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Breeding Bean

Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of the family "fabaceae"

(alternately "leguminosae") used for human food or animal feed.

The whole young pods of bean plants, if picked before the pods ripen and dry, are very tender

and may be eaten cooked or raw. Thus the term "green beans" means "green" in the sense of

unripe (many are in fact not green in color). In some cases, the beans inside the pods of "green

beans" are too small to comprise a significant part of the cooked fruit.

Bean Phaseolus vulgaris Chromosome number 22

Terminology

The term "bean" originally referred to the seed of the broad bean, but was later epanded to

include members of the genus "phaseolus," such as the common beanand the runner bean, and

the related genus "!igna." The term is now applied generally to many other related plants such

as soybeans,peas,lentils, chickpeas(garbanos),vetches, and lupins.

"Bean" can be used as a synonym of "pulse," an edible legume, though the term "pulses" is

usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain, and usually ecludes cropsused mainly for oil etraction (such as soybeans and peanuts) or those used eclusively for

sowingpurposes (such as cloverand alfalfa). #eguminous crops harvested green for food, such

as snap peas,snow peas, and so on, are classified as vegetable crops.

In $nglish usage, the word "bean" is also sometimes used to refer to the seeds or pods of plants

that are not in the family leguminosae, but which bear a superficial resemblance to true beans%%

for eample coffee beans, castor beansand cocoa beans(which resemble bean seeds), and vanilla

beans(which resemble the pods).

Beans are one of the longest%cultivated plants. Broad beans, with seeds the sie of the small

fingernail, were gathered in their wild state in &fghanistanand the 'imalayan foothills. In a

form improved from naturally occurring types, they were grown in Thailand already since the

early seventh millennium (B), predating ceramics. They were deposited with the dead in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_beanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bean

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ancient $gypt. ot until the second millennium B did cultivated, large%seeded broad beans

appear in the &egean, Iberia and transalpine $urope. In the "Iliad" (late%*th century) is a passing

mention of beans and chickpeascast on the threshing floor.+-

The oldest%known domesticated beans in the &mericas were found in uitarrero ave, an

archaeological site in /eru, and dated to around the second millennium B$.

Beans were an important source of proteinthroughout 0ld and ew 1orld history, and still are

today. There are over ,222cultivarsof bean on record in the 3nited 4tates alone.

5ost of the kinds commonly eaten fresh come from the &mericas, being first seen by a $uropean

when hristopher olumbus,during his eploration, of what may have been the Bahamas, found

them growing in fields. 6ive kinds of Phaseolusbeans were domesticated by pre%olumbian

peoples7 common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown from hile to the northern part of what is

now the 3nited 4tates, and lima and sieva beans (Phaseolus lunatus), as well as the less widely

distributed teparies (Phaseolus acutifolius), scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) and

polyanthus beans (Phaseolus polyanthus)+8- 0ne especially famous use of beans by pre%

olumbian people as far north as the &tlantic seaboard is the "Three 4isters" method of

companion plantcultivation7

0n the east coast of what would come to be called the 3nited 4tates, some tribes would grow

maie(corn), beans, and s9uashintermingled together, a system which had originated in 5eico.

The corn would not be planted in rows as it is today, but in a checkerboard:he fashion across a

field, in separate patches of one to four stalks each.

Beans would be planted around the base of the developing stalks, and would vine their way up as

the stalks grew. &ll &merican beans at that time were vine plants, "bush beans" having been bred

only more recently. The cornstalks would work as a trellis for the beans, and the beans would

provide much%needed nitrogenfor the corn.

49uash would then be planted in the spaces between the patches of corn in the field. They would

be provided slight shelter from the sun by the corn, and would deter many animals from

attacking the corn and beans because their coarse, hairy vines and broad, stiff leaves are difficult

or uncomfortable for animals such as deer and raccoons to walk through, crows to land on, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrero_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_in_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifoliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaseolus_polyanthus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrero_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_in_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifoliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaseolus_polyanthus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen

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;ry beans come from both 0ld 1orld varieties of broad beans (fava beans) and ew 1orld

varieties (kidney, black, cranberry, pinto, navy:haricot).

Types

There are many bean types, including7

. umbellattaor ricebean

. unguiculataor cowpea(includes theblack%eyed pea, yardlong beanand others)

?. Cicer 7arietinumor chickpea(also known as the garbano bean)sativumor pea

@ .Lathyrus

8 Lathyrus sativus (Indian pea)

* Lathyrus tuberosus (Tuberous pea)

A Lens

a. culinarisor lentil

http://en.wikipedia.or