Bridging the gap between data and policyEngaging national governments in youth development

Deloitte Consulting LLP’s Social Impact practice helps clients in the public, private, and social sectors develop and scale solutions to address societal challenges. We focus on strengthening linkages between sectors, quantifying and communicating impact, and mobilizing the fast-evolv-ing ecosystem of players. Our areas of focus include economic development, inclusive growth, and job creation; education; emerging market entry strategy; food security and agriculture; global health; philanthropy and social investing; social entrepreneurship and scaling; sustainable supply chain; and water, energy, and environment. Read more about our Social Impact practice on www.deloitte.com.

Kate ThompsonKate Thompson, a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP, has led multidisciplinary commercial, economic reform, and post-crisis foreign assistance programs in more than 30 countries in Europe, Eurasia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Her successful leadership is rooted in her strategic understanding of the interdependencies between effective governance, the private sector, and civil society at the national and sub-national level. She also champions cross-cutting development issues such as gender equality and youth employment.

Catherine DalyCatherine Daly, a senior consultant with Deloitte & Touche LLP, specializes in monitoring and evaluation and public financial management. Prior to joining Deloitte, Daly directed commu-nity school programs for at-risk youth in Philadelphia and researched child exploitation in Sri Lanka under a Fulbright grant. She has worked with USAID and economic development NGOs in Pakistan, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Uganda.

Courtney KeeneCourtney Keene, a senior consultant with Deloitte Consulting LLP, has six years of domestic and international experience in strategic communications, performance management, strategy develop-ment, and market research and analysis. She has worked with global development organizations including USAID, the US Department of State, and the World Bank in Jordan, Senegal, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Tunisia with a focus on private sector development and engagement. Keene co-leads Deloitte’s Emerging Markets Youth Initiative.

Medha RajMedha Raj, an analyst with Deloitte Consulting LLP, has experience in strategy development, organizational design, nonprofit governance, and stakeholder engagement. Prior to joining Deloitte, Raj worked at the Brookings Institute, the Center for Global Development, and Madrid-based Real Instituto Elcano conducting research on democratization, global economic development, and aid efficacy. She is a member of the Emerging Markets Youth Initiative.

Ryan SymonsRyan Symons, an analyst with Deloitte Consulting LLP, is currently supporting a technology project in the Federal practice. Prior to joining Deloitte, Symons’s academic and professional experience focused on the Middle East and South Asia. His interest in youth work stems from his time vol-unteering with school children in Punjab, India while on a State Department scholarship to learn Punjabi. He is a member of the Emerging Markets Youth Initiative.

About the authors

Engaging national governments in youth development

The authors would like to thank Michelle Hammer, Chris Brewer, Souheil Ben Abdallah, Rebecca Hoffman, Mabel Kasente Ndawula, Anthony Cauterucci, Jitinder Kohli, and Shrupti Shah for their contributions to this article.

Acknowledgements

Wendy Freeman CarrWendy Freeman Carr, a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP, leads the organization’s work in institutional strengthening and capacity development in emerging markets. She is the principal thought leader and architect of Deloitte’s award-winning performance-based capacity development approach, CYPRESS, which has been implemented in over 15 countries, 200 organizations, and 6 sectors around the world. Carr has over 20 years of experience leading and advising large-scale transformation efforts, both in the United States and abroad, to design and operationalize high-performing organizations and programs using human capital, change management, and strategic communications principles. She has been asked to advise numerous public sector agencies in the United States, including USAID, HUD, DoS, DoD, DoJ, DHS, and USPS. She has also advised for-eign ministers and vice presidents in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt, South Sudan, and Saudi Arabia.

About the sponsor

Bridging the gap between data and policy

Contents

Integrating youth into formal economies | 2

Benefits and limitations of data on youth | 4

Getting from information to impact | 6

An iterative path to youth integration | 10

Endnotes | 11

Engaging national governments in youth development

1

Integrating youth into formal economies

IN 2011, North Africa erupted in a series of youth-led revolutions, the echoes of which

can still be heard in the region and around the world. These regime-toppling movements, enabled by social media, were in many ways a wake-up call for the global community: Failing to engage a country’s youth—and the economic, political, and sociocultural disen-franchisement that may follow—can be desta-bilizing to the point of radical change.

