyDOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

57

Lincoln Laboratory

The Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Systems and Technology mission conducts research and development into advanced sensing concepts, signal and image processing, high-performance computi ng, networked sensor architectures, and decision sciences. This work is focused on providing improved surface and undersea surveillance capabiliti es for problems of nati onal interest. The Laboratory’s ISR program encompasses airborne imaging and moving target detecti on radar, RF geolocati on systems, electro-opti c imaging, and laser radar. Successful concepts oft en develop into experimental prototype ISR systems, someti mes on surrogate platf orms, that demonstrate new capability in operati onally relevant environments.

Future directi ons are expanded eff orts in signals intelligence and multi -intelligence data exploitati on, as well as laser-based sensing for explosives and chemical signatures. Future goals are to strengthen tracking and exploitati on experti se and programs, and to develop an end-to-end ISR test bed.

Intelligence, Surveillance, andReconnaissance Systems and Technology


The ISR Systems and Technology mission area was insti tuted in 2008.

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ISR Systems and TechnologyDOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

58

Space Control The Space Control mission develops technology that enables the nati on’s space surveillance system to meet the challenges of space situati onal awareness. Lincoln Laboratory works with systems to detect, track, and identi fy man-made satellites; performs satellite mission and payload assessment; and in-vesti gates technology to improve monitoring of the space environment, including space weather and at-mospheric and ionospheric eff ects. The technology emphasis is the applicati on of new components and algorithms to enable sensors with greatly enhanced capabiliti es and to support the development of net-centric processing systems for the nati on’s Space Surveillance Network.

Long-range objecti ves are the development of tech-nology for systems that support the nati on’s space control needs, that enable environmental monitor-ing, and that provide special-purpose surveillance. Work on programs that support homeland security systems and that provide specialized sensing, data exploitati on, and decision support for intelligence eff orts is anti cipated.


$96.9

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Space ControlDOD Funding, FY05 to FY09

59

Lincoln Laboratory

Advanced Electronics Technology Research and development in Advanced Electronics Technology (AET) focus on the inventi on of new de-vices, the practi cal realizati on of those devices, and their integrati on into subsystems. Although many of these devices conti nue to be based on solid-state electronic or electro-opti cal technologies, recent work is highly multi disciplinary, and current devices increasingly exploit biotechnology and innovati ve chemistry. The broad scope of AET work includes the development of unique high-performance de-tectors and focal planes, 3-D integrated circuits, bio-logical and chemical agent sensors, diode lasers and photonic devices using compound semiconductors and silicon-based technologies, microelectrome-chanical devices, RF components, and unique lasers including high-power fi ber and cryogenic lasers.

Work will conti nue in the integrati on of advanced electronic devices into Department of Defense sys-tems; a growing emphasis will be on microsystems assembly and packaging.


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Advanced Electronics Technology DOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

$32.4

$40.6

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$48.0

60

Tacti cal SystemsIn the Tacti cal Systems mission, Lincoln Laboratory focuses on helping the U.S. military understand the operati onal uti lity and limitati ons of advanced technologies. Acti viti es focus on a combinati on of systems analysis to assess technology impact in operati onally relevant scenarios, rapid development and instrumentati on of prototype U.S. and threat systems, and detailed, realisti c instrumented test-ing. The Tacti cal Systems area is characterized by a very ti ght coupling between the Laboratory’s eff orts and the DOD sponsors involved in these eff orts. This ti ght coupling ensures that the analysis which is done and the systems which are developed are relevant and benefi cial to the military.

Future goals are enhancing capabiliti es for counter-measure systems, evaluati ng upgrades for surveil-lance and target acquisiti on radars, and expanding the test bed that supports counterterrorism applica-ti ons.


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Tactical Systems DOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

$50.4

$79.2

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$57.9

61

Lincoln Laboratory

Homeland Protecti on The Homeland Protecti on mission is supporti ng the nati on’s homeland security by developing technol-ogy and systems to help prevent terrorist att acks within the United States, to reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism, and to minimize the damage and assist in the recovery from terror-ist att acks. Current sponsors for this mission area include the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Defense, and other federal, state, and local enti ti es. Eff orts include architecture stud-ies for the defense of civilians and faciliti es against potenti al biological att acks, development of the Enhanced Regional Situati on Awareness system for air defense of the Nati onal Capital Region, develop-ment of cybersecurity technology for criti cal home-land infrastructure protecti on, and the evaluati on of technologies for border and mariti me security.

Future focuses will be on air security for the home-land; an integrated air, land, and mariti me surveil-lance architecture; conti nued investi gati ons into sensors for detecti ng and identi fying biological and chemical agents; and the use of sensors for border security.


The Homeland Protecti on mission area was insti tuted in 2008.

$19.7

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Homeland ProtectionDOD Funding, FY05 to FY09 in millions

62

Lincoln Laboratory Staff Approximately 1,500 technical staff are involved in research programs. Two-thirds of the technical staff have advanced degrees, with 42% holding doctor-ates. Professional development opportuniti es and challenging cross-disciplinary projects are respon-sible for the Laboratory’s ability to retain highly qualifi ed, creati ve staff .

Lincoln Laboratory recruits at more than 60 of the nati on’s top technical universiti es, with 65 percent to 75 percent of new hires coming directly from uni-versiti es. Lincoln Laboratory augments its campus recruiti ng by developing long-term relati onships with research faculty and promoti ng fellowship and summer internship programs.

Technical Staff Profi le


Degrees Held by Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff

63

Lincoln Laboratory

Test Faciliti es and Field Sites Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test FacilityThe Laboratory operates the main hangar on the Hanscom Air Force Base fl ight line. This 93,000-sq-ft building accommodates the Laboratory Flight Test Facility and complex of state-of-the-art antenna test chambers. The Flight Facility houses several Lincoln Laboratory-operated aircraft used for rapid proto-typing of airborne sensors and communicati ons.

Millstone Hill Field Site, Westf ord, MAMIT operates radio astronomy and atmospheric research faciliti es at Millstone Hill, an MIT-owned, 1,100-acre research facility in Westf ord, Massachu-sett s. Lincoln Laboratory occupies a subset of the faciliti es whose primary acti viti es involve tracking and identi fi cati on of space objects.

Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein, Marshall IslandsLincoln Laboratory serves as the scienti fi c advisor to the Reagan Test Site at the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll installati on located about 2,500 miles WSW of Ha-waii. Twenty staff members work at this site, serving two- to three-year tours of duty. The site’s radars and opti cal and telemetry sensors support ballisti c missile defense testi ng and space surveillance. The radar systems provide test faciliti es for radar tech-nology development and for the development of ballisti c missile defense techniques.

Other Sites Pacifi c Missile Range Facility, Kauai, HawaiiExperimental Test Site, Socorro, New Mexico

Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test Facility

Millstone Hill Field Site, Westf ord, Massachu-sett s

Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands

65

Contents Fostering Innovati on 66Licensing Inventi ons 66Benefi ts to the Nati onal Economy 67Selected Current Projects 68Research Funded by Industry 69Service to Industry 70Strategic Partnerships 72

4 MIT and Industry

66

MIT and Industry Fostering Innovati on

Dedicated from its founding to addressing practi cal problems, MIT has a long traditi on of collaborati on with industry. Creati ng jobs, companies, and even new industries, these partnerships are a vital engine in the country’s innovati on system – the alliance of industry, universiti es, government, and labor that develops new knowledge and technologies, educates a highly-skilled work force to apply them, and produces the next generati on of researchers to conti nue the process of discovery and develop-ment. The system turns out a conti nuous stream of new products and services, which in turn advance our economy and improve our lives.

MIT’s interacti ons with industry bring real-world technology and management issues into our re-search laboratories and our teaching. They keep the faculty and students current, grounded, and forward-looking. Maintaining strong, producti ve industrial alliances is an Insti tute priority.

Sponsored Research

MIT is a leader in conducti ng research sponsored by industry. More than 400 corporati ons supported research projects on the MIT campus in FY 2009, with expenditures exceeding $99 million. Compa-nies oft en join together in these collaborati ons to support multi -disciplinary research programs in a wide range of fi elds.

Licensing Inventi ons

In FY 2009, MIT fi led 131 new U.S. uti lity patent ap-plicati ons, and was issued 153 U.S. patents. There were 501 inventi on disclosures, 85 licenses and opti ons granted, 17 trademark licenses granted, and 23 soft ware end-use licenses granted. In each of the past fi ve years, we have had over 100 U.S. patents issued to us and we have signed 60-100 opti on and license agreements. A small percentage of inven-ti ons are suitable for start-ups as they open enti rely new fi elds or introduce new approaches. MIT has long been famous as a source of start-up technol-ogy, and 21 new companies were formed around MIT licenses in 2009. While university technology li-censing obviously has a signifi cant economic impact in terms of bringing new technologies to market, creati ng companies and jobs, and increasing tax revenues, many of these products do not achieve signifi cant sales unti l three to fi ve years aft er the license is signed.

67

MIT and Industry

In 2009, the Kauff man Foundati on of Entrepreneur-ship released a study on MIT’s Entrepreneurial im-pact on the nati on’s economy. The study found that MIT graduates, faculty, and staff had established 25,800 currently acti ve companies, which in 2006 employed at least 3.3 million people and generated $2 trillion in world revenue. If MIT-related com-panies formed a nati on, in 2006 they would have ranked as the world’s 17th largest economy.

The fi ve states benefi ti ng most from MIT-related jobs were Massachusett s, with just under 1,000,000 jobs; California, with 526,000 jobs; New York, with 231,000 jobs; Texas, with 184,00 jobs; and Virginia, with 136,000 jobs.

Nearly 60 percent of companies founded by MIT alumni are located outside the Northeast. These companies have a large presence in the San Francis-co Bay area (Silicon Valley), Southern California, the Washington-Balti more-Philadelphia belt, the Pacifi c Northwest, the Chicago area, southern Florida, Dallas and Houston, and the industrial citi es of Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.

The study also noted that “an important subset of the MIT alumni companies is in soft ware, electron-ics (including instruments, semiconductors, and computers), and biotech. These fi rms are the cutti ng edge of what we think of as high technology and, correspondingly, are more likely to be planning fu-ture expansion than companies in other industries. They export a higher percentage of their products, hold more patents, and spend more of their rev-enues on research and development.”

The study also found that MIT acts as a magnet for foreign entrepreneurs. It reported that 30 percent of foreign students who att end MIT found compa-nies at some point in their lives. It stated that “half of those companies created by ‘imported’ entrepre-neurs, 2,340 fi rms, are headquartered in the United States, generati ng their principal revenue ($16 billion) and employment (101,500 people) benefi ts here.”

