Breeding for climate smart...

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Breeding for climatesmart agriculture Jean Christophe Glaszmann Cirad, Montpellier amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales

Transcript of Breeding for climate smart...

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Breeding for climate‐smart agriculture

Jean Christophe GlaszmannCirad, Montpellier

amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales

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Germplasm

Dissemination

Validation

Selection

Recombination

Evaluation

cropping systems

production systems

cultivarlandscape

CSA

“Plant breeding, the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics”

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Germplasm

Dissemination

Validation

Selection

Recombination

Evaluation

cropping systems

production systems

cultivarlandscape

molecular screening

data capture

Bio‐informaticanalyses

Phenotyping

GenotypingData management 

TraingPop°

Association analyses

Biological +Interactions  ‐

Genomeanalysis

Ecological genetics

Plant development

Math‐informatics

Evolution

ComparativebiologyReproductive

biology

Abioticstresses

Geneticengineering

Crop modeling

CSA

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Cell dynamics

Architecture variation

Physiological variation

Genetic variation

Histo‐cytological variation 

Confluences…

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Anchoring in a common past

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cultivar movements < 2500 BC   then < 0Likely Pleistocene refuge area

(from Fuller et al. 2011).

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JaponicaIndica basmatirayadaaus

> 100 000 yrs

Submergence toleranceElongation abilityHeat tolerance

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Relate phenotype to genotype

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Anchoring in a common past

perennial crops

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TRINITARIO

CRIOLLO x FORASTERO( 250 years)

••

••

• •••••

• • •••

• •

•••• • • ••• • •

••

•• • •• • •

• • ••

••

•WILD FORASTERO POPULATIONS

NACIONAL x TRINITARIO( 100 years)

CRIOLLOdomesticated for 2000 years L.A. FORASTERO

domesticated for 250 years(1750)

Before 1950, a few main types at the originof all cocoa cultivated all around the world

NACIONALdomesticated for 500 years

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The modern cultivated Nacional pool

X NACIONAL

modern Nacional

2 or 3 generations

6 to 7 generations

TRINITARIO

modern Criollo/Trinitario

X

CRIOLLO Lower Amazon FORASTERO

Three main ancestors

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Diversity and linkage disequilibrium within Venezuelian germplasm and

Ecuadorian “Nacional” germplasm

LD variation with genetic distance among200 individuals from the INIAP germplasmcollections genotyped with 180 SSR markers

Apparent recombination rate in Criollo‐Trinitario germplasm in Venezuela genotyped with 180 SSR markers

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Germplasm collections established in all producingcountries

• Local collections established in each producing countries

• International collections ‐ CRU, Trinidad and Tobago (2300 accessions)‐ CATIE, Costa Rica (1150 accessions)

• Phenotypic characterisation already carried out for many cocoauseful traits• Data could be exploited to conduct GWAS 

Examples of associations for fruit and seed traits identified in the CATIE collection (Marcano et al., TAG 2007, 2008)

Availability of the sequence , December 2011Argout et al, Nature Genetics vol 43‐2, 2011

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Socializing diversity: banana

The integration of archaeology, genetics, andlinguistics provides robust insightsinto the history of banana domestication 

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Spatial data Crop genetic data Linguistic data

A geographical reading of the linguistic paths illustratesthe movements of banana genotypes

(Perrier et al. 2011)

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Socializing diversity: sorghumIs there a relation between Farmer social organisation and the Crop Genetic diversity? 

Ethnic Groups

CHUKA THARAKA

MBEERE

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Socializing diversity: sorghumThe spatial distribution of landrace names and the overall genetic spatial patterns were significantlycorrelated with ethnolinguistic partition in Kenya. 

Seed exchange is oriented more within than between linguistic communities.