An increased focus on youth issues is now evident in the proliferation of donor-funded, youth-directed programming; impact

evaluations focusing on youth employment interventions; and the wave of “youth indices” that attempt to present comparative cross-country data on this demographic. However, the challenge remains as to how to translate existing information into policies that will effectively promote youth workforce integra-tion and employment, as well as how to secure government political commitment for such policies.1 Currently, youth employment issues often fall under the purview of non-govern-mental organizations, civil society organiza-tions, and donors, in part because governments are reluctant to invest resources in programs that have not been evaluated for efficacy.2 In the absence of an implemented national youth policy or government-supported approach, such interventions may be ad hoc or duplica-tive, and potentially less sustainable if reliant upon the priorities of donors and program-matic funding cycles.

This paper describes an approach that may help bridge the gap between data and poli-cymaking at the country level. We provide a framework for national-level youth develop-ment efforts that involves supplementing available data, incentivizing the commitment of non-traditional stakeholders, and ultimately using a more holistic, iterative approach to youth engagement that requires the support of country governments. The approach focuses on middle- and low-income economies, where the youth population is at an all-time high and unemployment is pervasive. We draw on Tunisia as a case study and example of a high-potential emerging economy. Forty percent of Tunisians are under the age of 24, placing a demand on government institutions to pro-mote youth civic and economic engagement Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com

* Aged 15-24i: International Labour Organization, “Global employment trends for youth 2013: A generation at risk,” 2013, http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/-global-employment-trends/youth/2013/lang--en/index.htm.ii: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World population prospects: The 2012 revision,” 2013, http://esa.un.org/wpp/Docu-mentation/pdf/WPP2012_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf.iii: United Nations Population Fund, “The power of 1.8 billion: Adolescents, youth and the transformation of the future (State of world population 2014 report),” 2014, http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/EN-SWOP14-Re-port_FINAL-web.pdf.

Figure 1. Global youth by the numbers

1,100,000,000 peopleOR 18% OF THE POPULATION

in less-developed regions are youth aged 16–24ii

89% of 10- to 24-year-olds

live in less-developedregionsiii

12.6% of the world’s working-aged* youth

ARE UNEMPLOYEDcompared to 4.6% of adults

(aged 25+)i

12

.6%

4.6

%

Bridging the gap between data and policy

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through a cohesive national strategy. The political, economic, and social challenges faced by Tunisia are similar to those of other nations where youth engagement is critical to stability and development. By debunking the percep-tion that youth, and especially unemployed

youth, are merely a fiscal burden and a drain on domestic resources,3 our approach encour-ages an increasingly diverse group of stake-holders to invest in youth as catalysts for economic growth.

“The challenge remains as to how to translate existing information into policies that will effectively promote youth workforce integration and employment . . .”

Engaging national governments in youth development

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Benefits and limitations of data on youth

DEMAND for viable youth strategies and interventions is on the rise4 and will likely

continue to increase as governments real-ize that investing in youth can help achieve other high-priority goals, such as accelerated economic growth. So how is the market meet-ing this demand? What tools and resources do youth champions have to effectively mea-sure and improve youth wellbeing? Recent youth indices and impact evaluations reflect efforts to provide more complete and coher-ent information. Our approach utilizes this research in an effort to engage the most effective champions in a country-specific, action-oriented youth roadmap. In this and the following sec-tions, we examine available data on youth, with a spe-cific focus on youth indices, and outline the key elements of our framework for translating informa-tion to impact.

Indices can provide policymakers with a simple way to view the big picture, allocate resources, design programs, and measure prog-ress over time. At present, there are no inter-nationally recognized indices in the area of youth development, although two noteworthy examples were released in 2013 and 2014.

The Commonwealth Youth Development Index (YDI), released in 2013, is a composite index of 15 key indicators that collectively measure youth development in 170 countries,

including 51 of the 54 Commonwealth coun-tries. The YDI has five domains to measure the levels of education, health and well-being, employment, political participation, and civic participation of young people.

The Global Youth Wellbeing Index, released by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the International Youth Foundation in 2014, gath-ers and connects youth-related data to assess and compare the state of this demographic via indicators on citizen participation, edu-

cation, economic opportunity, health, safety and security, and information and communications technology. This index ranks 30 high- to low-income coun-tries in five regions that represent nearly 70 percent of the world’s youth.