Benefi ts to the Nati onal Economy

68

IndustrySelected Current Projects

Micro-Ants

Researchers at MIT, in collaborati on with research-ers at Boston University and in Germany, have cre-ated a new system that uses microscopic magneti c beads suspended in liquid to move objects inside microfl uidic chips. The beads, which are made of polymers with specks of magneti c material sus-pended in them, have been dubbed “micro-ants” for their ability to transport objects much larger than themselves. When they are placed in a rotat-ing magneti c fi eld the beads spontaneously form short chains and spin, creati ng a current that can transport surrounding parti cles as much as 100 ti mes larger than the beads. The new method could provide a simpler, less-expensive alternati ve to current microfl uidic devices, a technology involv-ing the precise control of ti ny amounts of liquids fl owing through microscopic channels on a chip in order to carry out chemical or biological analysis of ti ny samples. The work may also help scienti st bett er understand the human body. The micro-ants functi on similarly to cilia, which are ti ny hair-like fi laments that line organs like the trachea and the intesti nes. Like the micro-ants, cilia work in unison to create currents that sweep along cells, nutrients, and other parti cles. The work was led by Professor Alfredo Alexander-Katz and was funded by a grant from DuPont and grants from the German Govern-ment. htt p://web.mit.edu/newsoffi ce/2009/micro-ants.html

Closing in on Bionic Speed

Robots have the potenti al to go where it is too hot, too cold, too remote, too small, or too dangerous for people to perform any number of tasks, from repairing water leaks to sti tching blood vessels together. Now MIT researchers, led by Sidney Yip, professor of nuclear engineering and materials science and engineering, have proposed a theory that might eliminate an obstacle to achieving these goals – the limited speed and control of the “arti fi -cial muscles” that make these robots move. Today, engineers construct roboti c muscles from polymers that carry an electronic current, which are triggered

by acti vati ng waves called “solitons.” Proposing a model that explains how these waves work, Xi Lin, a postdoctoral associate in Yip’s lab, has developed an understanding which will permit engineers to design lighter, much more fl exible polymers. Able to trans-mit the wave much more quickly, they can make the robot muscles move 1,000 ti mes faster than those of humans. This work was supported by Honda R&D Co. Ltd., and DARPA.

Sharper Image

Researchers in MIT’s Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory have developed a technique for taking some of the blur out of snapshots. Rob Fergus, a postdoctoral associate in the lab, and com-puter science professor William Freedom, presented the method at the recent Siggraph 2006 conference in Boston. When pictures are taken with lightweight, digital cameras, oft en the hands holding the camera shake, blurring the resulti ng images. Using soft ware to remove the blur is the goal of scienti sts, but it’s diffi cult without knowing how the camera was moving. Knowing that objects tend to have stati sti -cally disti ncti ve patt erns of light and dark with sharp changes at the edges, Fergus developed soft ware which measures the light-to-dark gradients in a pho-to and compares them with preprogrammed values to esti mate how the camera moved, and then reconstructs the image. The process takes 10 to 15 minutes, and although the resulti ng images are not perfect, the method has provided serviceable ver-sions of photos that were previously unusable.

69

MIT and Industry

Industry 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009%

change


Constant $ $72,908,248 $78,470,209 $83,833,915 $83,341,701 $99,219,127 19%

$65.11 $72.74

$79.73 $82.19

$99.22

$0.00

$20.00

$40.00

$60.00

$80.00

$100.00

$120.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Industry Constant $

Research Sponsored by Industry

Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

MIT Energy Initi ati veThe Broad Insti tuteComputer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory Chemical Engineering Media LaboratoryMechanical Energy Sloan School of ManagementKoch Insti tute for Integrati ve Cancer Research Aeronauti cs and Astronauti cs Biological Engineering



70

Deshpande Center for Technological Innovati on

The Deshpande Center for Technological Innovati on nurtures marketable inventi ons by engaging indus-try to spark inventi ons that solve existi ng needs, and by funding proof-of-concept explorati ons with Igni-ti on Grants. The Center fuels market-driven innova-ti on by funding research with Innovati on Grants, getti ng the business community involved at an early stage to help shape the directi on of research, and by educati ng the research community about com-mercializati on. It also implements innovati on in the marketplace by catalyzing collaborati ons, directi ng researchers to appropriate business and entrepre-neurial resources, and serving as a liaison between MIT and the local business community.

The Industrial Performance Center

The Industrial Performance Center supports in-terdisciplinary research and educati on aimed at understanding and improving industrial producti v-ity, innovati on, and competi ti veness. Faculty and students from all fi ve MIT schools parti cipate in its programs. Since its founding in 1992, the Center has conducted research at more than 1,000 fi rms in major manufacturing and service industries in both advanced and emerging economies.

Leaders for Global Operati ons

Leaders for Global Operati ons (LFGO) is an edu-cati onal and research program that the MIT Sloan School of Management and the School of Engi-neering conduct in partnership with more than 25 global manufacturing and operati ons companies. The program educates new leaders in manufactur-ing and operati ons, and advances the understand-ing of manufacturing and operati ons principles. LFGO views these two functi ons in the broadest sense, from product concept through delivery. Its 24-month program leads to two Master of Science degrees – one in engineering and the other in man-agement. Students work with faculty in both schools and take part in acti viti es that include six-month internships at partner companies.

MIT Center for Biomedical Innovati on

An Insti tute-wide collaborati on of faculty from the MIT Schools of Engineering, Management, and Sci-ence, the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, and their counterparts from govern-ment and industry, the MIT Center for Biomedical Innovati on addresses the challenges of translati ng advances in the life sciences more effi ciently and safely, from the laboratory to the public. The center provides a “safe harbor” in which major players across the biomedical spectrum – from medical re-searchers to federal regulators, payers, and experts in fi nance and marketi ng – can bett er appreciate each other’s concerns and communicate and col-laborate more eff ecti vely.

MIT Internati onal Science and Technology

Initi ati ves

The MIT Internati onal Science and Technology Initi a-ti ves program (MISTI) enlarges students’ opportuni-ti es for internati onal learning through on-campus resources and internships in foreign companies and laboratories; supports faculty collaborati ons with researchers abroad; and works with corpora-ti ons, government, and nonprofi t organizati ons to promote internati onal industry, educati on, and research. About 150 students parti cipate annually in MISTI internships, preparing for their stay abroad with integrated courses in foreign languages and cultures. MISTI programs are organized by region. The fi rst one established, MIT Japan, today is the largest center of applied Japanese studies for scien-ti sts and engineers in that country. Other programs are in China, France, Germany, India, and Italy. MISTI also supports conferences and workshops that promote internati onal learning and research at MIT, and provides training for corporati ons.

Service to Industry

71

MIT and Industry

MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovati on and

Global Leadership

The MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovati on and Global Leadership is a 12-month, full-ti me program for high-potenti al mid-career managers with strong technical and entrepreneurial backgrounds. Inte-grati ng management, technology, innovati on, and global outreach, the program provides students with a rigorous academic curriculum, frequent interacti on with internati onal business and govern-ment leaders, and an exchange of global perspec-ti ves that enables them to develop their capaciti es as global innovators. The program att racts people from all over the world from a wide variety of for-profi t and nonprofi t industries organizati ons, and functi onal areas. Students can earn an M.B.A., an M.S. in management, or an M.S. in the management of technology.

Offi ce of Corporate Relati ons

MIT’s Offi ce of Corporate Relati ons promotes creati ve collaborati on among MIT, industry, and government. Its Industrial Liaison Program enables member fi rms to draw upon MIT experti se to inform their own technology strategies, and at the same ti me helps faculty members stay abreast of the lat-est industrial developments.

Professional Educati on Programs

To meet industries’ need to bring large groups of employees up to speed in new or evolving areas of knowledge, in 2002 the MIT School of Engineer-ing established its Professional Educati on Programs (PEP). An extension of MIT’s Professional Insti tute (see following entry), PEP off ers Internet-based courses that employees can parti cipate in at their home insti tuti ons without traveling to Cambridge. MIT faculty also work with corporati ons to design customized curriculums that meet their specifi c needs, including those that integrate management with technological advances.

Professional Insti tute

Founded in 1949, MIT’s Professional Insti tute (PI) brings more than 600 technical, scienti fi c, busi-ness, and government professionals from around the world to campus each year for two- to- fi ve-day courses that allow them to develop working knowl-edge in rapidly evolving technologies, industries, and organizati onal structures. PI’s more than 40 courses, which can involve lectures, discussions, readings, interacti ve problem solving, and labora-tory work, cover a broad range of topics, such as hy-drologic modeling, bioinformati cs, nanostructured fl uids, supply chain network opti mizati on, scienti fi c marketi ng, and high-speed videography. Recent PI parti cipants include employees from Amgen, Archer Daniels Midland, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, Kimberly-Clark Corporati on, Nagoya City University, San Mateo County Transit District, Delft University of Technology, and the Department of Defense.

System Design and Management

System Design and Management (SDM) educates engineering professionals in the processes of engineering and designing complex products and systems, and gives them the management skills they need to exercise these capaciti es across organiza-ti ons. Sponsored by the School of Engineering and the Sloan School of Management, the program of-fers a joint Master’s degree from both schools. Stu-dents can pursue these degrees either on campus or through a hybrid on-campus/off -campus curricu-lum that uses video conferencing and web-based instructi on. This fl exibility has made it possible for people like a captain in the U.S. Army commanding a division in Iraq, a captain in the Hellenic Air Force, or a General Electric aerospace engineer in Cincinnati to take advantage of SDM’s technical, engineering, and management breadth. More than 50 companies and organizati ons from a wide range of fi elds have sponsored students in this program.

72

In 1994, MIT began to build new kinds of research partnerships, creati ng longer-term alliances with major corporati ons that would allow these com-panies to work with MIT to develop programs and strategies that address areas of rapid change. In return for their research and teaching support, the corporati ons share ownership of patentable inven-ti ons and improvements developed from the part-nership. In a number of these alliances, funds are earmarked for specifi c educati on projects.

DupontEstablished in 2000 and extended in 2005, the DuPont MIT Alliance (DMA) brings together each insti tuti on’s strengths in materials, chemical, and biological sciences to develop new materials for bioelectronics, biosensors, biomimeti c materials, alternati ve energy sources, and other high value substances. DuPont also works with MIT’s Sloan School of Management to defi ne new business models for these emerging technologies. Among DMA’s accomplishments is a device for the ti ssue-like culturing of liver cells that provides a medium for testi ng the material similar to the toxicity of new pharmaceuti cals. Another is the development of a material similar to the water-repellent surfaces of lotus leaves, which has potenti al for applicati ons like self-cleaning fabrics, water-repellent windshields, and plumbing that resists the growth of harmful bacteria. To date, MIT and DuPont scienti sts have applied for more than 40 patents based on their research. In its second stage, DMA has moved into nanocomposites, nanoelectronic materials, alterna-ti ve energy technologies, and next-generati on safety and protecti on materials.

Ford Motor Company

Since it was launched in 1997, the Ford-MIT Al-liance has joined MIT and Ford researchers on a wide range of educati on and research projects that emphasize environment and design. Built on a long history of working together, the alliance grew from a recogniti on that changes brought about by globalizati on and the impact of advanced informa-ti on technologies require new models of university/industry collaborati on. The more than 80 research projects supported by the Ford-MIT Alliance in-clude climate and environmental research, the development of cleaner engine and fuel technolo-gies, computer-aided design, and automobile voice recogniti on systems, such as the one MIT and Ford researchers are working on to allow drivers to direct their autos’ navigati on systems by speaking, rather than by entering the informati on with keystrokes.

