0DQXDOSDUDHOFXOWLYRGHIUXWDOHVHQHOWUySLFR*)LVFKHUHG3URGXPHGLRV%RJRWi 943

5.5 BREVO(FICUS CARICA L.)

1Gerhard Fischer, 2Pedro Jos Almanza-Merchn y 3Wilson Piedrahta

INTRODUCCIN

(/%5(92Ficus carica /IDPLOLD0RUDFHDHHVRULJLQDGRGHODV]RQDVFiOLGDVGH$VLDRFFLGHQWDO\HVXQRGHORVFXOWLYRVPiVDQWLJXRVTXH MXQWRFRQ ODYLG HOGiWLO \ HOROLYR VH HQFXHQWUDHQWUH ORV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV GH ODV SULPHUDV FLYLOL]DFLRQHVPHGLWHUUiQHDV $Vt VXV ]RQDV GH PD\RU SURGXFFLyQ VHHQFXHQWUDQHQORVSDtVHVGHOD]RQDPHGLWHUUiQHDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQ7XUTXtD\(JLSWRDGHPiVGH,UiQ(VWDGRV8QLGRV\%UDVLO+R\RV GLVWLQJXH HQWUH OD EUHYD TXH HV HO IUXWR SULPHUL]R \verde que se emplea para preparar dulces, y el higo que es de PD\RUWDPDxR\VHFRVHFKDHQXQHVWDGRPiVPDGXUR(Q&RORPELDHQVHFXOWLYDURQKDFRQEUHYRHOHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH%R\DFiHOHQ1RUWHGH6DQWDQGHU\HOHQ$QWLRTXLDFRQXQUHQGLPLHQWRSURPHGLRGHOSDtVGHWKD/D SODQWD VH HQFXHQWUD HQWUH ORV FDGXFLIROLRV \ VLHQGR GH ODVPRUiFHDV VXV SDUWHV YHUGHV FRQWLHQHQ OiWH[ 8Q iUERO SXHGHGXUDUHQWUH\DxRVHLQFOXVRKDVWDPiVHQFRQGLFLRQHVPX\IDYRUDEOHVGHFUHFLPLHQWR$JXVWt describe que el rbol alcanza XQDDOWXUDHQWUH\PHQFXOWLYRQRUPDOPHQWHKDVWDPFRQXQWURQFRUHWRUFLGRPX\UDPLFDGRGHFRUWH]DOLVD\FRORUFHQL]DPLHQWUDVTXH ODVKRMDV VRQJUDQGHV FRULiFHDV\SURIXQGDPHQWHOREXODGDVFRQJUDQGHVHVWtSXODV\SHFLRORVODUJRVJXUD

1 PhD, Profesor asociado, Departamento de Agronoma, Facultad de Agronoma, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot.2 PhD, Profesor asistente, Grupo de Investigacin Ecofisiologa Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad

Pedaggica y Tecnolgica de Colombia, Tunja.3 MSc, Profesor asociado, Departamento de Agronoma, Facultad de Agronoma, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot.

944

VARIEDADES

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ECOFISIOLOGA

/DVEUHYDVVHSURGXFHQELHQHQFOLPDVHFR(OUDQJRGHWHPSHUDWXUDXFW~DHQWUH\&FRQXQDWHPSHUDWXUDySWLPDGH&VHSURGXFHQIUXWRVGHDOWDFDOLGDGRUJDQROpSWLFDPLHQWUDVTXHFRQLQIHULRUHVD&VHSUHVHQWDFDtGDGHRUHV\FRQVXSHULRUHVD&VHGLVPLQX\HODIRUPDFLyQGHODVEUHYDV7(QFOLPDFDOLHQWHHOEUHYRHVPiVSUHFR]\SURGXFWLYRSHURODFDOLGDGGHOIUXWRGHVDUUROODGRHQFOLPDIUtRHVPiVDSHWHFLGDHQHOPHUFDGR$XQTXHODVWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDVIDYRUHFHQHOGHVDUUROORYHJHWDWLYRODVPX\HOHYDGDVGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRGHPDGXUDFLyQGHOIUXWRSURYRFDQXQDPDGXUDFLyQDQWLFLSDGD\GHFRORUDFLyQsolar de la epidermis7