Country scores from the CSIS Global Youth Wellbeing

Index and the Commonwealth YDI generally correlate strongly with the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) and, to a lesser degree, with GDP per capita. However, by including dimensions specific to the eco-nomic, social, and political empowerment of young people, these indices show that a country’s development gains do not neces-sarily translate well to youth, particularly in medium- and high-income countries.5 Concerns remain regarding limited educa-tional opportunities, access to health care,

“At present, there are no internationally

recognized indices in the area of youth development.”

Bridging the gap between data and policy

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youth mortality rates, and lack of employment opportunities (in part due to skills mis-match) even in countries with above-average HDI rankings.6

Although these youth indices have been useful in promoting dialogue by highlighting priority areas and country rankings, the fol-lowing factors limit their utility:

• Reliance on aggregated “contextually blind” data: Indices are limited by focus-ing exclusively on national performance without considering potential internal or regional disparities, which are often at the core of civil grievances. Additionally, one-off studies, which are frequently cited as sources for indices, often lack year-over-year comparability.

• Limited target audience: The stated target audiences of the Commonwealth YDI are donors and investors rather than govern-ments. This approach limits involvement by policymakers and government officials at the country level, which is important to building sustainable commitment to youth issues as part of national policies and priorities.

• Limited applicability on the ground: Most indices are purely informative; they highlight challenges rather than providing actionable tools for “moving the needle” in the identified areas.

Despite their potential as a barometer for youth development, data availability and qual-ity are significant constraints for these indices.7 Further, data availability tends to be poorest in countries with the largest youth demographic bulge. For example, in 40 percent of developing countries included in the Commonwealth YDI, there are no data on HIV prevalence among youth, youth unemployment rates, or the bud-get of the youth ministry.

Where data are available, however, indices can be telling. For example, the

Commonwealth YDI ranks Tunisia No. 80 out of 170 countries, with higher scores for education (73 percent) and health (83 percent) and lower scores for employment (61 percent), civic (32 percent), and political participation (19 percent).8 While stakeholders agree with the youth index findings that political and eco-nomic engagement should be the top priority for youth interventions in Tunisia,9 the country lacks a national youth strategy or policy to ori-ent and coordinate such efforts. Tunisia is not alone; a 2014 assessment by the Youth Policy Press found that 16 percent of countries sur-veyed (31 of 198) have no national-level youth policy in place. Sixty-two percent (122 of 198) currently have a national-level youth policy; 19 percent (37 of 198) are revising or develop-ing new policies.10 However, the presence of a youth policy does not guarantee relevance, quality, or effective implementation.

In addition to the demographic data gaps revealed by indices, until recently, rigorous impact evaluation of youth-oriented interven-tions was also in short supply. A 2007 World Bank inventory of employment interventions targeting youth revealed weak data and evalu-ation methods that likely led policymakers to overestimate programmatic impact.11 Over the past several years, however, evaluation meth-odologies such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly being used to measure the results of youth employment interven-tions.12 Yet RCTs have shortcomings as well: Although generally considered to be the most accurate of the impact evaluation methodolo-gies,13 they are often time-consuming, expen-sive, and require further analysis to determine “external validity” (the applicability of results outside of the environment evaluated).14

Finally, researchers and policymakers continue to grapple with the question of how to share knowledge in a timely and effective manner so as to help develop and implement youth policy.15

Engaging national governments in youth development

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TO move the needle on youth issues, youth stakeholders need more targeted and

timely data collection, a contextually feasible and sustainable national or subnational youth plan(s), and commitment from influential advocates. Despite the limitations of indices, governments and partner organizations could use them as platforms for further analysis, data-driven decision-making, and inputs into youth policy development. The following steps outline some ways governments can overcome current data limitations to use country-specific analysis and craft targeted youth roadmaps aligned with national and subnational/regional development goals (figure 2).