Hewlett -Packard Company

With the ulti mate goal of expanding the perfor-mance and fl exibility of the commercial, educati on-al, and personal services that digital informati on sys-tems provide, Hewlett -Packard and MIT established an alliance in 2000 to investi gate new architectures, devices, and user interfaces, and to develop new ways to create and handle digital informati on. The HP/MIT Alliance has helped launch Dspace, the MIT Libraries’ pathbreaking digital archive which opens up the intellectual output of MIT faculty and re-search staff to researchers around the world. It also supports the MIT Ultra-Wideband group, which is advancing UWB communicati on, and the MIT Cen-ter for Wireless Networking, which explores ways to expand the capabiliti es of wireless appliances and the networks and server architectures that they use.

Strategic Partnerships

73

MIT and Industry

Microsoft Corporati on

Called iCampus, the Microsoft /MIT collaborati on supports projects among Microsoft researchers and MIT students, faculty, and staff that advance IT-en-abled teaching models and learning tools for higher educati on. Established in 1999, iCampus has funded dozens of faculty and student projects. Among its products are a new course in introductory physics; a Web-accessible microelectronics teaching labora-tory; and a new tool for environmental researchers in the fi eld – an electronic notebook that makes it possible to streamline data collecti on and improve its accuracy. This breakthrough was the product of a student-designed course set up with iCampus fund-ing specifi cally for developing a soft ware applica-ti on that would enable environmental scienti sts to dispense with paper notebooks, gather data elec-tronically, integrate it with environmental and GPS sensors, and carry out computati ons in the fi eld. The tool also lets them transmit data wirelessly to a remote server, where not only are their records invulnerable to the hazards of wind, water, and other factors that make data collecti on in the fi eld precarious; they also are readily available to other researchers.

Pirelli Labs

Working on the MIT campus and in Pirelli Labora-tories near Milan, Italy, scienti sts from both orga-nizati ons are collaborati ng on a new generati on of nanotechnology integrated opti cal systems. By miniaturizing the components and using all of the wavelengths available in a fi ber opti c cable to maxi-mize the amount of data transmitt ed on each fi ber, this technology will both dramati cally reduce manu-facturing and delivery costs and make it possible to provide enormous broadband capacity to consum-ers. The collaborati on’s ulti mate goal is to provide residenti al subscribers highest-quality broadband telecommunicati on services and much lower cost.

Project Oxygen Alliance

A partnership among the MIT Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory and six corpo-rati ons – the Acer Group, Delta Electronics, Hewlett -Packard, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, Nokia, and Philips – Project Oxygen’s goal is to make com-putati on and communicati on resources as abundant and as easy to use as oxygen. Working also with sup-port from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the project seeks to free people from com-puter jargon, keyboards, mice, and other specialized devices they rely on now for access to computati on and communicati on. The researchers are creati ng, for example, speech and vision technologies that enable humans to communicate as naturally with computers as they do with people. They are devel-oping centralized networks and robust soft ware/hardware architectures that can adapt to mobile uses, currently available resources, and varying operati ng conditi ons. Researchers also are at work devising security and privacy mechanisms that safe-guard personal informati on and resources.

Quanta Computi ng

In today’s computi ng environment, people using personal service technologies must navigate among an array of devices – from cell phones to comput-ers to personal digital assistants. In 2005, MIT and Quanta Computi ng established Project TParty to address this complexity. Engineers from Quanta are collaborati ng with researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Arti fi cial Intelligence Laboratory to de-sign new platf orms for computi ng and communica-ti on, reengineer and extend the underlying technical infrastructures, create new interfaces, and explore new ways of imaging, accessing, and integrati ng in-formati on. Their goal is to design new products that will make the personal use of computer technolo-gies much easier and more producti ve.

75

Global Engagement 5

ContentsInternati onal Collaborati on 76Internati onal Scholars 82Internati onal Students 83Internati onal Entrepreneurs 87Internati onal Alumni 88Faculty Country of Origin 89Internati onal Study Opportuniti es 90 Internati onal Research 92

76

Global EngagementThe expanding global connecti ons of the 21st cen-tury provide MIT with increasing opportuniti es to engage in projects and collaborati ons outside the United States. As President Susan Hockfi eld noted in a speech delivered to the Confederati on of Indian Industries in Mumbai, India in November 2007,

It has never been more clear that the future of innovati on will be told in many, many diff erent lan-guages. In a world with so much talent, no one has a monopoly on good ideas. As researchers, if we are driven to fi nd the most gift ed collaborators and the most intriguing ideas, we must be prepared to look far beyond our own backyards. And as educators, if we fail to help our students learn to live and work with their peers around the world, then we have failed them altogether.

MIT strives to encourage the free fl ow of people and ideas through engaging in internati onal research collaborati ons, providing internati onal study and research opportuniti es for its students, and by host-ing internati onal students and scholars. The follow-ing are some of MIT’s many internati onal research collaborati ons:

MIT-Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design

In January, 2010, MIT and The Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) signed an agree-ment formalizing a detailed collaborati on between the two insti tuti ons. The partnership is MIT’s most signifi cant educati onal collaborati on to date, and includes both educati on and research components. The alliance will give MIT new opportuniti es to push the boundaries of design research through cooperati on on teaching, curriculum development, and faculty recruitment and development. MIT will also assist in designing programs to encourage innovati on and entrepreneurship. A key feature of the research component of the agreement is the es-tablishment of an Internati onal Design Centre (IDC). Situated at the heart of SUTD, with a mirror facility at MIT, the IDC is intended to become the world’s premier hub for technologically intensive design. The IDC will be a focal point for faculty and students

from SUTD, MIT, and partner insti tuti ons to collabo-rate in the design of devices, systems, and services that address the needs of Singapore and the world. In doing so, the IDC will seek to address design chal-lenges facing the world today — including sustain-able built environments, engineering for the devel-oping world, and Informati on and Communicati on Technology-enabled devices for bett er living.

Singapore-MIT Alliance

The Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) is an innovati ve engineering educati on and research collabora-ti on among the Nati onal University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), and the Massachusett s Insti tute of Technology (MIT). Founded in November 1998 to promote global engineering educati on and research, SMA brings together the resources of three premiere academic insti tuti ons — MIT, Nati onal University of Singapore, and Nanyang Technological University — while pro-viding students with unlimited access to excepti onal faculty experti se and superior research faciliti es. htt p://web.mit.edu/sma/index.htm

Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) Centre

Established in 2007, the SMART Centre is MIT’s fi rst research centre outside of Cambridge, MA and its largest internati onal research endeavor. The Centre is also the fi rst enti ty in the Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) currently being developed by Singapore’s Nati onal Research Foundati on.

The SMART Centre will: identi fy and carry out research on criti cal problems of societal signifi -cance and develop innovati ve soluti ons through its interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs); become a magnet for att racti ng and anchoring global research talent to Singapore; develop robust partnerships with local universiti es and insti tuti ons in Singapore; engage in graduate educati on by co-advising local doctoral students and post-doctoral associates; andhelp insti ll a culture of translati onal research, entre-preneurship and technology transfer through the SMART Innovati on Centre.

77

Global Engagement

MITEI, established in September 2006, is an In-sti tute-wide initi ati ve designed to help transform the global energy system to meet the needs of the future and to help build a bridge to that future by improving today’s energy systems. MITEI strives to address the technical and policy challenges of the coming decades, such as meeti ng the world’s grow-ing demand for energy; minimizing related impacts on the environment; and reducing the potenti al geopoliti cal tensions associated with increased competi ti on for energy.

To solve these problems, MITEI pairs the Insti tute’s world-class research teams with varied enti ti es across the global research spectrum. For example, the Initi ati ve is launching a new multi -disciplinary program addressing the energy challenges of the developing world. It has also formed internati onal alliances with research insti tuti ons in key regions of the world. One of these alliances is the Low Carbon Energy University Alliance (LCEUA), which is a part-nership among MIT, Tsinghua University, and the University of Cambridge. MITEI is also a resource for policy makers and the public, providing unbiased analysis and serving as an honest broker for indus-try and government.

htt p://web.mit.edu/mitei The following are exam-ples of MITEI’s global systems research:

MIT Energy Initi ati ve (MITEI)MIT researchers and their collaborators from South Africa and England have demonstrated that it is possible to create elegant, energy-effi cient buildings with litt le energy consumpti on and essenti ally no energy-intensive materials. htt p://web.mit.edu/mi-tei/research/spotlights/innovati ve-buildings.html

MIT researchers are working with Chiquita Brands Internati onal Inc. to help gauge the carbon footprint of the supply chain that transports bananas by truck and ship from Central America to the United States. The case study will lead to a Web-based tool that will help other companies calculate and potenti ally reduce the energy consumpti on of products moved by land, water, and/or air. htt p://web.mit.edu/mi-tei/research/spotlights/bananas.html

For the past three years, the European Union has been operati ng the world’s largest emissions trading system and the fi rst system to limit and to trade carbon dioxide emissions.htt p://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/spotlights/Europe-carbon.html

78

MIT-India Initi ati ve corporate, and nonprofi t setti ngs for MIT students. Among parti cipati ng organizati ons are the ICICI Bank, Hikal Pharmaceuti cals, and Dr. Reddy’s Labo-ratories. MIT students have also worked in labs at IIT Madras, IIT Bombay, the Nati onal Centre for Biologi-cal Sciences, and the Indian Insti tute of Informati on Technology, Bangalore. The program similarly helps MIT faculty arrange research partnerships with Indian counterparts. htt p://web.mit.edu/misti /mit-india/

THSTIThe Translati onal Health Science and Technology Insti tute (THSTI), in Faridabad, India is modeled aft er the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, and will include physicians, engi-neers and scienti sts working together to generate discoveries and inventi ons that are translated to advance health in the region and around the world. MIT is working with THSTI to recruit and mentor the founding faculty of THSTI. The faculty positi ons have been approved and will be formally posted in Summer 2010. htt p://thsti .org/

MIT Urban Laboratory

The MIT Urban Laboratory (UrbLab) is a collabora-ti ve eff ort between MIT and the southern Indian town of Erode. UrbLab responds to the challenges associated with India’s rapid growth, increasing in-dustrializati on, and urbanizati on. The project builds on a long history of cooperati on between India and MIT, including a relati onship with the Insti tute for Fi-nancial Management and Research in Chennai, and planning offi cials in Southern India. As a result of MIT’s eff orts, the Indian government has taken steps to bett er integrate physical planning and economic planning at the local level. Future collaborati ons will be aimed at environmental and urban renewal. htt p://sap.mit.edu/resources/portf olio/erode/

Launched in 2007, the MIT-India Initi ati ve seeks to lead the Insti tute into a dramati c new phase in its historic relati onship with India. The primary mission of the MIT-India Initi ati ve is to foster collaborati on between the faculty and students at MIT, and fac-ulty and students at academic and research insti tu-ti ons in India. Among its specifi c goals are enabling the creati on of long-term projects involving groups from both MIT and Indian insti tuti ons; and promot-ing inclusive growth, sustainable development, edu-cati onal leadership, entrepreneurship, new models of governance, and advanced, results-focused research in India. htt p://web.mit.edu/india/

The following are some of the many elements that the Initi ati ve encompasses:

The Abdul Lati f Jameel Poverty Acti on Lab (J-PAL)The Abdul Lati f Jameel Poverty Acti on Lab, based in the MIT Department of Economics, pioneered the use of controlled trials as a means of gauging the eff ecti veness of anti -poverty strategies. There are more JPAL projects in India than in any other coun-try. Topics under study include health, educati on, indoor air polluti on, government corrupti on, and the opti mal use of micro-credit. Indian organizati ons collaborati ng in the Lab’s work include government agencies, non-profi t organizati ons, and leading cor-porati ons. htt p://www.povertyacti onlab.org/

J-PAL South Asia at the Insti tute for FinancialManagement and Research (IMFR)

J-PAL South Asia at IFMR is a regional offi ce of the Jameel Poverty Acti on Lab at MIT, which is a focal point for development and poverty research based on randomized trials. Based at the Insti tute for Financial Management and Research, a leading busi-ness school in Chennai, India, IFMR also houses the Centre for Microfi nance and the Centre for Develop-ment Finance. Both are key partners of J-PAL South Asia. htt p://povertyacti onlab.org/southasia/

MISTI India ProgramThe MIT-India Program, part of the MIT Interna-ti onal Science and Technology Initi ati ves (MISTI), arranges summer internships in Indian research,

79

Global Engagement

MIT and China have a long history of collaborati on. In 1908, Tsok Kai Tse and Ching Yu Wen became the fi rst Chinese students to earn degrees from MIT. The MIT- Greater China Initi ati ve is a bold, multi disci-plinary eff ort that facilitates the internati onal fl ow of ideas and resources. htt p://global.mit.edu/initi a-ti ves/china/

There are currently approximately 100 research initi ati ves and acti viti es between MIT and China, including the following:

Tsinghua-MIT-Cambridge Alliance (TMCA)

Founded in 2009, the TMCA is a research collabo-rati on focused on low carbon energy, including: clean-coal technology and carbon-capture and sequestrati on; energy-effi cient buildings, urban design, and sustainable transportati on systems; biomass energy; and nuclear energy. The Alliance will provide seed funding for early stage research projects on low carbon energy soluti ons; support development of the MIT Emissions Predicti on and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model for integrated assess-ment of the Chinese energy economy in response to carbon dioxide emission miti gati on (with close collaborati on from Tsinghua in providing the neces-sary inputs for the model); fund studies of policy and energy sector decision-making in China, the U.S. and the U.K.; fund visits by faculty, students and research scienti sts parti cipati ng in Alliance work to other parti es and to explore mechanisms for joint training programs; and support a major annual con-ference and workshops.

MIT China Educati onal Technology Initi ati ve (CETI)

The goal of MIT-CETI is to promote cultural ex-change between American and Chinese students by exploring science and technology. Each summer since 1996, CETI has sent between 15 and 21 MIT students to high schools in the citi es and towns of Anxian, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Guilin, Kunming, Mianyang, Nanjing, Shanghai, and Xi’an. Teaching in teams of three, some of the past CETI parti cipants have taught curriculums on web design, programming, roboti cs, electrical engineering, civil engineering, English, biology, aerospace engineering and more. htt p://web.mit.edu/mit-ceti /www/

MISTI China Program

Launched in 1994, the MIT Internati onal Science and Technology Initi ati ve (MISTI) has sent over 500 students to internships in companies, research insti tutes, and universiti es in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The Chinese host insti tuti ons are eager to take MIT students because of their excellent techni-cal skills and the language and cultural training they receive through Foreign Languages and Literatures and the MISTI-China program. Recently, MISTI parti cipants have been placed in a number of suc-cessful research and development centers in China, including Google Beijing, Yobo.com, the Motorola China Soft ware Center, and Hewlett -Packard Beijing. htt p://web.mit.edu/misti /mit-china/

MIT-Greater China Initi ati ve

80

Launched in 2002, OpenCourseWare makes materi-als for MIT’s courses freely available on the Web. Materials from more than 1,970 MIT courses — in-cluding lecture notes, multi media simulati ons, prob-lem sets and soluti ons, past exams, reading lists, and selecti ons of video lectures — are now posted on the OCW Website. OCW records an average of over 40,000 visits a day, with nearly a million unique visitors every month.

About half of OCW usage originates outside of North America. OCW materials are used extensively in China (110,000 visits per month), India (100,000 visits per month) and the Middle East (77,000 visits per month). OCW materials have been translated into Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Persian and Thai. OCW also distributes and maintains mirror copies of the site at universiti es in bandwidth-constrained regions, primarily Sub-Saharan Africa. To date, the OCW staff has distributed more than 200 such mir-rors.

MIT is pursuing two missions with OCW — sharing its educati onal materials freely and openly, and, by creati ng a model other universiti es can follow and advance, promoti ng a universally available store-house for human knowledge. About 43 percent of OCW’s visitors identi fy themselves as self-learners, 42 percent as students enrolled in academic pro-grams, and 9 percent as educators. The following are examples of ways educators, students, and self-learners in the internati onal community use OCW content:

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

A secondary school mathemati cs teacher in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Kian Wah Liew introduces his students to a range of complex concepts, such as matrices, determinants, and diff erenti al equati ons. “I someti mes use the lectures in the classroom. I let the students watch a lecture — for example, the 18.03 Diff erenti al Equati ons video — accompanied by my own explanati ons,” Liew says. Having access to the lectures has impacted his own teaching style, Liew says. “The Western style spends more ti me on ‘ideas’ than ‘examples.’ Here, we spend 20 per-cent of the ti me introducing ideas and 80 percent

in demonstrati ng these ideas through examples. At MIT, most of the ti me is spent on clarifying the ideas, and very few examples are given during the lectures.”

Zaria, NigeriaKunle Adejumo is fi nishing up his fourth year of engineering studies at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria. Though the university boasts a large and well-maintained physical infrastructure, its In-ternet access — like that of almost all Nigerian uni-versiti es — is extremely limited. When Adejumo was fi rst introduced to MIT’s OpenCourseWare through a CD-ROM in the university computer lab he had only 20 minutes to look through the material. “For example, last semester, I had a course in metallurgi-cal engineering,” off ers Adejumo. “For one of the lectures, having to do with ion making, I didn’t have notes, and I couldn’t fi nd the informati on I needed, so I went to OCW. I was able to download a course outline on this, and also some review questi ons. I actually took these to the university and gave them to the lecturer to answer. He was able to answer these questi ons, and helped me gain a deeper understanding of the material.” To improve access to OCW for other Nigerian students, Adejumo hopes to work with a local radio stati on to broadcast OCW course material, as well as publicize the site.

Saint Lucia Robert Croghan, an entrepreneur in Saint Lucia, has spent the past several years looking for a way to harness geothermal energy created by a dormant volcano underneath the island to create an alterna-ti ve energy source for the region. Croghan is now developing a high-voltage grid that would deliver energy to several islands through an undersea cable. Crogan used OCW to research the topic of geother-mal heat sources. “When I saw OpenCourseWare,” Croghan concludes, “it went right to the very coreof what I believe: if we hoard informati on, we can’t have progress. We get stagnant, and it gets accumu-lated in the hands of a few. And if that happens, wemiss all sorts of incredible developments and op-portuniti es.”

htt p://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/index.htm

OpenCourseWare (OCW)

81

Global Engagement

MIT Portugal ProgramThe MIT Portugal Program is a large-scale interna-ti onal collaborati on involving MIT and government, academia, and industry in Portugal to develop edu-cati on and research programs related to engineering systems. The high-level partnership represents a strategic commitment by the Portuguese govern-ment to science, technology, and higher educati on that leverages MIT’s experience in these important areas in order to strengthen the country’s knowl-edge base through an investment in human capital and insti tuti on building. htt p://www.mitportugal.org/

Global Supply Chain and Logisti cs Excellence(SCALE) Network

The Center for Transportati on and Logisti cs created the Global SCALE Network to increase the develop-ment and adopti on of new innovati ons in supply chain management across the world. The SCALE Network consists of independent yet collaborati ng centers dedicated to shaping the future of educa-ti on and research in transportati on, logisti cs and supply chain management. Currently there are two internati onal centers in the network located in Eu-rope and South America. The network plans to con-ti nue opening centers in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. The guiding priciple behind the Global SCALE Net-work is that innovati on occurs all over the globe. Lessons learned in manufacturing products for emerging markets in South America can be applied to companies serving established regions during an economic downturn. Similarly, sophisti cated supply chain risk contracts that are most commonly used between retailers and large manufacturers in the United States can be used in Africa to improve the fl ow of malaria vaccines.

Other Global Initi ati ves Alliance for Global Sustainability

Established in 1995, the Alliance for Global Sustain-

ability (AGS) is an internati onal partnership among MIT, the Swiss Federal Insti tute of Technology, the University of Tokyo, and the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. AGS brings together scien-ti sts, engineers, and social scienti sts from govern-ment, industry, and other organizati ons to address the environmental issues that aff ect social and economic progress. With research focused on six sectors — energy, mobility, water, urban systems, cleaner technologies, and climate change — AGS advances the understanding of complex global problems and develops policies and practi ces that are urgently needed to solve them. htt p://globalsus-tainability.org/

82

Internati onal Scholars The Internati onal Scholars Offi ce (ISchO) facilitates the visas for internati onal researchers and faculty, who come to MIT for a variety of purposes. The ISchO advises on immigrati on matt ers, issues visa documents, and provides guidance, workshops, and print and web-based informati on on a wide range of issues relevant to the internati onal scholar popula-ti on.

ISchO served 1,944 internati onal scholars (visiti ng researchers, professors, and lecturers) affi liated with MIT from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009. This is a 11.2 percent increase from the previous year. During this ti me period, 78 percent of internati onal scholars were male, and 22 percent were female. The Insti tute of Internati onal Educati on ranked MIT 12th nati onally with regard to the numbers of inter-nati onal scholars at U.S. insti tuti ons.

Foreign nati onal scholars came to MIT from 75 countries, with the highest numbers coming from the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, India, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain, France, and Israel. Scholars from these top 10 coun-tries consti tuted 72 percent of MIT’s internati onal scholar populati on. This distributi on of countries and percentages closely mirrors that of the enti re internati onal scholar populati on in the U.S. This dis-tributi on of countries and numbers closely mirrors that of the populati on of all internati onal scholars in the United States. As a conti nuing trend, the number of scholars from the combined countries of Asia exceeded the number of scholars from Europe. htt p://web.mit.edu/scholars/

Top Ten Countries 2007-2008Country Number of Scholars China 234South Korea 149Japan 143India 123Canada 115Germany 104Italy 86France 71Israel 66United Kingdom 61

Middle East5%

North America 8% Oceania

2%Africa

1%

Central/South America and

the Caribbean3%

Europe39%

Asia42%

Internati onal Scholars by Geographic Region

83

Global Engagement

Internati onal Students MIT has welcomed internati onal students essen-ti ally since its incepti on. The fi rst student from Canada came to MIT in 1866, the second year MIT off ered classes. This student was followed by a steady stream of students from around the globe throughout the nineteenth century. By 1900, some 50 foreign-born students had traveled to Massachu-sett s for study; however, the number increased dra-mati cally aft er World War II when an infl ux of these students began att ending the Insti tute. The rapid rise of internati onal students from East Asia, led by students from China, changed the demographics of this group beginning in the 1950s.