The usual GxE interaction wasdecomposed in a three ways interactionmodel, GxExS, where S standsfor the social factors

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Weather, Climate, and Society 2014 ; e‐View  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WCAS‐D‐13‐00034.1  

Social Process of Adaptation to Environmental Changes: How Eastern African Societies Intervene between Crops and Climate 

Caroline Mwongera Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France Joseph Boyard‐Micheau CRC, Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS/ Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France 

Christian Baron CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Montpellier, France Christian Leclerc*CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France 

  Abstract 

Studies on climate change can only be conducted on a long‐time scale, and observing how societies adapt their sowing practices to climate variability is challenging and costly. As an alternative, a space‐and‐time substitution design was used, changes in space corresponding to that induced in time by environmental change. On the eastern slope of Mount Kenya, the Tharaka community originating from the lowlands (750 m) moved up to the midlands (950 m) with their lowland adapted resources whereas the Mwimbi originating from wetter upland (1100 m) moved down to midlands with their highland adapted genetic resources. A weather station was installed at 950 m and 1100 m, and a GLM logistic model used to analyse the probability of sowing failure as a function of the length of dry spells after sowing. A total of 1691 plots in 40 surveyed farms were surveyed to compare Mwimbi and Tharaka during two years and four growing seasons, controlling crops and altitude. Although seed sowing practices were similar in both communities, the relative risk of sowing failure was 3.3 times more for Mwimbi than for Tharaka during the Short Rains, and 1.5 times more during the Long Rains. This difference can be explained by within‐community seed exchanges, as Tharaka seeds, originally from the lowlands, are adapted to drier conditions, whereas Mwimbi seeds are adapted to wetter conditions. Our findings suggest an impact of historical and social factors on the mitigation of sowing failure risk. Thus, they must be considered as an integral part of the adaptation process to climate variability and change. 

* Corresponding author address: Christian Leclerc, Cirad, Avenue Agropolis, TA A‐108, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, Tel : +33 4 67 61 71 16, Secr. : +33 4 67 61 56 20, Fax : +33 4 67 61 56 05. E‐mail: [email protected] 

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1976 germplasm collection 2003 Samples

Conservation at 4ºCfor 27 years

Informationon varieties

Temporal gradients: pearl millet in Niger (1976-2003)

DNA markeranalysis

Morphological and

phenological analysis

Conservation at 4ºCfor 27 years

Informationon varieties

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1976- 2003 :Increase in the frequency of the early-flowering allele of the PhyC gene

2011

Flowering in Arabidopsis, Komeda, 2004. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol.

Temporal gradients: pearl millet in Niger (1976-2003)

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Jean-Louis [email protected]

Agropolis Resource Center for Crop Conservation, Adaptation and Diversity

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• Diversity

• Populations

• Genome

• Actors

Confluences!

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International Workshop on the promotion of Public‐Private Partnerships for Pre‐breeding

Montpellier, France 2 – 4 February 2015

Morten Rasmussen, NordGenRobert Domaingue, Cirad

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Mobilization of genetic diversity –a social science perspective

We are interested in the interplay between institutions, structures and behaviors in relation to the nature of the material and information exchanged. 

Louafi S., Bazile D., Noyer J.L. 2013. Conserving and cultivating agricultural genetic diversity : transcending established divides. In : Hainzelin Etienne (ed.). Cultivating biodiversity to transform agriculture. Heidelberg : Springer , p. 181‐230..

Welch, E. and S. Louafi, 2014, Contested Inputs for Scientific Research: Why Access to Biological Materials Is Blocked, In : 72th Midwest political science association (MPSA) Conference  Chicago, USA, 3‐5 April 2014

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Anchoring in a common pastfor mobilizing present

For accelerating succesful processes

recombination, base‐broadeningprogressive populationspreventive breedingmore participationallelic diversity distribution (« DAD », Lebot et al, Exp Agric 2005, EDS 2013)

more crop species

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AcknowledgementsMany AGAP colleagues, including

Claire LanaudXavier PerrierClaire Billot

Christian LeclercSelim Louafi

Jean‐Louis PhamYves Vigouroux

Numerous partners in many projects

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Mobilize

Access

Sample

Analyse

Document

Conserve

NAM BC NAMCSSLMAGICWide crosses

RulesRoles

ReferenceCoreSpecialized

HistoricalGenomic correlations

EnvironmentActorsUses

CRBGCDT

Integrate breedingwork & germplasm 

science; pre‐breeding

Scientists’ roles& responsibilities

Coordinate, exchange  & integrate

Exchange information (haplotypes)

Integrate

Genetic stocks

Climate‐smart agriculture

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ideotype

diversity/homogeneity

bio‐technology

cooperation/alignment

ABS/property

locksocio‐cultural            technological

subsistencecrops

industrialcrops

Pertinence of the linear model?

In situ Ex situ?