Deconstruct the contextIt is important to look beyond the aggre-

gate data in order to execute a more holistic and grounded approach to youth development and engagement. Is the country in conflict or recovering from recent conflict? Are there significant health factors to take into account? Are there significant regional, gender, or ethnic disparities to consider? How do these fac-tors affect young people? These are the types of contextual questions youth development stakeholders should ask and try to answer with supplemental data via demographic surveys and interviews with experts. In many cases, data will be scarce, so data-sharing partner-ships with civil society organizations, donors,

Getting from information to impact

Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com

Leverage emerging youth indices to initiate dialogue

Deconstruct the context

Identify enablers & constraints

Recruit champions

with influence Develop &

execute youth roadmap

Manage expectations and assess progress

Move the needle on youth indices

Figure 2. Steps to developing an effective youth policy

Bridging the gap between data and policy

6

and universities should be considered in order to source information.

In Tunisia, in addition to unemployment, several contextual factors affect youth. There is a broadly shared sense of post-revolution disillusionment and disappointment at the lack of better opportunities.16 High regional unemployment, as well as income and security disparities, have resulted in increased ten-sion in the mid-west and remote areas of the country. Religion plays an important political role in youth development. Lastly, the media, including social media and networks, are perceived by some to have contributed more to the empowerment of young people in Tunisia than economic reforms.17

Identify youth empowerment enablers and constraints

Identify the systemic factors in the political and economic environment that either enable or constrain youth as productive, engaged citi-zens. Use indices, impact evaluations, surveys, interviews, and roundtable dialogues across stakeholder segments (e.g., young men, young women, parents, employers). Where possible, leverage existing tools for collaboration and broader domestic engagement. For example, existing national surveys can be augmented to capture data on youth. This assessment of enablers and constraints should include an economic analysis component to identify key economic levers, such as sectors with the potential to employ a growing youth popu-lation, labor market policies, and the labor sup-ply-demand link between the education system and the country’s economic growth trajectory.

In Tunisia, the International Finance Corporation has identified labor-intensive and high-value-added sectors such as infrastruc-ture improvement, information technology (IT), offshoring, agribusiness, electronics, and electrical and mechanical industries as the economic sectors on which to focus.18 These are the priority sectors in which Tunisia can leverage its growing youth population by

providing adequate training and pathways to employment.

Recruit youth champions with influence

Conduct a stakeholder analysis to identify influential champions for youth development. Determine where the gaps are among existing youth advocates in terms of political power, budget, decision-making ability, and cred-ibility, and identify how new youth champions can fill these gaps. Develop a targeted engage-ment strategy based on specific priorities and interests—such as sector investment targets or public infrastructure plans—and iden-tify counterparts to lead such efforts. These “non-traditional” youth advocates may sit in the ministry of finance, the executive branch, investment promotion agencies, or within municipal government. The important factor that differentiates a new school of youth cham-pions is the ability to envision youth devel-opment as a direct contributor to economic growth, rather than purely as a social cause.

Tunisia’s traditional youth champions include civil society organizations (CSOs), donor agencies, NGOs, and several line

Engaging national governments in youth development

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ministries with designated “youth” mandates, including the Ministry of Youth, Sports, and Physical Education. However, a “youth man-date” alone may not inspire interest in the issue among policymakers because there is a lack of information on the myriad ways in which youth can make a significant and last-ing impact on a country’s economy. Further, lack of data on effective youth employment interventions may discourage policymak-ers from allocating scarce resources toward programs with certain costs and uncertain benefits.19 When influential central ministries, such as the ministry of finance, are aware of the potential benefits from investing in youth labor opportunities, such initiatives may enjoy stronger budgetary and policy support as a result of perceived alignment with a country’s larger economic growth goals, and confidence that returns on investment could materialize in the form of a more skilled, integrated, and capable workforce.

For example, given the potential to employ large cohorts of youth in Tunisian agribusi-ness, it may make sense to engage the Ministry of Agriculture, the Foreign Investment Promotion Agency (FIPA), and the relevant regional municipal governments, chambers of commerce, business associations, and youth organizations, while also convincing the Ministry of Finance, presidential com-mittees and councils, and local companies to support such initiatives. In order to elicit and sustain commitment from counterparts not traditionally involved in youth issues, youth interventions should also be designed to serve the interests, whether economic or political, of such advocates. It is possible that if Tunisia were to focus on youth training initiatives for agribusiness value chains, accompanied by the development of relevant business services, the country’s human resource capacity could be strengthened and the cost of doing business could be reduced. The benefits might include an integrated and more skilled youth labor force, a stronger investment infrastructure, and overall economic growth. These out-comes could incentivize key decision makers

within the Tunisian government to continue prioritizing youth interventions while also attracting greater foreign investment as a result of improvements in the national invest-ment climate. With these potential results in hand, more broadly targeted information and training for policymakers, as well as commu-nications to the public, could raise awareness of the demographic dividend and promote youth-sensitive budgeting and other such strategic efforts.