FIGURA 1.UEROGHEUHYRHQIUXFWLFDFLyQ)RWR3HGUR-$OPDQ]D0HUFKiQ

MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRPICO 945

(OEUHYRHVPX\VHQVLEOHDOIUtRSRUHMHPSORODVWHPSHUDWXUDVGH&SXHGHQTXHPDUODSODQWDWRWDOPHQWHVLQHPEDUJRHQ]RQDVWHPSODGDVQHFHVLWDWHPSHUDWXUDVIUHVFDVSDUDURPSHUHOUHSRVRGHVXV\HPDVHQODSULPHUDFRVHFKDGHODxR6LHOiUEROHVWiHQUHSRVRODV WHPSHUDWXUDV EDMDV IDYRUHFHQ XQD QXHYD EURWDFLyQ 8QD KXPHGDG UHODWLYD DOWD \SUHFLSLWDFLRQHVVHJXLGDVDIHFWDQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVIUXWRV\FDXVDQVXUDMDGR(QOD]RQDWURSLFDOHOEUHYRVHDGDSWDDDOWLWXGHVHQWUH\PVQP9SHURWDPELpQHQ%R\DFiHQ OD]RQDGH'XLWDPD1REVD\6RJDPRVRHQWUH\PVQPKD\FRQGLFLRQHVIDYRUDEOHVSDUDVXFUHFLPLHQWR$XQTXHHOiUEROQRHVH[LJHQWHDOWLSRGHVXHORVHGHVDUUROODELHQHQORVGUHQDGRVGHWH[WXUDIUDQFDRIUDQFRDUFLOORVD\FRQDOWRFRQWHQLGRGHPDWHULDRUJiQLFD'HWRGDVIRUPDVSDUDVXGHVKLGUDWDFLyQVHUHFRPLHQGDFXOWLYDUORVIUXWRVHQVXHORVDUHQRVRV(VWDHVSHFLHWROHUDuna salinidad moderadaFRQXQS+GHOVXHORTXHGHEHRVFLODUHQWUH\

PROPAGACIN

6HSXHGHSURSDJDUSRUVHPLOOD\DFRGRDpUHRVLELHQVHUHFRPLHQGDODSURSDJDFLyQSRUHVWDFDGHWDOORXVDQGRSODQWDVGHDDxRVFRQHVWDFDVGHFPODUJR\Dcm de ancho\DSOLFDQGRXQDKRUPRQDHQUDL]DGRUDHQODEDVH1RJXHLUDet al enraizaron FRQp[LWRHVWDFDVKHUEiFHDVVLQKRMDVGH[FPGHODSDUWHPHGLDGHODVUDPDVVLQIUXWRV GXUDQWH GtDV HQEROVDV VXVWUDWR DUHQD VXHOR YY FRPSDUDGR FRQ ODVSURYHQLHQWHV GH UDPDV FRQKRMDV \ FRQ IUXWRV \ HO XVR GH KRUPRQDV HQUDL]DGRUDV 3RUVXSDUWH*RQ]DJD\/ySH]9UHFRPLHQGDQVHPEUDUODVHVWDFDVDXQDSURIXQGLGDGGHDFPHQXQJHUPLQDGRURHQEROVDXVDQGRXQDPH]FODGHDUHQDPiVPDWHULDRUJiQLFDGHVFRPSXHVWD\WLHUUDYY6WRYHU et al. UHSRUWDQGH&DOLIRUQLD (VWDGRV8QLGRVTXHDOJXQRVIUXWLFXOWRUHV LQMHUWDQVREUHSDWURQHVGH ODPLVPDHVSHFLHFRQHOQGHFRQWURODUPHMRUHO WDPDxRGHOiUERORPDQLSXODUODPDGXUDFLyQGHORVIUXWRV

