brief contents - Augsburg Fortress Publishers
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vii BRIEF CONTENTS Contributors xix Preface xxi Introduction: Facing Our Neighbors: Introducing Religions of the World—Lawrence E. Sullivan 1 Chapter 1—Indigenous Religious Traditions—Robin M. Wright 31 Chapter 2—Hinduism—Julien Ries 61 Chapter 3—Buddhism—Julien Ries 79 Chapter 4—Jainism—Andrea R. Jain 95 Chapter 5—Sikhism—Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh and Todd Curcuru 109 Chapter 6—Daoism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 129 Chapter 7—Confucianism—Yong Huang 143 Chapter 8—Shinto—Lawrence E. Sullivan 159 Chapter 9—Judaism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 177 Chapter 10—Early Christian Foundations—Julien Ries 199
Transcript of brief contents - Augsburg Fortress Publishers
vii
brief contents
Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Introduction: Facing Our Neighbors: Introducing Religions of the World—Lawrence E. Sullivan 1
Chapter 1—Indigenous Religious Traditions—Robin M. Wright 31
Chapter 2—Hinduism—Julien Ries 61
Chapter 3—Buddhism—Julien Ries 79
Chapter 4—Jainism—Andrea R. Jain 95
Chapter 5—Sikhism—Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh and Todd Curcuru 109
Chapter 6—Daoism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 129
Chapter 7—Confucianism—Yong Huang 143
Chapter 8—Shinto—Lawrence E. Sullivan 159
Chapter 9—Judaism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 177
Chapter 10—Early Christian Foundations—Julien Ries 199
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Chapter 11—Roman Catholicism—Julien Ries 217
Chapter 12—Orthodox Christianity—Olivier Clément 235
Chapter 13—Protestant Christianity—Lawrence E. Sullivan 249
Chapter 14—Islam—Julien Ries 265
Chapter 15—Zoroastrianism—Anthony Cerulli 283
Chapter 16—New Religious Movements—Marie W. Dallam 305Glossary 325
Credits 363
Index 365
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Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Introduction: Facing Our Neighbors: Introducing Religions of the World—Lawrence E. Sullivan 1
Chapter 1—Indigenous Religious Traditions—Robin M. Wright 31
Introduction 31
Some Common Elements in Indigenous Religious Traditions 33
“We Are From the Forest, Earth, and Air”: Universal Knowledge 37
Maintaining Life and Health through Ritual 40
Contact, Displacement, Prophecy: Indigenous Religious Traditions over Time 42
Cosmogony: The Primordial Times of Creation 45
Cosmology: Space, Time, and the Orderly Structures of the Universe 48
Beings and Their Relationships 50
Creating the World and the Day: A Baniwa Account from the Northwest Amazon 56
Study and Discussion Questions 59
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Key Terms 59
For Further Reading 59
Suggested Websites 60
Notes 60
Chapter 2—Hinduism—Julien Ries 61
Introduction 61
Modern Hinduism 62
Pre-Vedic Religion 65
The Spread of Hinduism 67
The Veda—Praise and Cult of the Gods 67
The Brahmana: Salvation through Sacrifice 68
The Upanishads 70
Yoga and Its Techniques of Salvation 71
Bhakti—The Religion of Salvation 73
The Bhagavad Gita—“The Celestial Song” 74
Liberation through the Devotion to Krishna 76
Study and Discussion Questions 77
Key Terms 77
For Further Reading 77
Chapter 3—Buddhism—Julien Ries 79
Introduction 79
Buddhism Today 80
The Spread of Buddhism 82
Buddha the Founder 82
Humanity, Action, Rebirth, Nirvana 84
The Buddhist Community and the Noble Path of Awakening 85
From the Buddhism of the Shravaka to Mahayana 87
Buddhism in China 89
Tibetan Buddhism and Lamaism 90
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Buddhism in Japan 92
The Bodhisattva, Savior and Saved 93