When host-country governments see youth opportunities as a policy priority, it may be expected that 1) developing-country govern-ments will begin prioritizing youth indepen-dent of the influence of donor agendas; 2) donor funding for youth will be channeled through programs, jointly developed with the host-country government, that support the dual objectives of economic growth and youth integration; and 3) such policies will be more likely to survive in the absence of foreign aid because they are now perceived as important to the democratic and economic stability of a country.

Develop a youth roadmapIrrespective of whether a country has

established or enforced strategies or poli-cies, a youth roadmap can serve as a cohesive and targeted plan of action. Such a roadmap should be based on data; aligned with national, regional, and sectorial goals; and supported by a broader set of influential youth champions. Ideally, the roadmap should also contain direct input from young people, either through tra-ditional civil society consultations or an online crowdsourcing forum.

A key element of the youth roadmap in this approach is that it should employ an evidence-based methodology of testing pilot interven-tions, analyzing the data for efficacy, and scaling up based on test results. This approach, though potentially slower than direct imple-mentation at scale, typically carries less risk, helps manage expectations, and furnishes some of the critical missing youth interven-tion data needed to rally more champions

Bridging the gap between data and policy

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and positive results. To design such interven-tions, we suggest a framework that integrates available demographic (and, where available and applicable, impact evaluation) data with contextual considerations (such as growth industries and competitive advantages). Strong stakeholder involvement in the design, execu-tion, and assessment of such interventions promotes knowledge transfer, ownership, and sustainability.

A second important component of an effec-tive youth roadmap is that it should continue to link youth with larger macro metrics such as economic growth, or with indicators of political stability such as election turnout. By revealing the links between investment in youth and a country’s economic growth oppor-tunities and political stability, such a roadmap can serve as a tool to bridge diverging policy priorities and promote youth advocacy among a new set of stakeholders.

Manage expectations and assess progress

In certain environments, the optimism, energy, and hope of young people have gone unanswered by governments or, worse yet, have been manipulated and abused for the sake of gaining or maintaining power.20 In our expe-rience, there are at least two needs in play in these situations: 1)the need to manage youth expectations, not by overpromising and under-delivering, but with honesty and realism about the time it will take for certain interventions and policies to be effective; and 2) the need for transparent monitoring and evaluation of progress toward goals, with proactive course

alterations, not punishments, for off-track or ineffective initiatives.

These needs are especially pertinent in countries like Tunisia, which has recently undergone transformative change. One development practitioner in Tunisia observed that “[the Arab Spring revolution] has not been considered as a process, but an event.”21 Communication around the process of sys-temic change is a key component of managing youth expectations.

Who is this approach for?This approach can be leveraged by donors

to collaborate with central and local govern-ment counterparts in designing realistic, well-planned youth roadmaps. Partnering with development organizations at the outset will support greater government capacity—both technical and financial—in designing data-driven, contextual approaches to youth programming. The private sector can also use these data to better understand and enable sustainable investment in growth industries. A large and growing youth population poten-tially provides an adaptive and enthusiastic workforce capable of developing new skills as labor needs change, and can ultimately support the potential long-term profitability of private investment and public-private partnerships. Finally, these steps also provide traditional government youth champions an iterative tool for intra-governmental collaboration and future policy development, supplementing existing tools and data to shape the develop-ment and implementation of youth initiatives.

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THE well-being of a country’s youth popula-tion is not only a component of economic

development, but also a barometer of the coun-try’s long-term prosperity, social cohesion, and political stability. Demonstrating that invest-ments in youth can augment, instead of drain, limited resources is likely to generate greater government interest in youth and the chal-lenges they face.