Changes in immigrati on law in 1965 opened up the doors to a steadily increasing pool of interna-ti onal talent. As world events and politi cal decisions impact immigrati on, so MIT’s internati onal student populati on fl uctuates in response to a changing internati onal environment. World wars decrease the internati onal student populati on, while peace-ti me pressures, such as changing immigrati on laws, the demise of the iron curtain, the Vietnam War protests, and the Asian fi nancial crisis cause their respecti ve ebbs and surges.

Total Student Populati on Country of Residence

1959

Total Student Populati on Country of Residence

2009

Asia13%

Africa, Australia, Middle East

3%

Europe6%

Americas and Carribean

4%

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents

74%

Asia3%


2%

Europe3%

Americas and Carribean

4%

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents

88%

84

Year 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009

Asia 16 54 47 56 59 194 410 578 871 951 1,353


5 1 15 19 30 92 159 303 244 180 324

Europe 10 29 30 60 98 191 321 391 496 648 616

Americas and Caribbean

41 39 92 95 139 279 304 343 362 477 409

Total 72 123 184 230 326 756 1194 1615 1973 2,256 2,702

The United States has been the desti nati on of choice for internati onal students and scholars for the past 50 years. The number of foreign students has risen steadily since the 1970s, and, according to the 2009 Open Doors Report published by the Insti -tute of Internati onal Educati on, there were 671,616 internati onal students enrolled in U.S. colleges dur-ing the 2008-2009 academic year. The same report found that these internati onal students contributed $17.8 billion to the U.S. economy in tuiti on and fees, and living expenses. According to the Open Doors report, 65 percent of internati onal students receive the majority of their funds from personal and family

sources, and 70 percent of all internati onal stu-dents’ primary funding comes from sources outside the United States. (see www.opendoors.iienetwork.org).

Of the 75 MIT-affi liated Nobel Prize winners (includ-ing faculty, researchers, alumni, and staff ), about one-third were foreign born. Internati onal faculty recruited through internati onal searches for tenure-track positi ons remain in the U.S. to teach the next generati on of American cancer researchers, physi-cists, biomedical engineers, business leaders, and computer scienti sts.

Internati onal Students(conti nued)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1900 1909 1918 1927 1936 1945 1954 1963 1972 1981 1990 1999 2008

Total Number of International Students at MIT (1900-2009)

Americas and Caribbean Europe Africa, Australia, Middle East Asia

85

Global Engagement

Internati onal Students’ Country of Residence

2009

Internati onal Students’ Region of Residence

1959

Internati onal Undergraduates Enrolled Fall 2009 - Top 10 Countries

Home Country Number of Students China 31 India 31 Canada 24 South Korea 18 Kenya 12 Pakistan 10 Taiwan 9 Brazil 9 Mexico 8 Bulgaria 8

Internati onal Graduate Students Enrolled Fall 2009 - Top 10 Countries

Home Country Number of Students China 329 South Korea 252 India 237 Canada 189 Singapore 74 Taiwan 74 Japan 71 Germany 70 France 69 Mexico 51

Asia26%


12%Europe25%


37%Asia50%


12%

Europe23%


15%

86

93.3%

75.0%

90.0%

53.2%

66.1%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

93.3% 75.0% 90.0% 53.2% 66.1%

Grad Study Working Grad Study Working Working

Percentage of 2009 International Student Graduates Remaining in U.S.by Degree and Post-Graduation Plans

Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Degree Ph.D.

Many internati onal students remain in the U.S. aft er graduati on. The graph below shows the post-graduati on plans of internati onal students graduati ng in 2009, as reported in a survey administered by MIT. Overall, 67 percent of internati onal students plan to remain in the U.S. aft er graduati on.

The majority of internati onal students at MIT have F-1 Visa status. The majority of internati onal non-student scholars at MIT were sponsored on MIT’s J-1 exchange visitor program.

Currently MIT undergraduate freshman admissions policy has a target for internati onal students of 8 percent of the the total student populati on.

Internati onal Students(conti nued)

87

Global Engagement

Internati onal Entrepreneurs A 2009 Kauff man Foundati on report on the Entre-preneurial Impact of MIT found the following:

“As a result of MIT’s presence, Massachusett s is ‘im-porti ng’ company founders. More than 38 percent of the soft ware, biotech, and electronics companies founded by MIT graduates are located in Massa-chusett s, while less than 10 percent of arriving MIT freshmen are from the state. Not only do MIT alum-ni, drawn from all over the world, remain heavily in Massachusett s, but their entrepreneurial off shoots benefi t the state and the country signifi cantly. Greater Boston, in parti cular, as well as northern California and the Northeast, broadly, are homes to

Esti mated Number of Companies Founded by Internati onal MIT Alumni

Locati on Total United States 2,340Europe 790Lati n America 495Asia 342

Locati on of Companies Founded by Internati onal MIT Alumni

United States 59%

Europe 20%

Latin America

12%

Asia 9%

the largest number of MIT alumni companies, but signifi cant numbers of companies are also in the South, the Midwest, the Pacifi c Northwest, and in Europe. About 30 percent of MIT’s foreign students form companies, of which at least half are located in the United States. Those esti mated 2,340 current fi rms located in the United States but formed by MIT foreign-student alumni employ 101,500 people. In other words, talented foreign-born students at-tending MIT play an increasingly important role in creati ng U.S. companies, making MIT a magnet for worldwide talent that signifi cantly benefi ts the U.S. economy.”

88

Internati onal AlumniMIT alumni and scholars have made extraordinary contributi ons in their home countries, the United States, and the world. The following are some ex-amples:

Kofi Annan, M.S. Management 1972

Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nati ons and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, was born in Kumasi, Ghana, and att ended the University of Science and Technology in Ku-masi before completi ng his undergraduate studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. He undertook graduate studies in economics at the Insti tut universitaire des haute etudes internati onals in Geneva, and earned his M.S. in Management as a Sloan Fellow at MIT. Annan worked for the World Health Organizati on and the Ghana Tourist Develop-ment Company, but has spent most of his career at the United Nati ons. In 2001 Kofi Annan and the United Nati ons received the Nobel Peace Prize for “their contributi ons to a bett er organized and more peaceful world.”

Tony Tan, Singapore, S.M. Physics 1964

Following his degrees from MIT and his Ph.D. from the University of Adelaide in applied mathemat-ics, Tan taught mathemati cs at the University of Singapore. Tan was elected to the Parliament of Singapore in 1979, and has served in numerous leadership positi ons in the Singapore govern-ment. In December 1991, Tan stepped down from the Cabinet to return to the private sector as the Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporati on’s Chairman and Chief Executi ve Offi cer. He rejoined the Cabinet in 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defense. In August 2003, Tan became Deputy Prime Minister and Co-ordinati ng Minister for Security and Defense.

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria, M.C.P. 1978Ph.D. Planning 1981Currently the Managing Director of World Bank, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was the fi rst woman to hold the positi on of Finance Minister in Nigeria. During her term from 2003 to 2006 she launched an ag-

gressive campaign to fi ght corrupti on. She imple-mented a series of economic and social reforms, including a zero-tolerance policy for corrupti on; internati onal and local governmental contract bid-ding; privati zing state-owned refi neries; and the Extracti ve Industry Transparency Initi ati ve, which aims to bring openness to the oil sector. Under her leadership, the country has tripled its reserves from $7 billion to $20 billion; the annual GDP grew at 6 percent; and infl ati on is down from 23 percent to 9.5 percent. Okonjo-Iweala started her career at the World Bank, where she was the fi rst woman ever to achieve the positi ons of vice president and corpo-rate secretary. htt p://sap.mit.edu/resources/portf o-lio/ngozi_okonjo-iweala/

Youssef Boutros-Ghali Ph.D. Economics 1981Youssef Boutros-Ghali is Egypt’s Minister of Finance and the Chair of the Internati onal Monetary and Finance Committ ee, which sets the Internati onal Monetary Fund’s politi cal directi on and overall poli-cy prioriti es. A fi rm advocate of trade liberalizati on, as Egypt’s Minister of Foreign Trade from 2001-2004 he parti cipated in the Seatt le, Doha, and Cancun ministerial meeti ngs of the World Trade Organiza-ti on, and played an important role in launching the Doha round. Through the joint body created by the U.S.-Egypt Trade and Investment Framework Agree-ment, Boutros-Ghali was acti ve in advancing the negoti ati ons on the free trade agreement between Egypt and the United States. As Minister of Finance, he is credited with implementi ng a series of reforms that helped modernize and reinvigorate the Egyp-ti an economy and deepen its global integrati on. His tax reform program was hailed as one of the most successful reforms among developing countries, which earned Egypt the positi on of top reformer among developing countries in 2007 by the World Bank. htt p://www.mof.gov.eg/English/Biodata.pdf

89

Global Engagement

Origin of MIT Faculty

Benjamin Netanyahu, S.B. Architecture 1975S.M. Management 1976Current Prime Minister of Israel and formerly Israel’s ambassador to the United Nati ons, Benjamin Netan-yahu was born in 1948 in Tel Aviv, Israel and grew up in Jerusalem. He served as Israel’s ambassador to the United Nati ons from 1984 to 1988, during which ti me he led the eff ort to declassify the United Nati ons’ archive on crimes committ ed by Nazi Ger-many. Netanyahu, a member of the Likud party, was Israel’s Prime Minister from 1996 unti l 1999. During his term as Prime Minister, Netanyahu implemented policy that combined fi ghti ng terror with advance-ment of the peace process. Its cornerstone was the conclusion of well-measured agreements with the Palesti nians that insisted on reciprocity. During his three-year term the number of terror att acks drasti -cally decreased. htt p://www.netanyahu.org/

India9%

United Kingdom

8%

Canada7%

China6%

Germany5%

Greece5%

Italy4%

France4%

Israel3%

Poland3%

Russia3%

South Korea3%

Spain3%

All others37%

Foreign Born40%

United States60%

Internati onal Alumni, conti nued

I. M. Pei, S.B. Architecture 1940Ieoh Ming Pei, infl uenti al modernist architect and founder of the fi rm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, was born in China in 1917. He completed his Bachelor of Architecture degree at MIT in 1940. Pei has de-signed more than 60 buildings, including the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachu-sett s, the Grand Louvre in Paris, France, the Miho Museum in Shiga, Japan, the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong, and the Gateway Towers in Singapore.

Faculty Country of Origin Country of Origin of Internati onally Born Faculty

90

Internati onal Study Opportuniti es Just as with other aspects of an MIT educati on, there is a broad range of global acti viti es for stu-dents to choose from. These run the gamut from traditi onal study-abroad programs to innovati ve short term projects, but most are infused with the Insti tute’s philosophy of mens et manus. In the spring of 2009, 32 percent of students graduati ng with a Bachelor’s Degree, and 41 percent of stu-dents graduati ng with a Master’s Degree reported having educati onal experiences abroad.