PLANTACIN

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FERTILIZACIN Y RIEGO

'HDFXHUGRFRQORVDQiOLVLVHGiFRV\IROLDUHVDSOLFDFLRQHVGHDNJGH1NJGH32 \DNJGH.2SXHGHQVHUIDYRUDEOHV(Q%UDVLOHOXVRGHERYLQD]DFRPRIXHQWHGH1LQFUHPHQWyORVUHQGLPLHQWRV(QXQ$QGLVROHQ&RORPELDVHSUHVHQWyUHVSXHVWDSRVLWLYD

946

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PODA

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MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRPICO 947

PLAGAS ENFER0EDADES Y 0ALEZAS

/DVSODJDVHQEUHYRVRQUHODWLYDPHQWHSRFDV4XL]iVODSODJDPiVLPSRUWDQWHHVODPRVFDGHODIUXWDFRPRHVHOFDVRGHODPRVFDGHOPHGLWHUUiQHRCeratitis capitataHQODHWDSDGHPDGXUDFLyQGLFKRSUREOHPDVHKDPDQHMDGRFRQPDOODVHYLWDQGRHOXVRGHLQVHFWLFLGDV HQ&RORPELDHOEUHYRWLHQHXQFRQVXPRHQYHUGH\SRUWDQWRHOSUREOHPDGHHVWDPRVFDQRVHSUHVHQWD0RUWRQUHSRUWDTXHHQ9HQH]XHODHOEDUUHQDGRUGHKLJRAzochis gripusalisHQWUDSRUODVUDtFHV\SXHGHPDWDUHOiUEROSRURWURODGRLQVHFWRVFROHySWHURVGHORVJpQHURVEpitrix y ColaspisSXHGHQSHUIRUDUODVKRMDVFDXVDQGRJUDYHVGDxRV(Q FXDQWR D HQIHUPHGDGHV HO EUHYR SUHVHQWD SRFDV SRVLEOHPHQWH GHELGR D TXH VHFXOWLYDHQVLWLRVVHFRV6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRHOQHPDWRGRMeloidogyneVSVHSUHVHQWDHQDOJXQDV]RQDV OD DSOLFDFLyQGHPDWHULDRUJiQLFDRQHPDWLFLGDV HV UHFRPHQGDGD(QFDVRGHFXOWLYRVGHGLFDGRVDODSURGXFFLyQGHKLJRVVHFRVVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDULQIHFciones de Aspergillus aYus TXH LQFUHPHQWDQ ODSUHVHQFLDGH DDWR[LQDV PLFRWR[LQDVGHFDUiFWHUFDUFLQRJpQLFR(QODpSRFDGHOOXYLDSXHGHDWDFDUODUR\DCerotelium ciFDXVDQGRODFDtGDIROLDU3DUDFRQWURODU ODVPDOH]DVHQORVHVWDGRVLQLFLDOHVGHOiUEROVHSXHGHUHFXUULUD OLPSLH]DPHFiQLFDFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVKDFLHQGRXQSODWHRROLPSLH]DHQODJRWHUDGHOiUEROSDUDUHGXFLUFRPSHWHQFLDFRQODRUDGHDUYHQVHVRHQFDVRGHKXHUWRVFRPHUFLDOHVDSOLFDUXQKHUELFLGDGHFRQWDFWR2WUDIRUPDGHFRQWUROHVODVLHPEUDGHOHJXPLQRVDVGHSRUWHEDMRRPHGLRSDUDUHGXFLUHVSDFLRDODVDUYHQVHV\VXSOLUDOJXQDFDQWLGDGGHQLWUyJHQRSRUHIHFWRGHODMDFLyQELROyJLFDGHOPLVPR