Study and Discussion Questions 94
Key Terms 94
For Further Reading 94
Chapter 4—Jainism—Andrea R. Jain 95
Introduction 95
Attaining Enlightenment and Release 96
Renouncing Worldly Ways 97
Early Development 97
Divisions and Migrations 98
Teachings 100
Ascetic Ethic 101
Social Ethic 101
Devotional Ritual 103
Jain “Renouncers” in the World 104
Deep Meditation: Knowing All Conditions 106
Study and Discussion Questions 106
Key Terms 106
For Further Reading 107
Notes 107
Chapter 5—Sikhism—Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh and Todd Curcuru 109
Introduction 109
Celebrating a New Life Phase 110
Art and Ornamentation 111
History 114
Scripture 119
Doctrine 120
Worship 121
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Rites of Passage 122
Sikhism in a Global World 123
The Opening of the Guru Granth 125
Study and Discussion Questions 126
Key Terms 126
For Further Reading 126
Suggested Websites 127
Chapter 6—Daoism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 129
Introduction 129
Dividing the New Fire: Fen-Deng 130
Renewal and Union: Planting and Eating the Elements 132
Change through Time 133
Dao 134
Lao-zi 136
Oppositions and Phases: Yin/Yang and Wu Xing 137
Qi and Wu Wei: Vital Energy and Pure Effect 137
Life-Cycle Rites 138
Ritual Rhythms of the Year: The Calendar 139
“Mindful of Little Things”: Dao de jing, Chapter 64 140
Study and Discussion Questions 141
Key Terms 141
For Further Reading 141
Chapter 7—Confucianism—Yong Huang 143
Introduction 143
Confucius and Confucianism 144
Transformative Encounters with Other Traditions 147
Rules of Ritual Propriety 148
Heaven: Transcendent, Immanent, and Immanently Transcendent 149
“Don’t Turn the Other Cheek” 150
“Love Virtue as You Love Sex” 151
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Derive an “Ought” from the “Is” 153
The Political Is Also Personal 154
Love with Distinction (Ai You Chadeng) 155
Cultivating Learning and Friendship: Excerpts from the Analects of Confucius
(author’s translation) 156
Study and Discussion Questions 157
Key Terms 157
For Further Reading 157
Chapter 8—Shinto—Lawrence E. Sullivan 159
Introduction 159
Growing Up with Shinto 160
Invigorating Life 161
Kami: Powers of Life in the World 163
Early Shinto and Its Buddhist Influence 165
Later Influences and Developments 166
Purification 169
Shrines 170
The Ritual Calendar of Matsuri Festivals 171
Transfer of the Sun Deity at Ise 172
A Ritual Prayer 173
Study and Discussion Questions 174
Key Terms 174
For Further Reading 175
Notes 176
Chapter 9—Judaism—Lawrence E. Sullivan 177
Introduction 177
Bar Mitzvah: Becoming Subject to the Commandments 179
Israel, the Holy People of God: Biblical Foundations 181
Diaspora 183
Election: God’s Chosen People 184
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Sources of the Torah: Law, Teaching, and Observance 187
Authority: Prophet, Priest, Rabbi 189
Messianism 190
Mysticisms: Merkabah, Kabbalah, Hasidism 191
The Spectrum of Observance 194
The Shema: A Prayer for All Time 196
Study and Discussion Questions 197
Key Terms 197
For Further Reading 197
Chapter 10—Early Christian Foundations—Julien Ries 199
Introduction 199
From Apostolic Paschal Community to the First Christian Communities 201
The Rapid Spread of Christ’s Message 202
The Conflict between Pagans and Christians 204
The Enculturization of Christianity in the Hellenistic World 205
Christian Society in the Third Century 206
The Cult of the Emperor and the Persecution of the Christians 207
Christian Thought Facing Gnostics and Manichaeans 209
The Development of Christianity in Society in the Fourth Century 211
Constantine and the Conversion of the Empire 212
The End of the Ancient World 213
