Breathing Life into the Enterprise Data Model An Enterprise Business Vocabulary and Rules, based in...
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Breathing Life into the Enterprise Data Model
An Enterprise Business Vocabulary and Rules, based in SVBR, fits the bill
Steve Allworth
Why do we build an Enterprise Data Model?
To have a communication medium between business and ITTo achieve a single agreed definition and structure of data across the enterpriseTo minimise redundancy and optimise re-useetc…..etc…..
To have a representation of the business as a set of inter-related business concepts that are agreed across the enterprise. The concepts must be readily translated into IT implementations
In short..
The traditional solution
Selected members of the enterprise
Specify a large, normalised E-R or UML Class Model
To provide the design for Specific
Databases
Modern Reality is Different
Unstructured Data
OLTP DatabasesOLAP DatabasesDimensional DatabasesColumnar Databases
XML
XSD
OWL
Multiple “Semantic
Communities”
Multiple Target
Database Designs
Multiple Non Relational
Target Data Structures
And the elephant in the room
Doesn’t allow for multiple communities
Overuses normalisation – forces a structural answer focused on DB design
Imposes the chosen entity structure on ‘non technical’ use of the model ie data governance teams
Unfortunately the Traditional EDM:-
Does not capture the full subtlety of the meaning of business concepts
Inadequate for today’s technical requirements (target data areas)
Remember Layers of Model Abstraction?
Conceptual
Logical
Physical
Adds Meaning
Adds structure
Adds implementation realities
The ProblemWhen we have only one form of logical model it’s OK to use a logical model as our Enterprise Model
Conceptual
Logical
Physical
But today, we have many forms of logical model
ODBDWH
WEB
WEB
EDM
So we need to use a model at the Conceptual Level as our Enterprise Model
EDM
A Conceptual Model ?What’s that? It’s a Semantic
Model in the form of a Glossary
or
Taxonomy
or
Ontology
SBVR
Semantics for
Business
Vocabulary and
Rules
The team who brought you UML,
BPMN, …
Provides us with a standard for such a model
Where did it come from?
The SBVR is a synthesis of four disciplines:
1. terminology and vocabulary: the foundation for SBVR is ISO TC 37 (Terminology and Language and other Content Resources) and terminology standards ISO 704 and 1087
2. fact-oriented modeling with interpretation in formal logic: the precision of formal logic was added to ISO 1087-1 concepts, designations, and concept relations by fact-oriented modelling, which delivers precise meanings for SBVR Vocabulary and Behavioural Guidance that enables them to be transformed into IT system designs without losing or changing the business semantics;
3. linguistics and linguistic annotation of natural language grammar: target natural language grammar structures (external to SBVR) were provided by linguistics, ISO TC 37/SC 4 “Linguistic Representation” standards, and de-facto industry standards as input to the design of SBVR semantic formulations, which provided the basis for a future rich multilingual natural language notation for SBVR;
4. business practice of vocabulary and business rules: practical applicability of SBVR in organizations was provided by hundreds of collective man-years experience in business consultancy applying vocabulary and business rule approaches to the needs of organizations.
