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Brick Kiln Presentation Feb04_Khmer2
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Transcript of Brick Kiln Presentation Feb04_Khmer2
karEklMGrRbsiT§PaBfamBlrbs;L\
dæenAkm<úCaImproving the Energy
Efficiency of Cambodia’s Brick Kilns
Rainer Ernst IsraelSom ChandararithiLi Consulting Engineers
MekongPhnom Penh
CAMBODIAwww.ili-consult.com
Gay-Gil-Gay xl;sal;FIgGIugCIgnar
emKgÁiLi Consulting Engineers Mekong
Ltd Gay-Gil Gay xn;sal; KWCaTIRbwkSabec©keTsxagvisVkmµEdlman CMnajxagEpñksßabkükmµ nig sMNg;sIuvil iLi Consult is an engineering consultant that specializes in architectural and civil engineering design. www.ili-consult.com
ehtuGVI Gay-Gil-Gay xl;sal; RtUv)ancUlrYmkñúgkareRbIR)as; famBlRbkbedayRbsiTæiPaB? Why is iLi Consult involved in Energy Efficiency?
eKaledAsMrab;bgðaj
Outline of this Presentation ]sSahkmµ\dæenAkm<úCa/ Cambodia’s Brick Industry – background etc
etIL\dæmanbBaðaGIVxøH?What’s the Problem with brick kilns?
dMeNaHRsay/ Possible Solutions
etIman]bsKÁGIVxøH?What are the Barriers?
vKÁsikSaskmµPaBEdlesIñeLIg/Suggested course of Action
Cambodia’s Brick Industry
Ca]sSahkmµd_sMxan;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_RbeTskñúgkarFanaeGay)ankarpÁt;pÁg; dl;sMNg;eKhdæan nig GKarBaNiC¢kmµ/ Important industry for Cambodia’s development to ensure affordable domestic housing + commercial buildings
Ca]sSahkmµl¥RbesIrsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa eRBaHvamanlkçN³FmµCatikñúgkar Tb;sáat;karnaMcUledaysarEtkarnaMcUlva mankarlM)akkñúgkargardwk CB¢Üan \dæBITIq¶ay/ Good industry for Cambodia because ‘naturally protected’ from imports (because difficult to transport bricks very far)
k¾b:uEnþ³BUT:
]sSahkmµ\dænigek,ÓgKWCa]sSahkmµmYy EdleRbIR)as;\n§n³Gusd¾eRcIn.The brick and tile industry is one of the big fuel wood consumers.
dMeNIrkarplitkmµKWRtUvkarfamBleRcInnig beBa©jmkvijnUv]sµ½nkabUnikThe manufacturing process is energy intensive and emits a lot of CO2 .
RbsiT§iPaBénkareRbIR)as;famBlrbs;L\dæ enAmankMritTab.The energy efficiency of brick kilns is low.
tMél\dæx<s;/ Bricks are too expensive.
RbePTplitpl\dæmanTMhMtUcThe variety of available brick products is too small.
etI]sSahkmµL\dæmanbBaðaGVIxø
H?What’s the Problem with the Brick
Industry? (1)KµannirnþrPaB/ Not Sustainable…
GuskMBugEtxSt;eTA² enAkñúgextþCaeRcInFirewood is getting scarce in many provinces.
kar)at;bg;éRBeQIKWsßitkñúgkMritmYyKYreGayRBYy)armµN¾³tYelxkalBIqñaM1969 man 73°tYelxenAqñaM1997 manRbmaN 58°Forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.Cambodia’s forest cover in 1969: 73%Cambodia’s forest cover in 1997: 58%
What’s the Problem? (2)
tMél/ COST:
karcMNayfvikamYyEpñkFMrbs;GaCIvkmµL\dæKWeTAelIfamBl. Energy is typically the largest proportion of costs for a brick kiln business
bMErbMrYltMélfamBlnwgmankarb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgeTAdl;GaCIvkmµ. Any change in the fuel cost will therefore affect the business dramatically
]sSahkmµ\dæenAkm<úCanwgminGacRbkYtRbECgCamYynigbNþaRbeTsepSg² eTot)aneLIy. Cambodia’s brick industry will not be competitive with competing countries
What’s the Problem? (3)
brisßan/ ENVIRONMENT:
kareRbIR)as;\n§n³GusCabc©½ymYykñúgkarbMp©itbMpøajéRBeQIFuel wood consumption contributes to deforestation.
cMehHGus)anbegIát]sµ½nkabUnik/ emtan nig nIRtYEsn/ Burning Wood emits CO2 , Methane and Nox
famBlCaeRcInRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;nigbeB©ajkarbMBuledIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnGusBI ksidæan/ BIéRBb¤BIeragcRkmkkan;L\dæ/ More energy is consumed and pollution emitted to transport wood from the plantation, forest or factory to the brick kiln
etImandMeNaHRsayb¤eT?
Is there a Solution?cMelIyKW³ man/ maneRcIn.Yes, there are several.