FLORACIN

/RVyUJDQRVRUDOHVGHF. caricaVHRULJLQDQGHQWURGHOIUXWRHOFXDODSDUHFHLQVHUWDGRHQODVD[LODVGHODVKRMDVMXQWRDXQD\HPDYHJHWDWLYD/DVRUHVVRQXQLVH[XDOHVYHUGHVPX\SHTXHxDVLQPHUVDVHQODSDUHGLQWHUQDGHOVLFRQR/RVKLJRVVLOYHVWUHVSURGXFHQRUHVPDVFXOLQDV\IHPHQLQDVYLDEOHVGHQWURGHOVLFRQR(QIXQFLyQGHODSROLQL]DFLyQVHKDQGHVFULWR FXDWUR WLSRVGHKLJRV ORV FRPXQHV TXHQR UHTXLHUHQSROLQL]DFLyQ\ VRQGH WLSRSHUVLVWHQWH SDUWHQRFiUSLFR ORVTXHERWiQLFDPHQWH VHKDQFODVLFDGRFRPR FDXGXFRV TXH VRQ RWURV GRV WLSRV QR SHUVLVWHQWHV \ UHTXLHUHQ SROLQL]DFLyQOODPDGD FRP~QPHQWH FRPR FDSULFDFLyQ ORV WLSR (VPLUQD \ 6DQ 3HGUR TXH VRQGHQRPLQDGRVEUHYDV\SRU~OWLPRHOFRQRFLGRFDEUDKtJRVTXHVRQORVYHUGDGHURViUEROHVSROLQL]DQWHVIXHQWHGHSROHQ$TXtHOSROHQHVOOHYDGRSRUODDYLVSDBlastophaga psenes / TXH HQWUD D WUDYpV GHO RVWLROR X RMR SDUD RYRSRVLWDU GHQWUR GHO VLFRQR HQGRQGHVHGHVDUUROODSDUDSROLQL]DUHOIUXWR(Q&DOLIRUQLD\7H[DV(VWDGRV8QLGRVODRULQGXFHDOQDOGHOYHUDQRDQWHULRUDODxRGHSURGXFFLyQPLHQWUDVODLQGXFFLyQRUDOGHODVHJXQGDFRVHFKDGHODxRWLHQHOXJDUHQODPLVPDHVWDFLyQHQODTXHVHGHVDUUROODQORVIUXWRV

948

DESARROLLO DEL FRUTO Y COSECHA

(OIUXWRHVXQUHFHSWiFXORRUDOVLFRQRJXUDFRQVLVWHQWHSUHGRPLQDQWHGHOWHMLGRSHGXQFXODU\ ORVyUJDQRVRUDOHVGHDFPGHODUJRDFPGHGLiPHWUR\SHVRGHDJHVVXFXOHQWRMXJRVR\GXOFH%UL[/DIRUPDWtSLFDHVGHSHUD\HVWiUHFXELHUWRSRUXQDSLHOQD\EULOODQWHTXHVHJ~QODYDULHGDGSXHGHVHUYHUGHPRUDGDRQHJUD LQWHUQDPHQWH ODSXOSDHVEODQFD OLJHUDPHQWHURVDGDRPRUDGDGXOFH\JHODWLQRVD HQGRQGHVHDORMDQDVHPHMDQ]DGHODVHPLOODSHTXHxRVDTXHQLRVTXHVRQORVIUXWRVverdaderos y en donde se desarrollan las VHPLOODVTXHOHGDQXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDFUXMLHQWHDOPDVWLFDU(O IUXWR GH Ficus carica HV FOLPDWpULFRSXHVGXUDQWHVXSURFHVRGHPDGXUDFLyQLQFUHPHQWDVXULWPRUHVSLUDWRULR6XGHVDUUROORVHUHSUHVHQWDSRUXQDFXUYDGREOHVLJPRLdeaHQGRQGHHOGLiPHWURGHODIUXWDDXPHQWDFRQUDSLGH]GXUDQWHHOSULPHUSHULRGRGHFUHFLPLHQWRPLHQWUDVTXHHOSHVRORKDFHOHQWDPHQWH'XUDQWHHOVHJXQGRSHULRGRGHOFUHFLPLHQWRORVFDPELRVWDQWRHQHOGLiPHWURFRPRHQHOSHVRGHODIUXWDVRQUDOHQWL]DGRV'XUDQWHHOWHUFHUSHULRGRHOGLiPHWUR\ODPDVDIUHVFD\VHFDYXHOYHQDDXPHQWDUUiSLGDPHQWH(OGHOSHVRVHFR\HOGHOFRQWHQLGRWRWDOGHD]~FDUHVVHDFXPXODQGXUDQWHODWHUFHUDIDVHGHFUHFLPLHQWRTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHODVYDULHGDGHVVHSURORQJDHQWUH\VHPDQDV6HJ~Q&KDFXD\&XDVTXHU7HOFRQWHQLGRHQHUJpWLFRGHORVKLJRVHVDOWR\FRQVWLWX\HXQDIXHQWHGHDOLPHQWRLPSRUWDQWHSDUDHORUJDQLVPRHVWDIUXWDVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUQRFRQWHQHUVXVWDQFLDVJUDVDV \ FROHVWHURO WHQHU DOWRV FRQWHQLGRVGHEUD \XQDEXHQDFRPSRVLFLyQQXWULFLRQDOWDEOD(OIUXWRWLHQHODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHSURGXFLUXQOiWH[GHFRORUEODQFRGHVDERUDPDUJR\UHDFFLyQiFLGD(QFOLPDIUtRFDVRGH1REVD%R\DFiHOIUXWRGHVGHHOPRPHQWRGHVXIRUPDFLyQ\GHSHQGLHQGRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVFOLPDWROyJLFDVOOHJDDODPDGXUH]HQWUHORVDGtDV(QWUHHODOODSURGXFFLyQHVHVWDFLRQDOSUHVHQWiQGRVHODFRVHFKDSULQFLSDOHQHOPHVGHPD\R\ODRWUDHQGLFLHPEUHHOUHVWDQWHFRUUHVSRQGHDSURGXFFLRQHVHVFDORQDGDVGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR(OPHMRUPRPHQWRSDUDODFRVHFKDHVWiGHWHUPLQDGRSRUHOJUDGRGHPDGXUDFLyQ\SRUHOPHUFDGRDOFXDOVHGLULJHODSURGXFFLyQ(OPRPHQWRSDUDFRVHFKDUODIUXWDEDMRODVFRQGLFLRQHVGH%R\DFiHVXQDYH]ORVIUXWRVFDPELDQGHXQFRORUYHUGHRVFXURKDFLDYHUGHSiOLGRFRQIRUPDFLyQGHHVWUtDVDPDULOOHQWDVHQ ODEDVHGHO IUXWRHQ