SBVR – Key Ideas
ACME WIDGETS
The Engineers
The Salesmen
The Accountants
Engineering Vocabulary
Sales Vocabulary
GAAP Vocabulary
ISO Widget Vocabulary
ACME Vocabulary
Included
Semantic Community
Speech CommunityVocabularies
Communities
Concepts
Facts
RulesConcepts, Facts and Rules
ConceptRelated Concept
SupertypeConcept
Categorisation Scheme
Related Concept
BroaderConcept
Rules
Glossaries, Taxonomies & Ontologies
Expression Representation Meaning Extension
Representation & Meaning
A not-too-deep dive
Basic ElementsCommunities & Vocabularies
We are focusing on the ‘Vocabulary’ area
1. The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.2. The meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text
SBVR
Wikipedia
SEMANTICS FOR BUSINESS VOCABULARY & RULES
OK, So its about meaning
There is more, but not today (Question, Proposition)
What is meant by a word, sign, statement, or description; what someone intends to express or what someone understands
Meaning
Unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics Concept
Concept
RULE
based on
NOUN CONCEPT NOUN CONCEPTFACT TYPE
RULE
CUSTOMER CARCUSTOMER RENTS CAR
CUSTOMER CAN ONLY RENT ONE CAR
FACT TYPE
links (VERB CONCEPT)
NOUN CONCEPT
CONCEPTConcept
Noun Concepts
NOUN CONCEPT
INDIVIDUAL CONCEPT
Concept Instance
GENERAL CONCEPT
Type of Concept Concept in a Fact
FACT TYPE ROLE
MAZDA JPQ 777 Car Rental Car
Verb Concepts
VERB CONCEPT
(FACT TYPE)
CHARACTERISTIC BINARY FACT TYPE
is registered
RentsCustomer Rental Car
Rents
Car is registered
Car Is registered Customer CarRents Rental Car
Fact Type Role
General Concept
CAR
RentsCustomer Rental Car
Fact Type
General Concept Fact Type RoleRanges Over
Have same characteristicsGeneral Concept can have extra characteristic which says it fills the fact type role
Fact Type Role
Concepts
Concept
Noun Concept Verb Concept (Fact Type)
specialises generalises
is in
Fact Type RoleObject Type (General Concept
Roleranges over
Individual Concept CharacteristicBinary Fact
Type
Is registered
Person CarRents Rental Car
Concepts
Customer
MAZDA JPQ 777
Is a
Person Car
MAZDA JPQ 777
Rents
ISO/EIC 1325:2003 Topic Map
Person CarRents
RDF Triple
How does it help us model
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
The birth of an Entity
Name
Definition
Attributes
Candidate Keys
Primary Key
Foreign Keys
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPTCONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
From the unformed soup of concepts
Through the magic of normalisation
SBVR & E-RSBVR abstracts E-R + also makes the modelling more precise
2. It provides the context within which the entity is valid
Name
Definition
Attributes
Primary Key(s)
Relationships (& FK)
1. It provides the semantic layer for defining the elements of an entity
• Expression: things used to communicate (e.g., sounds, text, diagrams, gestures), but apart from their meaning — one expression can have many meanings
• Representation: the connection between expression and a meaning. Each representation ties one expression to one meaning
• Meaning: what is meant by a word (a concept) or by a statement (a proposition) – how we think about things
• Extension: the things to which meanings refer, which can be anything
Meaning and Representation
Expression Representation Meaning Extensionhas represents refers to
Expression Representation Meaning Extensionhas represents refers to
Meaning and Representation
Concept
Designation
Definition
The actual drivers of motor vehicles
Concept ‘driver’. How we think of drivers, what characterizes them
Designation of the concept ‘driver’ by the term “driver”
Definition of the concept ‘driver’ as “operator of a motor vehicle”
The character sequence “driver”
The character sequence “operator of a motor vehicle”
Also
Descriptive Example
Note
Reference
Designations
Definition which describes the intension of a concept by stating the superordinate concept and the delimiting characteristics
Description of a concept by enumerating all of its subordinate concepts under one criterion of subdivision
Term Name Non Verbal Designation
Designation
For General Concepts For Individual Concepts
DefinitionsConcept
Definition
Intensional Definition Extensional DefinitionOwned Definition
Speech Community
Adopted Definition
Reference
Characteristic
Namespace
Vocabulary Namespace
Attributive Namespace
is inis in
Is for
Namespaces
Expression Representation Meaninghas represents
Concept
DesignationFact Type Form
Concept has an AttributeConcept described by an Attribute
Attribute of Concept
Reference Schemes - Keys
Reference Scheme Concept
Fact Type Role Characteristic
is for
usesuses
Car Model has Name Tyre position is frontTyre position is right
Subtyping
Concept
Categorisation Scheme Categorisation Type
Characteristic
Segmentation
SpecialisesGeneralises
Incorporates
General Concept
Simple Subtyping
Concept
Concept
Concept
ConceptConcept
Concept
Concept
Concept
Multi Faceted Subtyping
Concept
Discriminator
Discriminator
Concept
Concept
Concept
Concept
Concept
DiscriminatorConcept
Concept
DiscriminatorConcept
Concept
Classification Modelling
Fundamental Hierarchy
Relationship Hierarchy
Value
SCHEMEValue
SCHEMEValue
SCHEME
Value
SCHEMEValue
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value SCHEMEValue
Value
SBVR insists that the characteristics that discriminate are explicit
For Example “IP is spouse of IP”Fact Type: IP is married to IP
Fact Type Role : Spouse
Value
ROLEFT Role
SCHEMEValue
TYPE
Value
SCHEMEValue
FT Role
Value
Value
Value
Value
Relationship Subtypes are fact types. Fact Type Roles appear in the Fundamental Hierarchy
Value SCHEMEFact Type
Fact Type
Expression Representation Meaninghas represents
Concept
Designation
Representing a Fact Type
“COMPANY appoints OFFICER”
Placeholder
Is in
Fact TypeFact Type Form
Sentential Form Noun Form
Country Code
Country Code identifies Country
COMPANY appoints OFFICER
Fact: Company appoints Officer
Rule: EU Rent must appoint at least 3 Officers
Expression
Representation
Meaning
There’s a bit more to it
Even more
But that’s for another day!