The following are examples of programs that pro-vide students with experiences abroad:

Cambridge-MIT Exchange

The Cambridge-MIT Exchange (CMI) is a collabora-ti on between the University of Cambridge and MIT that allows MIT juniors to study at the University of Cambridge in England. Now in its eighth year of operati on, 14 MIT departments and 10 Cambridge departments parti cipate in the exchange. Funded by Briti sh government and industry, CMI’s mission is to enhance competi ti veness, producti vity, and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. CMI sup-ports student and faculty exchanges, educati onal innovati on, and research partnerships between MIT and Cambridge faculty, parti cularly in the area of knowledge exchange among universiti es, govern-ment, and industry. CMI also works with other U.K. universiti es to share best practi ces and innovati ve approaches to educati on. htt p://web.mit.edu/cmi/ue/

Departmental Exchanges

Several academic departments — Aeronauti cs/As-tronauti cs, Architecture, and Materials Science and Engineering — have launched small departmental exchanges involving one to three students, most of whom are undergraduates. Partner insti tuti ons include Imperial College London, Delft University of Technology, the University of Hong Kong, and Oxford University. htt p://web.mit.edu/geo/

D-LAB and the Public Service Center

D-Lab and the Public Service Center help students undertake hands-on public service projects in devel-oping countries. htt p://web.mit.edu/d-lab/htt p://web.mit.edu/mitpsc/

G-LAB

The fl agship internati onal internship course off ered at the Sloan School of Management, G-Lab is a mix of classroom learning matched with a global intern-ship in an emerging market. htt p://acti onlearning.mit.edu/g-lab/

SMART Centre

The Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Tech-nology (SMART) Centre gives undergraduates the opportunity to spend the summer collaborati ng on research projects with faculty and students in Singa-pore. htt p://web.mit.edu/smart/

Study-Abroad Programs

MIT manages a variety of programs that provide stu-dents with educati onal experiences abroad. There are semester-long programs, such as MIT-Madrid, as well as shorter programs available during the winter Independent Acti vity Period, such as IAP-Madrid and IAP-Germany. htt p://web.mit.edu/geo/

91

Global Engagement

MISTI – The MIT Internati onal Science and Technology Initi ati ves

MISTI connects MIT students and faculty with research and innovati on around the world. MIT’s largest internati onal program, MISTI is a pioneer in applied internati onal studies. Working closely with a network of premier corporati ons, universiti es and research insti tutes, MISTI matches more than 400 MIT students with internships and research abroad each year. Aft er several semesters of cultural and language preparati on on campus, MISTI students plunge into rigorous, practi cal work experience in industry and in academic labs and offi ces. MISTI also organizes the MISTI Global Seed Funds, which en-courage MIT students to work on faculty-led inter-nati onal research and projects. MISTI programs are available in the following locati ons: Africa, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and Spain.

MISTI’s approach to internati onal educati on builds on MIT’s disti ncti ve traditi ons of combining class-room learning and hands-on experience in Under-graduate Research Opportuniti es (UROPs), coop-erati ve programs with industry, practi ce schools, and internships. In contrast to other universiti es’

internati onalizati on programs that mainly involve study abroad, MISTI matches individual students with work or research opportuniti es in their own fi elds. htt p://web.mit.edu/misti /

Here are a few examples from the more than 3,000 students MISTI has placed since it began by sending a handful of interns to Japan at the end of the 80s:

Chemical Engineering student Nathalia Rodriguez worked on gene therapy for muscular dystrophy at Genpole, a French biotech cluster.

Matt hew Zedler, a Mechanical Engineering gradu-ate, examined Chinese auto growth and energy at Cambridge Energy Research Associates in Beijing. Physics major Jason Bryslawskyj designed supercon-ducti ng magneti c bearings for electric motors at Sie-mens in German. He wrote two patents at Siemens. Ammar Ammar, an EECS undergrad, designed and tested a Google/YouTube project at Google Israel.

0

100

200

300

400

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Num

ber

of I

nter

ns

1983-1994

MISTI Annual Internship Placements

92

Campus Research Sponsored by Internati onal Organizati ons Current Selected Projects

Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM

A group of Mechanical Engineering faculty have entered into a seven-year research and educati onal collaborati on with King Fahd University of Petro-leum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran, Saudi Ara-bia, leading to the creati on of the Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM within the department. The Center’s research focuses on water desalinati on and purifi cati on and on low-carbon energy producti on from both solar energy and fossil fuels. Additi onal research acti viti es involve design and manufacturing, with a focus on technol-ogies related to water and energy producti on. This collaborati on began in fall 2008; and, during the fi rst year, a diverse group of approximately 20 MIT faculty parti cipated in the Center along with 35 MIT graduate students and 10 MIT postdocs. The Center will grow further in years two and three. Funds from the Center will support major space renovati ons in the Department over the coming years. In addi-ti on, the Center includes a program to bring Saudi Arabian women to MIT for research and educati onal acti viti es. The Center is directed by Professor John H. Lienhard V and co-directed by Professor Kamal Youcef-Toumi. htt p://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_centers_programs/kfupm.php

Novarti s-MIT Center for Conti nuous Manufacturing

The Novarti s-MIT Center for Conti nuous Manufac-turing is a $65 million center fully funded by No-varti s with the aim of transforming pharmaceuti cal manufacturing. Currently, pharmaceuti cal manu-facturing is performed in batch mode, in which each step of a manufacturing process is physically separated from the other steps. The contents from a given process unit must be removed aft er comple-ti on of the operati on, placed in a transportati on vessel, and moved to the next process unit, through perhaps 20 steps. Each ti me the equipment must be cleaned and potenti al variati on in batches must be watched vigilantly. On the other hand, conti nu-ous processing, in which materials fl ow uninter-rupted through the process, off ers the potenti al for leaner processing, higher quality, more fl exibility, and in the end, cost savings.

In order to accomplish this goal of conti nuous phar-maceuti cal processing, the Center is developing new technologies across a diverse range of areas, includ-ing chemical reacti ons, reactors, separati ons ap-proaches, fi nal fi nishing steps, and process modeling and control. In additi on to pursing these research acti viti es, the team is working on developing a full, end-to-end conti nuous bench scale pharmaceuti -cal plant at MIT. This bench scale plant will be a modular research tool, in which various approaches to conti nuous manufacturing will be evaluated, in additi on to the various technologies that will be developed by the Center. The plant will produce a Novarti s drug, and in additi on to yielding important research results, it will be an excellent educati onal tool for our students. htt p://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_centers_programs/novarti s.php

Reinventi ng the Wheel

A new bicycle wheel designed by MIT researchers can boost a rider’s power while tracking the rider’s friends, fi tness, smog, and traffi c. The wheel, called the Copenhagen Wheel, stores energy every ti me the rider brakes, which can then be used to assist the rider in going up a hill or add a burst of speed in traffi c. In additi on to storing power, the Copenhagen Wheel uses a series of sensors and a Bluetooth con-necti on to the rider’s iPhone to collect data about the bicycle’s speed, directi on and distance traveled, as well as picking up data on air polluti on, and even the proximity of the rider’s friends. The resulti ng data can both help the individual rider – for example by providing feedback on fi tness goals – and help the city (if the user opts to share the informati on) by building a database of air quality, popular biking routes, and areas of traffi c congesti on. The Copen-hagen Wheel was developed by Associate Professor Carlo Ratti , and was funded by the city of Copen-hagen, the Italian company Ducati , and the Italian environment ministry. htt p://web.mit.edu/newsof-fi ce/2009/ratti -copenhagen-1216.html

93

Global Engagement

Campus Research Sponsored by Internati onal Organizati onsFiscal Years 2005-2009


$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Mill

ions

International foundations or non-profit institutions

Multinational companies

Foreign science agencies

Constant $

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

International Foundations or Non-Profit Institutions

$6,942,618 $8,912,665 $9,381,407 $11,169,696 $17,375,071

Multinational Companies $10,419,850 $14,790,103 $17,162,386 $27,146,950 $34,526,226

Foreign Science Agencies $16,450,950 $13,844,352 $12,133,685 $17,444,906 $26,299,968

Total International $33,813,418 $37,547,120 $38,677,478 $55,761,552 $78,201,265

Constant $ $37,864,516 $40,503,105 $40,670,660 $56,540,042 $78,201,265

95

Contents Principles of MIT Undergraduate Aid 96Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate 97 Educati on Forms of Undergraduate Financial Aid 98Sources of Undergraduate Financial Aid 99

Undergraduate Financial Aid6

96

Undergraduate Financial AidPrinciples of MIT UndergraduateFinancial Aid To ensure that MIT remains accessible to all quali-fi ed students regardless of their fi nancial resources, MIT is committ ed to three guiding fi nancial aid principles:

Need-blind admissions: MIT recruits and enrolls the most talented and promising students without regard to their fi nancial circumstances.

Need-based fi nancial aid: MIT awards aid only for fi nancial need. It does not award undergraduate scholarships for academic or athleti c achievements or for other non-fi nancial criteria.

Meeti ng full need: MIT guarantees that each stu-dent’s demonstrated fi nancial need is fully met.

As a result of these guiding principles, the Insti tute conti nues to assume an increasingly higher percent-age of net undergraduate tuiti on and fees, which reduces the cost to the student, as exhibited by the chart below.

*Net tuiti on and fees calculated as gross undergraduate tuiti on and fees re-ceived, minus MIT undergraduate scholarships.

71%72%

70%71%

69%

65%64%

61%60%

58%

55% 55%

51%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Net Undergraduate Tuition and Fees as a Percentage of Total Tuition and Fees*

97

Undergraduate Financial Aid

Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate Educati on MIT believes that parents and students have pri-mary responsibility, to the extent that they are able, for paying the costs of an undergraduate educati on. In 2008–2009, the annual price of an MIT educati on totaled $50,500 per student—$36,390 for tuiti on and fees, $10,860 for room and board, an esti mated $2,850 for books, supplies, and personal expenses, and a per-student average of $400 for travel.

With 4,138 undergraduates enrolled, the collec-ti ve price for undergraduates was $209.5 million. Of this amount, families paid $104.8 million, or 50 percent, and fi nancial aid covered the remaining 50 percent. Over the past eight years families pay less of the price to att end MIT and fi nancial aid covers more. Since MIT subsidizes the cost of educati ng undergraduates through its tuiti on pricing and con-ti nues to be the largest source of fi nancial aid to its undergraduates, the Insti tute is the primary source for paying for an MIT undergraduate educati on, and families the secondary source.

Additi onally, for students who received MIT schol-arships the family share is heavily based on family income with needier families paying a signifi cantly smaller share of the price.

1 Median family income for the 2008-2009 MIT scholarship recipients is $95,048. 2 Family share of price is computed as the diff erence between each stu-dent’s expense budget and their fi nancial aid package; it may diff er from the calculated family contributi on.