FIGURA 2. 'HWDOOHGHOIUXWRGHEUHYRXQUHFHSWiFXORRUDOVLFRQR)RWR3HGUR-$OPDQ]D0HUFKiQ

MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRPICO 949

YDULHGDGHVEODQFDV\HQYDULHGDGHVRVFXUDVFXDQGRVHLQLFLDODFRORUDFLyQURML]DJXUDRFXDQGRHORVWLRORVHWRUQDURML]R(QODVSODQWDFLRQHVGHODUHJLyQGH&DOGDVVHUHFROHFWDQKDVWDNJiUEROSRUpSRFDGHFRVHFKD

TABLA 1. &RPSRVLFLyQQXWULFLRQDO YLWDPLQDV \PLQHUDOHVHQKLJRIUHVFR\VHFRHQJGHSRUFLyQFRPHVWLEOH

Compuesto Fruto fresco Fruto seco

Agua (%) 77,5 23

Caloras 80 274

Protenas (g) 1,2 4,3

Grasas (g) 0,3 1,3

Carbohidratos (g) 20,3 69,1

Fibra (g) 1,2 5,6

Ceniza (g) 0,48 2,30

Vitamina A (U.I.) 80 80

Tiamina (B1, mg) 0,06 0,10

Riboflavina (B2, mg) 0,05 0,10

Niacina (B, mg) 0,4 0,7

cido ascrbico (Vit. C, mg) 2 -

Potasio (mg) 194 640

Fsforo (mg) 22 77

Magnesio (mg) 17 20

Calcio (mg) 35 126

Hierro (mg) 0,6 3,0

Sodio (mg) 2 34

Fuente: Westwood1

FIGURA 3. )UXWRVGHEUHYRHQPDGXUDFLyQ)RWR3HGUR-$OPDQ]D0HUFKiQ

950

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POSCOSECHA Y AGROINDUSTRIA

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