Phew, that’s deep enough, lets move to another subject!
Context - Communities & Vocabularies
• Semantic communities group people striving for a shared understanding of a domain
• Speech communities create vocabularies to express the understanding of the domain in a certain language
• Vocabularies contain entries that are used to express the meaning
Semantic Community
Language
Meaning
Body of Shared Meanings
uses
is expressed in
is used to expressunites
Speech Communityhas
Vocabularyowns
incorporates
Speech Community & Vocabulary
Speech Community
Vocabulary
Sharing Vocabularies
ACME Bank
consists of
FinanceBusiness Unit
FinanceBusiness Concepts
• Credit• Stock• Cash• …
owned by
RiskBusiness Unit
RiskBusinessConcepts
• Exposure• Mortgage• Collateral• …
owned by
uses
ACME Common
AssetBusinessConcepts
• Asset• Building• Equipment• …
ProductBusiness Concepts
• Loan• Swap• Revolving
Limit• …
PartyBusinessConcepts
• Party• Organization• Address• …
Local and Global
Financial Services Industry
consists of
Regulator X
ReportingBusinessConcepts
• Risk• Revenue• Capital
Value• …
ISO
ISO 20022 Business Concepts
• Payment• Counterparty• Transfer• …
uses
ACME Bank
consists of
FinanceBusiness Unit
FinanceBusiness Concepts
• Credit• Stock• Cash• …
owned by
RiskBusiness Unit
RiskBusinessConcepts
• Exposure• Mortgage• Collateral• …
owned by
uses
ACME Common
AssetBusinessConcepts
• Asset• Building• Equipment• …
ProductBusiness Concepts
• Loan• Swap• Revolving
Limit• …
PartyBusinessConcepts
• Party• Organization• Address• …
In an Ideal World
Vocabularies can reflect specific business rules applying to a speech community
So we have a semantic basis for defining an ER or any other structure
SBVR Semantic Model
E-R XML
Conceptual
Logical
Physical
Semantic Model
The Business Basis for Data Governance
NextGen
Taxonomy
OWL
SBVR & the EDM
Unstructured Data
OLTP DatabasesOLAP DatabasesDimensional DatabasesColumnar Databases
XML
XSD
OWL
EDM now a Conceptual Model
Describing Concepts, Facts (& Rules)
Collaborative Modelling
Shift of Emphasis Technical Metadata
Business Metadata
http://dcm.nehta.org.au/ckm/
National E-Health Transition AuthorityClinical Knowledge Manager
Example
Knowledge Capture & DisseminationRegulation Risk and ComplianceComplex AnalyticsData Governance……
Why?
Suggested reading order:
1. Chapter 11 – Business Vocabulary for describing Business Vocabularies
2. Chapter 12 – Business Vocabulary for describing Business Rules
3. Chapter 8 – Meaning and Representation Vocabulary
4. Annex E – EU-Rent example
The SBVR Specification
www.omg.org/spec/SBVR/1.0/
Tooling
Tools focusing on Business Rules
http://sbeaver.sourceforge.net/about/tools.php
Open Source
http://rulexpress.editme.com/
http://sourceforge.net/projects/orm
http://www.businesssemantics.com/BusienssSemanticsLtd/products.htm
Commercial
Tooling
Gartner: “Cool Vendor in
Enterprise Information Management”
Questions ?
WWW.OZEMANTICS.COM.AU