Family income1 of MIT scholarship recipients

Number of MIT scholarship recipients

Average financial aid

package

Family share of price2

Financial aid share of price

$0-24,999 348 $49,553 2% 98%$25,000-49,999 406 $47,390 5% 95%$50,000-74,999 348 $45,038 11% 89%$75,000-99,999 404 $39,127 21% 79%$100,000-124,999 343 $32,633 34% 66%$125,000-149,999 282 $26,601 46% 54%$150,000-174,999 177 $24,397 51% 49%$175,000-199,999 77 $21,180 58% 42%$200,000 and up 69 $20,827 58% 42%Totals 2,454 $38,323 23% 77%

Average 2008-2009 Financial Aid Packages and Share of Price by Family Income

98

Forms of Undergraduate Financial AidThe primary form of fi nancial aid to MIT under-graduates is scholarships or grants — terms that are used interchangeably — and the share of undergraduate fi nancial aid in the form of scholar-ships is steadily rising with MIT’s eff orts to reduce student self-help (i.e. loan and job expectati ons). Since 2004-2005 the share of undergraduate aid in the form of scholarships rose from 80 to 83 percent while the share in the form of student loans fell from 13 to 9 percent and term-ti me work increased from 7 to 8 percent.

From students’ perspecti ves, grants are the sole form of aid that unambiguously increases the fi nancial accessibility of college, since they do not require repayment and do not increase the stu-dents’ indebtedness. The preponderance of grant aid at MIT sets the Insti tute apart from the nati onal trend toward student loans as the primary form of undergraduate fi nancial aid.

Over the last academic year, approximately 31 per-cent of undergraduates borrowed $9,698,315 in stu-dent loans from all sources. The average loan was $7,679. Student employment from on-campus jobs and Federal Work Study Program positi ons (which include both on- and off -campus work) totaled $7,770,544, with 64 percent of undergraduates working and earning an average of $2,930 each.

Scholarships and grants

$87,511,420

Student loans$9,698,315

Term-time employment$7,770,544

Total: $104,980,279

Types of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates2008-2009

99


Sources of Undergraduate Financial AidIn 2008-2009, MIT provided 76 percent of under-graduate fi nancial aid. The federal government provided 13 percent, and the remaining 11 percent came from state and private resources. MIT also diff ers here from the nati onal trend of relying on the federal government as the largest source of fi nancial aid.

MIT Financial Aid

Ninety-two percent of the fi nancial aid that MIT provides comes in the form of grants. In 2008-2009, approximately 59 percent of MIT undergraduates re-ceived an MIT grant, averaging $29,891 each. These grants come primarily from MIT’s endowed funds, gift s from alumni and friends, and general Insti tute funds.

Federal Financial Aid

The US Department of Educati on is the second-largest source of fi nancial aid to MIT undergradu-ates. MIT parti cipates in the Federal Pell Grant, the Federal Supplemental Educati onal Opportunity Grant, the Academic Competi ti veness Grant and the Nati onal Science and Mathemati cs Access to Retain Talent Grant Programs, all of which provide need-based aid. Approximately 15 percent of MIT under-graduates receive Pell Grants. Acknowledging the decline in federal funding for student fi nancial aid, MIT now matches Federal Pell Grants for all eligible students att ending the Insti tute starti ng in Septem-ber 2006, eff ecti vely doubling Pell Grant funds for eligible students.

MIT undergraduates also receive Robert C. Byrd Scholarships, the federally funded, state-adminis-tered grants which recognize excepti onally able high school seniors.

Forty-one percent of the federal aid that MIT under-graduates receive is in the form of loans. In 2008-2009, approximately 27 percent of MIT undergradu-ates received federal loans, which averaged $5,291 each.

MIT is a lender under the Federal Perkins Loan Pro-gram, which provides subsidized student loans; and takes part in the Federal Direct Loan Program, which off ers both subsidized and unsubsidized loans. It also parti cipates in the Federal Work-Study Pro-gram, which provides student jobs, including paid community service positi ons. All of these programs are partnerships between the government and par-ti cipati ng insti tuti ons, where insti tuti ons match the federal contributi ons with their own funds. MIT has parti cipated in these programs since their incepti on and values their role in making an MIT educati on accessible to all qualifi ed students.

In additi on, MIT undergraduates receive federal aid for their parti cipati on in the Air Force, Army, and Navy ROTC. This aid is not based on need.

Private and State Financial Aid

Private sources of fi nancial aid — including chari-table and civic organizati ons, corporati ons, founda-ti ons, banks, and other fi nancial insti tuti ons — are the third-largest source of fi nancial aid to MIT undergraduates. This aid includes private grants and alternati ve student loans (so called to disti nguish them from federal loans).

Students receive private scholarships in recogniti on of their academic accomplishments, athleti c or mu-sical skills, career interests, and many other criteria. Alternati ve loans ordinarily are unsubsidized and are based on the cost of educati on, less other fi nancial awards, without any additi onal considerati on for fi nancial need.

Several states, in additi on to Massachusett s, allow their residents to receive a state grant while at-tending MIT. They include Connecti cut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont. Most state grants are need-based. No state loan or employment programs are available to MIT undergraduates.

100

The following chart summarizes the sources and types of fi nancial aid MIT undergraduates received in 2008-2009.

*The total column and row are unduplicated numbers of students.

$79,843,496 76%

$14,040,084 14%

$269,429 0%

$10,827,270 10%

Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates: 2008-2009

MIT Financial Aid

Federal Financial Aid

State Financial Aid

Private Financial Aid

Total: $104,980,279

Type

Source Students Amount Students Amount Students Amount Students Amount

Ins ti tutional 2,454 $73,352,577 118 $330,037 2,245 $6,160,882 3,441 $79,843,496

Federa l 1,015 $6,620,654 1,098 $5,809,768 560 $1,609,662 2,077 $14,040,084

State 122 $269,429 N/A N/A N/A N/A 122 $269,429

Private 1,203 $7,268,760 174 $3,558,510 N/A N/A 1,321 $10,827,270

Total* 2,912 $87,511,420 1,263 $9,698,315 2,652 $7,770,544 3,737 $104,980,279

Scholarship Student Loan Student Employment Total*

101


103

Contents Key Programs 100Selected Recent Projects 103

Service to Local, Nati onal, and World Communiti es 7

104

Service to Local, Nati onal, and World Communiti es Founded with the mission of advancing knowledge to serve the nati on and the world, MIT has been strongly committ ed to public service from its start. Members of the MIT community helped build the Boston Public Library in the late 19th century and dam the Charles River early in the 20th century. Research and development during World War II included radar systems; submarine and aircraft detecti on systems; a long-range navigati on scheme based on radar principles; the SCR-584 radar for directi ng anti -aircraft fi re; the Ground Controlled Approach System for landing aircraft in low visibility; and the Draper Gun Sight which positi ons a gun at the proper lead angle to fi re at moving targets.

In 1985, Eric Chivian, a physician in MIT’s medical department and a founder of Internati onal Physi-cians for the Preventi on of Nuclear War, shared a Nobel Peace Price for the group’s service to human-ity. More recently, Amy Smith, an MIT alumna and mechanical engineering instructor in MIT’s Edgerton Center, won a MacArthur “genius grant” for her commitment to inventi ng simple technologies to solve problems in the world’s poorest places, such as low cost water-purifi cati on systems, or a simple and effi cient technology for grinding grain. A recent Washington Monthly arti cle ranking the public service commitment of the nati on’s colleges and universiti es named MIT fi rst in the country.

While MIT faculty, students, and staff regularly engage in conventi onal projects that range from raising money for hurricane victi ms, renovati ng old housing, or restoring local nature reserves, MIT’s scienti fi c and technological orientati on gives its pub-lic service outreach a parti cular emphasis. Many of its public service programs are specifi cally devoted to inventi ng new technologies and applying new knowledge that will advance social well-being.

105

Service to Local, Nati onal, and World Communiti es

Key Programs

Abdul Lati f Jameel Poverty Acti on Lab (J-PAL)

Founded in 2003 by faculty in MIT’s Department of Economics, the Abdul Lati f Jameel Poverty Acti on Lab’s (J-PAL) goal is to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is based on scienti fi c evidence. The lab runs randomized evaluati ons of poverty programs in over 30 countries, builds capacity of others to run these evaluati ons (including graduate students at MIT), and works to disseminate results and promote the scale-up of eff ecti ve policies. Working on issues as diverse as boosti ng girls’ att endance at school, improving the output of farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, or overcoming racial bias in employment in the U.S., the lab’s objecti ve is to provide policy mak-ers with clear scienti fi c results that will enable them to improve the eff ecti veness of programs designed to combat poverty. The J-PAL has a target that 100 million lives will be reached through the scale-up of programs found to be eff ecti ve through its research by 2013.

OpenCourseWare

Launched in 2002, OpenCourseWare (OCW) makes materials for MIT’s courses freely available on the Web. Materials from more than 1,970 MIT courses – including lecture notes, multi media simulati ons, problem sets and soluti ons, past exams, reading lists, and selecti ons of video lectures – are now posted on the OCW Website. OCW records an aver-age of over 40,000 visits a day, with nearly a million unique visitors every month.

About 43 percent of OCW’s visitors identi fy them-selves as self-learners, 42 percent as students enrolled in an academic program, and 9 percent as educators who use the material to develop curricu-lum, enhance their understanding, advise students, and support their research. MIT is pursuing two missions with OCW – sharing its educati onal materi-als freely and openly, and, by creati ng a model other universiti es can follow and advance, promoti ng a universally available storehouse for human knowl-edge. MIT helped to create the OCW Consorti um, an associati on of more than 200 universiti es world-wide that now share materials from an esti mated 13,000 courses.“

Service Learning

In 2001, MIT’s Public Service Center and Edgerton Center began working with faculty to design service-learning courses that enable students to contribute to society as they learn. At the program’s beginning, MIT off ered three such courses, with 35 students enrolled. Five years later, the Insti tute was off ering 19 courses to more than 200 students. Students have used these classes to develop a voice-acti vated toy that helps speech therapists working with chil-dren, a technology for converti ng sawdust, a com-mon waste product in some developing countries, into cooking fuel, and a tree mover that eases the job of public service forestry volunteers who plant trees in urban areas.

Internati onal Development Initi ati ve

With a focus on inventi on, wide-spread dissemina-ti on, and technology transfer, MIT’s Internati onal Development Initi ati ve works with impoverished communiti es around the world to help them de-velop and deploy appropriate soluti ons that enable them to improve their ability to provide for their basic needs and develop their economies. Its pro-grams let MIT students travel developing countries, work with partner organizati ons to identi fy needs and the challenges in meeti ng them, and develop soluti ons. They include the following:

106

Key Programs (conti nued)

D-Lab

A year-long series of classes and fi eld trips, D-Lab enables students to learn about the technical, social, and cultural aspects of development work in selected countries, then provides them with the opportunity for fi eld work and implementati on. Among D-Lab’s achievements are a low-cost, low-maintenance device that allows health care workers in Uganda, who lack access to conventi onal – and expensive – electrically-powered equipment, to test for microorganisms in local water supplies and determine which chemicals will kill them; a technol-ogy developed for Haiti that makes cooking fuel out of sugar cane waste, thus helping the island nati on preserve its forests and prevent health problems caused by inhaling wood smoke (D-Lab students are now adapti ng this technology for paddy straw to use in India); and an automated fl ash-fl ood warning system developed with engineers in Honduras.

IDEAS Competi ti on

The IDEAS Competi ti on encourages teams of stu-dents to develop innovati ve soluti ons that address community needs. With a grant that covers the cost of materials and mentoring from faculty, staff , and industry professionals, competi ng teams of students work through a needs analysis, the products devel-opment process, and group organizati on. Winners receive cash grants that provide seed money for launching their projects.

