Brian Donohue, J. Neil Otte, and Barry Smith University at Buffalo November 2014.
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Transcript of Brian Donohue, J. Neil Otte, and Barry Smith University at Buffalo November 2014.
An Ontological Approach toTerritorial Disputes
Brian Donohue, J. Neil Otte, and Barry Smith
University at BuffaloNovember 2014
Brian Donohue, [email protected]. Neil Otte, [email protected]
Our purpose here
To build a cumulative, easily accessible, integrated, and continuously updated resource to provide information concerning territorial disputes.
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
A simple top-level ontology to support information integration
Defining a framework that will help to ensure consistency and non-redundancy of the ontology modules created in its terms through downward population
6
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users
I2WD Ontologies (http://milportal.org)cROP Ontologies EnvO Environment Ontology US Army Biometrics OntologyNIF Standard (Neuroscience) OntologiesOAE Ontology of Adverse EventsOBO Foundry Ontologies
OGMS Ontology for General Medical Science IDO Infectious Disease Ontologies
(NIAID)8
Modular, downward population approach in other domains
9
OBO Foundary Open Biomedical OntologiesNIF Standard Neuroscience Information
Framework IDO Consortium Infectious Disease OntologycROP Common Reference Ontologies
for Plants
MilPortal.org Military OntologyI2WD Ontologies Intelligence Ontology Suite
Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Thing
Process
Attribute
12
DependentContinuant
QualityRealizable Dependent
Continuant
13
Disposition Function Role
of banana, to ripen
of heart, to pump blood
of employee, to work for pay
process of realization depends_on realizable
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
bearer
Realizable DependentContinuant
disposition
.... ..... .......14
Process of realization
IAO-IntelEmail
Ontology IAO-
Science
Information Artifact Ontology (IAO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
15
BFO-based Ontology Development
BFO 1.1: Specifically Dependent Continuant
SpecificallyDependentContinuant
Quality, Role, Disposition
Realizable Dependent Continuant
if any bearer ceases to exist, then the quality or function ceases to exist
the color of my skin
the function of my heart
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Generically Dependent Continuant
GenericallyDependentContinuant
pdf filejpg file
Gene Sequence
if one bearer ceases to exist, then the entity can survive, because there are other bearers
(copyability)
the pdf file on my laptop
the DNA (sequence) in this chromosome
17
Information artifacts
pdf file
poem
symphony
algorithm
symbol
– can migrate from one information bearer to another
18
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality
Disposition
Information Artifact
Role
Realizable DependentContinuant
19
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
BFO 1.1
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Artifact
20
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
QualityInformation
Artifact
21
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity (yourhard drive
Information Quality Entity (pattern on
your hard drive)
depends_on
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Content
Entity
22
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Information QualityEntity
depends_on concretized_by
BFO
IAO
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Content
Entity
23
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Information QualityEntity
depends_on concretized_by
universals
instances
this hard drive, that book
this excitation pattern,
that pattern of piles of ink
this pdf file, that Target Value Matrix
Problems to Overcome1. Identifying disputes through time.
2. Identifying participants in a dispute, including:
a) disputing parties, b) external or third parties, c) actions, d) territories, e) information artifacts involved in disputes, and f) objectives and motives of the parties.
3. Identifying false claims.
Disputes
• In Basic Formal Ontology, disputes (and conflicts) are relational processes; that is, they are processes dependent upon and involving as participants at least two agents.
Document ontology
• Bob Glushko: “A document is a purposeful and self-contained collection of information.” (Document Engineering)
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Document Ontology
• the social and institutional (deontic, quasi-legal) powers of documents
• the social interactions in which documents play an essential role (how documents bind people together)
• the sorts of things which we can do with documents• the different types of institutional systems to which documents
belong• the provenance of documents (on what distinguishes original,
authentic documents from copies, forgeries ...)
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/document_ontology/
Documents relevant to territorial disputes
• treaties, press releases, policy statements,
with parts such as• maps• descriptions, • arguments with premises and
conclusions,• citations of principles, • claims, etc.
Participants in a dispute
With a claim to a territory:• Governments• Indigenous populations with a claim to a
territory.• Private individuals
Non-claimants:• Third parties• Intergovernmental organizations,
Application: Kuril Islands
• The Kuril Islands have been a subject of territorial dispute and conflict for over 150 years.
• The Russian Federation and Japanese Government are agents_in the dispute.
• Different treaties at different times have created different demarcations of territory within the Kuril Island chain.
Kuril Islands
Act of Treaty Signing
1945
event:Act
time:Temporal Interval
Identifier
geo:Island
is a is a
bfo:Occurrent
info:Designative Information
ContentEntity
geo:Geographic
Feature
is a
bfo:Site
bfo: Generically Dependent Continuant
is a
is a is a
is a
is a
RussiaRussian
Government
Dispute over Arctic
Arctic Territory
Country Relational Process Site
is a
is a is a
participates in
is delimited by
hassubject
Act ofReportin
g
agentin
Report
has output
Document
is a
is about
Russia Russian Federation
Japan JapaneseGovernment
Act of Treaty Signing
Temporal Interval
“1945”
Yalta Agreement
Kuril Islands
is delimited by
is delimited by
agent in
agent in
occurs on
designatedby
has output
is about
Arguments in BFO
• Arguments are information content entities that have two other information content entities as components: one or more premises and a conclusion.
Arguments
Example: Argument for the Legality of Israeli Settlements
P1. Principle of a Sovereignty Vacuum: “Where the prior holder of territory had seized that territory unlawfully, the State which subsequently takes the territory in the lawful exercise of self-defense has, against that prior holder, better title.”
P2. Israeli conquest of Arab-held territory was defensive rather than aggressive.
C. Israeli settlements are legal.
Objectives, Motives, and Strategies
• Objectives are ends of action. Example: Nations may have economic objectives.
• Motives include reasons for acting. Example: a restoration of territory lost and expansion of territory for economic exploitation. The realization of an objective may constitute the motive of a nation.
• Strategies are plan specifications that prescribe steps toward achieving some objective.
Big Problem of False Claims
• How do we model the content of false sentences without being committed to the entities named therein?
• Example: “The North Korean government claims it owns New Jersey.”
Our Strategy for False Claims• Step One: Use the lacks_part relation to capture the true state of
affairs that makes the claim false. The lacks_part relation holds between a particular p and a universal U whenever p has no instance of U as part. Example: “North Korea lacks_part New Jersey.”
• Step Two: Tag the claim as false, allowing us to read the claim as containing a wide scope negation operator (It is not the case that “ “).
Example: “North Korea claims it owns New Jersey” becomes “North Korea claims ‘It is not the case that:’ North Korea lacks_part New Jersey.”