EsVgrk\n§n³EdlGacykmkCMnYs\n§n³GusLook for substitutes for fuel wood.
begáInRbsiT§iPaBkareRbIR)as;famBlkñúgkarplit\dæIncrease the energy efficiency of brick manufacturing.
EsVgrkCMerIsEdleRbIR)as;famBltic CMnYs\dæLook for less energy intensive alternatives to clay bricks.
\næn³EdlGacCMnYsGus?(1) Substitutes for Fuel Wood
Ggáam nig kaksMNl;ksikmµepSg²Rice husk and other agricultural residues
rayb¤)ackMeTc\n§n³dUcCaGgáameTAelI\dæEdlRtUvdutkñúgLmuneBlcab;epþIm dut eFVIdUecñHedIm,IbegáInkMedAnigEklMGrkarbBa¢ÚnkMedA)anBaseBjL/
Spread a fine fuel such as rice husks inside the kiln on the bricks prior to firing, so as to increase the heat and improve the heat transfer throughout the kiln
karbEnßm\n§n³eTA\dæAdd fuel to Bricks
bEnßmsarFatumemaKxniCeTAdI\dæmuneBlerobcMcak;Bum</ eFVIdUcenHedIm,I kat;bnßybrimaNfamBlEdlRtUveRbIcaM)ac;edIm,Idut\dæ/ Adding organic material to the clay prior to forming bricks. This will reduce the amount of energy required to fire the bricks.
sarFatumemaKxniCdUcCaGgáamGacRtUv)aneKbEnßmrhUtdl;10-15° én maD\dæsrub. ]TahrN¾-RKan;EtsarFatumemaKEdl)anbEnßm2°eTA elI\dæGacpþl;famBlsMrab;dut\dæ)anrhUtdl;10°/ Organic material such as rice husk can be added up to about 10-15% of the total volume of the brick. Eg: Just 2% of organic matter added to a brick can provide around 10% of the brick’s energy requirement for firing.
karbEnßm\n§n³eTA\dæ
Add fuel to Bricks
karbegáInRbsiT§iPaBfamBl
(2) Increase Energy EfficiencyehtuGVI)anCaL\
dæeRbIR)as;famBlminGs;lT§PaB?
Why are Brick Kilns Inefficient? kardutminGs;lT§PaBInefficient combustion
kMedAya:geRcInRtUv)an)at;bg;kñúgeBldMeNIr kardutkMedAnigbegáInkMedAGreat heat loss during heating and firing process.
kMedATaMgRsugRtUv)an)at;bg;kñúgeBlTuk\dænigtYLeGaycuHRtCak; 100% of heat loss during cooling of bricks and kiln
begáInkMedAFiring
Cooling32% of Energy
gets lost during cooling
famBlkñúgdMeNIrkardut\dæEnergy in Firing Process
dMNak;kaldutkMedAPre-heating
+ =100%
TVarbnÞb;sMrab;dutnigEbkRbeTosRTenIr
Firebox Door + Grate rn§epSg²enAelITVa
rnwgGaceGayeKRtYtBinitü)an RKb;sßanPaBrbs;L. Doors with variable vent would allow fine control of kiln conditions
bTBiesaFn¾enARbeTsRsIlgáar)anbgðajfakar bMBak;TVarnigEdkRbeTosRTenI )ankat;bnßykar eRbIR)as;GusrhUtdl;15° EdlcMnYnenHGac eGayeKbgVilTun)ansMrab;karvinieyaKTunFuntUc kñúgry³eBlEtmYys)þah¾. Sri Lanka experience showed that fitting doors+grates reduced fuel wood by 15%, which paid-back the small investment in within one week!
Further Possible Improvements bEnßmRsTab;GIusULg;enAeli
dMbUlnigCBa¢aMgrbs;L nwgGackat;bnßy)annUv kar)at;bg;kMedAedaypÞal;/ ]TahrN¾³ dak;sarFatuGIusULg;Edlman dg;sIuetkñúgkarFunnwgkMedATab dUcCa plitplGVIGMBIeramb¤kUtug b¤ Ggáam/ Additional insulation on the roof and walls of the kiln will reduce heat lost directly through radiationEg: adding low density heat-resistant insulating material such as wool or cotton or rice husk products
eCosvagcrn§xül;qøgkat;tYLedaypÞal; edaysg;CBa¢aMgTIBIrb¤CasnÞHx½NÐ/ Avoid airflow across kiln structure by building secondary walls and baffles.