Indices can serve as an initial benchmark to begin dialogues around national youth policy-making; however, generating real impact first requires digging deeper. Stakeholders must deconstruct the context by speaking to experts and collecting more specific data; identifying systemic factors that enable or constrain youth in their country’s political economy; and pin-pointing the key players in the national youth development ecosystem in order to bolster their institutional engagement. After capturing the landscape, policymakers should develop a roadmap that lays out opportunities for direct interventions and long-term program-ming with its youth. A traditional approach to implementation, however, is insufficient; stakeholders should work to manage youth outcome expectations with realistic timelines, and prioritize monitoring and evaluation to subsequently assess the efficacy of initiatives. Evaluation findings can be used to inform future iterations of the youth roadmap, as well

as national economic and education policies, among others.

The growing need for youth interventions demands a comprehensive strategy for social, economic, and civic engagement—one based on strong political will and prioritization of country-level initiatives designed to generate opportunities for youth. This cycle of contex-tualization, coalition building, planning, and evaluation can help nations bridge the gap between information and impact.

An iterative path to youth integration

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Endnotes

1. Agnes Soucat et al., “Accelerating the AfDB’s response to the youth unemployment crisis in Africa,” Youth Policy Press, 2013, http://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wpcontent/uploads/library/2013_African_Youth_Unemploy-ment_Eng.pdf.

2. Global Partnership for Youth Employment, Measuring success of youth livelihood interven-tions: A practical guide to monitoring and evalu-ation, 2012, http://www.gpye.org/measuring-success-youth-livelihood-interventions.

3. International Labour Organization, World of work report 2013, 2013, http://www.ilo.org/wc-msp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_214476.pdf.

4. In March 2014, the ILO convened the “Evi-dence symposium: Increasing youth produc-tivity in the Middle East and North Africa,” attended by policymakers from throughout the MENA region (as well as researchers and practitioners representing institutions across the world). See http://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Eventsandmeetings/WCMS_234442/lang--en/index.htm.

5. Commonwealth Youth Programme, Common-wealth youth development index methodology report, April 2013, http://commonwealthy-outhcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/youth-develoment-index.pdf.

6. Ibid.

7. The Commonwealth YDI found a strong correlation between country ranking and the degree to which data is available.

8. Tunisia is not yet included in the Global Youth Wellbeing Index. Nicole Goldin, “Global Youth Wellbeing Index,” CSIS Youth, Prosperity, and Security Initiative and the International Youth Foundation, April 2014.

9. Souheil Ben Abdallah (Tunisian senior orga-nizational development specialist and youth development consultant), discussion with the authors, June 2014.

10. Youth Policy Press, The state of youth policy in 2014, April 2014, http://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wp-content/uploads/library/2014_State_Youth_Policy_2014_En.pdf.

11. Gordon Betcherman et al., “A review of inter-ventions to support young workers: Findings of the Youth Employment Inventory,” World Bank, 2007, http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org/downloads/1.pdf.

12. International Labour Organization, Evidence symposium: Increasing youth productivity in the Middle East and North Africa, final report, March 2014, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/meeting-document/wcms_241726.pdf.

13. Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, “What is randomization?,” http://www.povertyaction-lab.org/methodology/what-randomization.

14. Jed Friedman, “Will that successful interven-tion over there get results over here? We can never answer with full certainty, but a few steps may help,” World Bank, 2014, http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/will-successful-intervention-over-there-get-results-over-here-we-can-never-answer-full-certainty-few; Berk Ozler, “Learn to live without external validity,” World Bank, 2013, http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/learn-live-without-external-validity.

15. International Labour Organization, Evidence symposium.

16. Aaron Y. Zelin, “Tunisia’s post-revolution blues,” Foreign Affairs, March 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/letters-from/tunisias-post-revolution-blues.

17. Ben Abdallah, discussion with the authors, June 2014.

18. “Tunisia overview,” World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tunisia/overview#2, accessed June 22, 2015.

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19. Global Partnership for Youth Employ-ment, Measuring success of youth livelihood interventions.

20. MercyCorps, Understanding political violence among youth: Evidence from Kenya on the links between youth economic independence, social

integration, and stability, 2011, http://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/full_re-port_-_kenya_youth_and_conflict_study.pdf.

21. Ben Abdallah, discussion with the authors, June 2014.

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Contacts

Kate ThompsonPrincipalDeloitte Consulting LLP+1 571 882 5440kthompson@deloitte.com

Catherine DalySenior consultantDeloitte & Touche LLP+1 202 213 8224cadaly@deloitte.com

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