Study and Discussion Questions 215
Key Terms 215
For Further Reading 215
Chapter 11—Roman Catholicism—Julien Ries 217
Introduction 217
Catholicism Today 219
The Making of a Popular Religion—The Conversion of Western Europe 221
The Church and the Challenges of History—Christianity between Feudalism and Empire 222
Christ Recapitulates the Creation—The Great Centuries of Medieval Christianity 224
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The Dawn of Christian Humanism—The Church and the Challenge of Renaissance 225
Missions, Charity, and Mysticism—The Church between Reform and Absolutism 226
Enlightenment, Secularization, and Persecution—The Church Confronted by Unbelief
and Revolution 227
Thought, Presence, and Action—Catholicism and Modern Challenges 229
Light for the Church, Hope for the World—Vatican Council II 231
A Catholic Teaching for the Modern World 233
Study and Discussion Questions 234
Key Terms 234
For Further Reading 234
Chapter 12—Orthodox Christianity—Olivier Clément 235
Introduction 235
Orthodox Christianity as the Major Religion: Greece 236
Orthodox Christianity in the Minority: Diaspora, the French Example 237
History as Prophecy, Misfortune, and Fundamentalism 239
Theological Foundations 241
The Church as Mystery and Misery 242
The Liturgy, “Heaven on Earth” 243
The Icon 244
Monasticism and Hesychasm 245
An Excerpt by Father Sergei Bulgakov about His Conversion 246
Study and Discussion Questions 248
Key Terms 248
For Further Reading 248
Chapter 13—Protestant Christianity—Lawrence E. Sullivan 249
Introduction 249
People of the Word: Bible, Preaching, and Song 250
The Changing Face of Protestant Christianity 252
“No Other Gods before Me”: Luther and Zwingli as Leaders of Reform 252
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“Declare the Good News”: The Mission and Method of Calvin and Wesley 254
Justified by Faith 256
The Priesthood of All Believers 257
The Protestant Principle 258
Faith and Order: Denominations, Polities, and the State 259
Radical Reform Sects: Piety, Apocalypse, and Mystical Experiences 260
“Knowledge of God and Knowledge of Self Are Connected” 262
Study and Discussion Questions 263
Key Terms 263
For Further Reading 263
Notes 264
Chapter 14—Islam—Julien Ries 265
Introduction 265
Islam and Muslims Today 266
The Spread of Islam 268
The Prophet Muhammad and the Foundation of Islam 269
The Conquests and the Expansion of Islam 272
The Qur’an, the Sunna, and the Sharia 274
Allah, God the Creator, the Judge, the Dispenser of Recompense 275
The Prophets, Jesus Christ, Muhammad 276
The Five Pillars of Islam 277
Islam: Society and Culture 279
Muslim Mysticism: Sufism 280
Study and Discussion Questions 281
Key Terms 281
For Further Reading 281
Chapter 15—Zoroastrianism—Anthony Cerulli 283
Introduction 283
Living according to Truth 286
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Cornerstone Texts: Avesta and Gathas 287
Historical Development 288
Zarathuštra 292
Zoroastrian Pantheon 294
Ritual Practice 294
Parsis 299
A View of Creation and Divinity 300
Study and Discussion Questions 301
Key Terms 301
For Further Reading 302
Notes 302
Chapter 16—New Religious Movements—Marie W. Dallam 305
Introduction 305
Bearing Witness to Repentance 307
Reporting on the Children of God 308
Changing Approaches to New Religious Movements 310
Joining and Leaving New Religious Movements 312
Does the Term Brainwashing Explain Anything? 314
Charismatic Leaders 315
Communal Living 318
Violence and New Religious Movements 320
Last Chance before Heaven’s Gate 321
Study and Discussion Questions 323
Key Terms 323
For Further Reading 323
Suggested Websites 323
Glossary 325
Credits 363
Index 365
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