Internati onal Fellowships

These fellowships provide sti pends that enable students to work full-ti me on capacity-building com-munity projects all over the world. Projects can be initi ated by students or by community organizati ons or donors.

Internati onal Development Grants

These grants support internati onal development projects that involve MIT students. Faculty, stu-dents, and other MIT community members can use them to cover materials, travel, and other expenses in projects that serve communiti es in developing regions.

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Selected Recent Projects

Cell Phone Applicati ons in Developing Countries

With more than 4 billion users worldwide, cell phones have become one of the world’s most readily available technologies. MIT students are using these common devices to bring life-changing technology to developing countries. Students from MIT Media Lab’s NextLab program have created an opensource medical diagnosis applicati on called Mobile Care, or Moca. The applicati on gives resi-dents of underdeveloped rural areas easy access to diagnosti c medical care. Zaca, also a NextLab project, aims to economically empower farmers in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. The applicati on connects farmers to a peer-to-peer network to help them obtain fair pricing for their crops. Yet another NextLab project, Celedu, short for cellular educa-ti on, is teaching children in rural Indian villages to read using cell phone-based games and quizzes. Adnan Shahid, a fellow at the Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship, is developing a cell phone recycling program in Pakistan. Another Legatum fellow, Ravi Inukonda, is developing a program to bring mobile services, such as updates on water and power shutdowns and current market rates for produce, to rural phone users in India.

Legatum Center for Development and

Entrepreneurship

The Legatum Center for Development and Entrepre-neurship operates on the premise that economic progress and good government grow from the bot-tom up. Founded in 2007, and led by Iqbal Z. Quadir, the founder of GrameenPhone and Emergence BioEnergy, the Center supports individual entre-preneurship in low-income countries. The Center provides seed grants for MIT students who intend to launch enterprises in these areas. In the summer of 2009, the Center awarded grants to eight student teams. One team, IDC India, plans to manufacture wheelchairs to help handicapped people in Mumbai, India, start their own businesses. Another team, Creaciones Norteñas del Peru: Scaling Up, plans to help women and their families achieve fi nancial stability by expanding a Peruvian women’s knitti ng cooperati ve, Creaciones Nortenas.

Bicilavadora – The Human-Powered Washing

Machine

In areas without electricity, laundry is ti me consum-ing and washing clothes in lakes and streams creates polluti on. The bicilavadora, winner of the 2004-2005 MIT IDEAS Competi ti on, is a pedal-powered washing machine designed for use in the developing world. MIT students and staff created the machine as an inexpensive soluti on that uses bicycle parts and empty barrels. The bicilavadora can be assembled locally, and the washing mechanism can be taken apart and stored fl at for transportati on. In 2009, students tested a prototype in an orphanage out-side Lima, Peru.

Monitoring Drug-Resistant TB with PDAs

Treatment of drug-resistant Tuberculosis is a two-year process that involves close monitoring of treat-ment schedules. In areas without electronic records, this process generates huge amounts of paperwork. Joaquin Blaya, a Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Ph.D. student, worked with MIT faculty and experts at Brigham and Women’s hospital to create a personal digital assistant (PDA) applicati on to track these treatment schedules. The program’s goal was to improve doctors’ access to ti mely and accurate test results. When it was launched in Lima, Peru, the applicati on reduced the average ti me it took test results to reach doctors from 23 days to 8 days. The program has since been implemented in all fi ve of Lima’s districts.

108

Portable Pedal-Powered Corn Processor

In Tanzania and other parts of Africa, processing the corn harvest is a labor-intensive process that can last as long as two weeks. A bicycle-powered machine, adapted by MIT undergraduate Jodie Wu, can make this process up to 30 ti mes faster. Wu designed the bicycle add-on as a D-Lab: Design class project, creati ng a machine that was both aff ord-able and portable. Previous models had required complete conversion of a bicycle, making the bike unrideable. Wu refi ned the corn sheller so it could be att ached to the chain of a regular bicycle and then later removed. Wu then spent a summer visit-ing villages in Tanzania introducing the device.

MIT Public Service Center

Created to moti vate, facilitate, and celebrate the ethic and acti viti es of public service at MIT, the Public Service Center supports more than 15 service programs. Many of these programs focus on con-necti ng MIT students with the local community. CityDays, which is part of freshman orientati on, places MIT students with community agencies for a day to complete service projects, including painti ng, cleaning, working with children, and working in food distributi on. Every spring, MIT hosts the MIT/Cam-bridge Science Expo, an event that gives 7th and 8th grade students from Cambridge public schools the opportunity to meet student volunteers from MIT. The Public Service Center also co-sponsors the ReachOut: Teach a Child to Read program, which connects tutors with local children who are identi -fi ed as needing help with reading.

Post-Katrina Environmental Issues

Members of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) parti cipated in a variety of proj-ects in response to the devastati on of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. Included among them was the spring 2006 “The Katrina Practi cum” taught in New Orleans by DUSP faculty members. The class researched aff ordable housing, community develop-ment, and post-disaster environmental issues on behalf of two community development corporati ons in New Orleans. The MIT practi cum group focused on the historic Treme neighborhood, someti mes identi fi ed as the oldest African-American neighbor-hood in the United States.

Lake Pontchartrain Ecosystem

The Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-neering has parti cipated in several Katrina-related projects. Instructors and students from the Aquati c Chemistry and Biology Lab traveled to New Orleans to focus on the impacts of dewatering operati ons on the Lake Pontchartrain ecosystem. The project also saw collaborati on with professors from Louisiana State University who were examining the occur-rence and distributi on of pathogens in the sedi-ments.

Inexpensive Glasses: Sight for the Poor

As many as 1.4 billion people around the world need correcti ve lenses but can’t aff ord them. Not only is their quality of life signifi cantly reduced, but their producti vity also slows, they are more prone to accidents, and, in some cases, they can’t func-ti on. As an alternati ve to far more expensive glass molding machines currently in use, MIT Media Lab graduate student Saul Griffi th invented a portable machine with a programmable mold that in about 10 minutes forms a low-cost acrylic lens in the exact shape required. Griffi th also has a patent pending for a low-cost prescripti on testi ng device that will make vision evaluati on much more accessible.

Selected Recent Projects (conti nued)

109


Clean Water for Developing Countries

According to UNICEF, 1.7 billion people lack access to clean drinking water. Waterborne diseases are a major cause of illness and death across much of the developing world. In Nepal alone, 44,000 children under the age of fi ve die annually from such diseas-es. In 1999, Susan Murcott , a research engineer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-neering, launched the Nepal Water Project, a Mas-ter’s program whose goal is to develop quick, cheap, and relati vely simple systems that Nepal’s rural poor can use to clean their water. In collaborati on with the Environment and Public Health Organizati on in Katmandu and the Rural Water Supply and Sanita-ti on Support Programme in Butwal, Tommy Ngai, one of Murcott ’s students, developed an arsenic-biosand fi lter (ABF) constructed of a round plasti c bin, layers of sand, brick chips, gravel, and iron nails. The system removes both arsenic and pathogens that can lead to dehydrati on, malnutriti on, stunted growth in children, and someti mes death. In 2004, with an award from the World Bank, Ngai, his MIT team, and their Nepali partners, installed ABFs in 25 Nepalese villages and established a center to forward research and provide villagers with training in the ABF technology.

Water-chemistry variati on among countries makes it diffi cult to fi nd one technology that will suit all ar-eas, so Murcott and her students have been devel-oping a collecti on of water-treatment systems that are low-cost, easy to maintain, and match the tar-geted country’s needs and resources. The program has now expanded to include water and wastewater research in Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti , and Nicaragua.

Gasoline Storage Tank Leak Detecti on

Developed by Andrew Heafi tz, a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering, and Carl Dietrich, a gradu-ate student in Aeronauti cs and Astronauti cs, this new low-cost technology enables owners of gasoline tanks in developing countries to conti nually test the water in the tanks’ monitor wells, thus reducing the risks of environmental and health damage caused when the tanks leak. If the system detects gasoline in the well, a window in the well cover changes from green to red; and because they no longer have to unbolt the cover, tank owners can check wells for contaminati on much more frequently. The new sys-tem replaces the need for both unaff ordable elec-tronic detecti on equipment and the tedious process of testi ng water manually. A simple practi cal, and inherently safe mechanical system, the technology is parti cularly useful for a very cost-sensiti ve industry.

Passive Incubator for Premature Infants

Every year, 4 million infants die within the fi rst 28 days of life. Of this number, 3.9 million live in the developing world. Complicati ons of prematurity — most frequently heat loss and dehydrati on — cause 24 percent of these deaths. Electric incubators can minimize this problem, but in the developing world the lack of electricity in most rural regions and the frequent loss of power in urban areas render this technology worthless. Using phase-change material that once heated, for example by wood or coal fi re, maintains its temperature for 24 hours, and devising ways to use indigenous raw materials for an outer shell, a team of MIT students are designing a low-cost incubator that will operate without electricity. The students now are reviewing their design with Médecins Sans Fronti ères in Sri Lanka, and once they have built a working model, they will meet with Sri Lankans to implement fi eld tests.

110

iMath – Keeping Kids Interested in School

Invented by MIT undergraduate John Velasco while visiti ng his own middle school in San Diego as a vol-unteer, iMath is an interacti ve Internet-based cur-riculum that, with its mentoring component, helps eighth graders understand and apply math concepts and expand their technical skills, while moti vati ng and inspiring them to pursue their educati on. When he returned to MIT, Velasco implemented his new program in the Cambridge public schools. iMath now involves 70 eighth graders and MIT under-graduates, graduate students, and alumni – with teachers and parents reporti ng a dramati c change in students’ atti tudes toward math and learning in general. In 2005 Velasco received the presti gious nati onal Howard R. Swearer Student Humanitarian Award, presented annually to fi ve students across the country for outstanding commitment to com-munity service.

Understanding How to Serve the Homeless

Lack of data is one of the major barriers to com-bati ng the root causes of homelessness. Because groups undertaking research on questi ons con-cerning the links between homelessness and poor health or educati on have litt le hard data, their re-sults and proposed soluti ons are oft en questi oned. Furthermore, with no good way to collect data, organizati ons that serve the homeless have no way to evaluate their clients’ needs and monitor the ef-fecti veness of their services. The Salvati on Army of Cambridge, Massachusett s, came to a group of MIT students on MIT Graduate Student Volunteer Day and asked if they could help with this problem. The students designed a system that, instead of asking clients who came to the shelter for services to sign in with paper and pencil, enabled them to register with a bar-coded card. Now able to collect data accurately and reliably, the shelter can study how to best use its resources to meet its clients’ needs. To encourage use of the card, the Salvati on Army worked with community partners to provide ben-efi ts such as meal discounts and free use of public transportati on. The students also designed the sys-

Selected Recent Projects (conti nued)

tem to ensure users’ privacy. The Cambridge Salva-ti on Army has been using the system since 2003.

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Briefing Book - MIT Organization Chart

Documents

Transcript of Briefing Book - MIT Organization Chart