karEklMGreGaydMeNIrkardutkMedA)anCak;lak;/ eFVIdUecñHedIm,IeCosvag kardutkMedAhYsb¤mYyk¾dutkMedAmin)andl;kMrit. Improve accuracy of heating process, thus avoiding over or under heating
eRKagbøg;LQrVertical Shaft Kiln
Vertical Shaft Kiln
vaRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgRbeTscin nigBiesaFn¾enATIdéT²eTot/
Used in China and trialed elsewhere
manRbsiT§PaBeRcIn/ Much more efficient
Vertical Shaft Kiln
lkçN³ Features dMeNIkarbnþbnÞab;Kña/
eFVIeGayEpñkEdlRtUvdutkMedAminGaccuHRtCak;)aneLIy. dUecñHkarxatbg;famBltic. Continous process so the firing zone never has to cool down, thus less energy wasted
kMedAEdl)anBIdMNak;kaldutkMedARtUv)aneRbIR)as;xN³eBlEdlvaekIneLIgedIm,IsMgYtedaysV½yRbvtþi RBmTaMg)andutkMedAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgnUv\dæEdl)an bBa¢Únmk. Heat from firing phase is used as it rises to automatically dry + pre-heat the fresh incoming bricks
(3) Less Energy-intensive Alternatives to Clay Bricks
\dæsIlIka
tSand Lime Bricks
Sand Lime Bricks maneRcInRbePTepSg
²Kña EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:gTUlMTUlayenA bNþaRbeTsGWur:b/ Different type of brick – used widely in Europe
minRtUvkarcaM)at;kardutePøIgkMedA edayRKan;EtrkSavakñúgcMhaynigsMBaF énLcMhuy/ Does not require ‘firing’, but rather is ‘cured’ with steam and pressure in an autoclave
cMhayGacbegáItecjb¤pÁt;pÁg;ecjBIkMedAepSg²nigecjBIkMedARBHGaTitü/ Steam can be generated especially or else can be supplied by waste heat from other processes or else from a renewable source such as solar thermal collectors
karplit\dæRbePTenHmantmélefakCagkarplit\dæecjBIdI\dæ/ Produce these bricks cheaper than clay bricks
edayeRbIR)as;famBlticCag30°ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkarplit\dæecjBIdI \dætamEbbRbéBNI/ Consumes about 50% less energy as compared to traditional clay bricks
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Energy requirment(kWh/m3)
Concrete
Solid clay bick
Hollow brick
Sand lime brick
Celluarconcrete /aeratedconcrete
karyl;dwgtictYcBIplcMenjnig«kasepSg²énRbsiT§iPaBfamBl/ Low awareness of benefits and opportunities of energy efficiency
smtßPaBbec©keTsenATabsMrab;karRtYtBinitünUvRbsiT§iPaBnaeBlbc©úb,nñ b¤karKNna\T§iBlBIkarvas;EvgkarEklMGrRbkbedayRbsiT§IPaB/ Low technical capacity for monitoring current efficiencies or calculating the effects from efficiency improvement measures
karlHbg;enAmankMritTabedIm,IeFVIkarvinieyaKRTg;RTayFM edaysarEtxVHhirBaØ vtßú/ briyakasvinieyaKRbkbedayPaBRbfuyRbfan EdlCaehtueFVIeGayman karcM)ac;kñúgkarbgVilTunkñúgry³eBlxøI/ Low willingness to make large capital investments in businesses due to a lack of appropriate finance, risky investment climate, and thus very short payback periods are required
]bsKÁcMeBaHkareFVIeGayRbesIrdl;RbsiT§PaB\
dæBarriers to Better Brick Efficiency
begIátsmaKmn¾]sSahkmµmYy edIm,IRbmUlpþúMFnFannigTak;TajCMnYykarnana/ Establish an industry association in order to combine resources and attract necessary assistance
FanaeGay)annUvkarpþl;mUlniFi sMrab;kargarGPivDÆn¾famBleGaymanRbsiTæi PaBkñúg]sSahkmµ/Secure funding (donor or private) for energy efficiency development in the industry
rkTIRbwkSaCMnajxagbec©keTsedIm,IGnuvtþntamnigbegátbB¢aIkarEklMGrnanaEdl GacGnuvtþ)anenAkm<úCa/ Seek expert technical advice to adapt the world’s best practice and create a list of improvements which are practical and appropriate for Cambodia
Gnusasn¾Recommended Actions
begIátcMnYnKMeragbgðajEdlLdut\dæEdlmanRsab;RtUv)aneKEklMGrRBmTaMgplb:HBal;nigkarkat;bnßykarbMBul/ RtUv)aneKRtUtBinitünigraykarN¾/ Establish a number of demonstration projects where existing brick kilns are upgraded and the effects are carefully monitored and reported, + disseminate results
sMrbsMrYlKMeragkarRbsiT§iPaBfamBlsMrab;m©as;L\dæ edaybegáItCMnYykar bec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßúsmrmüEdlGacrk)an/ Facilitate energy efficiency projects for brick kiln owners by making technical assistance and appropriate finance available
eFVIkarGegátkarvas;EvgeKalneya)aycaM)ac;epSg²edIm,ITTYl)ankarEklMGrRbsiT§iPaBeRbIR)as;famBlRbkbedayecrPaB/ Investigate the necessary policy measures required to achieve long term sustainable energy efficiency improvements, such as minimum kiln design standards
Gnusasn¾Recommended Actions
Contact Rainer or Dararith at
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.ili-consult.com
sUmGeB¢aIjecaTCasMNYrEdlTak;TincMeBaHRbsiTæiPaBfamBlkñúg]s
SahkmµL\d?Any Questions Please?..