Breat cancer Therapy

Head of biochemistry department

Presented by :

Under supervision of :

Research Title

Contents

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Acknowledgemen

tFirst and foremost , thanks to ALLAH who guide us to the straight

path and pave the way for all good works .

We would like to express our sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to our supervisor Prof .Dr / Laila Eissa , professor of Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Mansoura University for her supervision , choosing the subject of the research , valuable advices and continuous support during the course of this study .

We would like to express sincere gratitude to our family for their unlimited support and continual encouragement .

Finally , We hope that this research will be the beginning in our

way to benefit our country with our study .

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OVERVIEWThe first sign of breast cancer often is a

breast lump or an abnormal mammogram.

Breast cancer stages range from early, curable

breast cancer to metastatic breast cancer,

with a variety of breast cancer treatments.

Not occur only in Females, but males are

also susceptible to breast and it's 99 % Fatal in

man.

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General information

Breast cancer Today

Breast cancer

Symptoms

Breast Cancer:

Why Me?

Breast Cancer

TodayBreast cancer today is not what it was 20

years ago. Survival rates are climbing, thanks to

greater awareness, more early detection, and

advances in treatment. For roughly 200,000

Americans who are diagnosed with breast

cancer each year, there are plenty of reasons to

be hopeful.

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Breast Cancer

SymptomsThere are often no symptoms of breast

cancer, but sometimes women may discover a

breast problem on their own. Signs and

symptoms to be aware of may include:A painless lump in the breast.

Changes in breast size or shape.

Swelling in the armpit.

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Breast Cancer

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!!Why Me?

The most obvious risk factor for

breast cancer is being a woman. Men

get the disease, too, but it is about 100

times more common in women. Other

top risk factors include being over age

55 or having a close relative who has

had the disease. But keep in mind that

up to 80% of women with breast cancer

have no family history of the illness.

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Breast Self-

ExamsIt was once widely recommended

that women check their own breasts

once a month. But studies suggest

these breast self-exams play a very

small role in finding cancer. The current

thinking is that it’s more important

to know your breasts and be aware

of any changes, rather than checking

them on a regular schedule. If you

want to do breast self-exams, be sure

to go over the technique with your

doctor.

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What If You Find a Lump?

First, don't panic. Eighty percent

of breast lumps are not cancerous.

Lumps often turn out to be harmless

cysts or tissue changes related to

your menstrual cycle. But you should

let your doctor know right away if you

find anything unusual in your breast.

If it is cancer, the earlier it's found the

better. And if it's not, testing can give

you peace of mind.

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Breast Biopsy

The only sure way to

determine whether a lump is

cancer is to do a biopsy. This

involves taking a tissue sample

for further examination in the

lab, sometimes through a small

needle. Sometimes surgery is

done to take part of or the

entire lump for testing. The

results will show whether the

lump is cancer, and if so,

what type. There are several

forms of breast cancer, and

treatments are carefully

matched to the type of cancer.Page 12

Radiation Therapy

Targeted Drugs

Hormone Therapy

Chemo Therapy

Simple Mastectomy

Modified Radical

Mastectomy

Sentinel node Biopsy

Radical Mastectomy

Surgery

Surgical removal of the tumor is a common

treatment for breast cancer.

There are many types of breast cancer

surgery, from taking out the area around

the lump (lumpectomy or breast-

conservation surgery) to removing the

entire breast (mastectomy.) It's best to

discuss the pros and cons of each of these

procedures with your doctor before deciding

what's right for you.Page 15

Before procedure:

1.Intravenous line will be started.

2.To give a sedative to help patient

relaxation.

3.It usually requires general anesthesia.

4.A breathing tube will be inserted

through mouth into his/her throat.

5.To give medications to put patient to sleep

for the duration of the procedure.

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The main surgical procedures are:

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Lumpectomy.

Quadrantectomy.

Mastectomy.

Lumpectomy

Preserves the appearance at the breast

The tumor along with a margin of surrounding

tissue is removed in this procedure the surgeon

will make an incision in the skin and

separate the tumor and a margin of healthy

tissue from the breast with a scalpel then the

surgeon will remove the mass with forceps send

it to the pathology lab for examination and close

the wound with sutures.

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Quadrantectomy

Quadrantectomy is a surgical procedure in which a

"quadrant" (approximately one-fourth) of the breast,

including tissue surrounding a cancerous tumor, is

removed. It is also called a partial or segmental

mastectomy.

During quadrantectomy, a margin of normal breast

tissue, skin, and muscle lining is removed around the

periphery of the tumor. This decreases the risk of any

abnormal cells being left behind and spreading locally or

to other parts of the body (a process called metastasis).

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The amount removed is generally about

one-fourth of the size of the breast (hence,

the "quadrant" in quadrantectomy). The

remaining tissue is then reconstructed to

minimize any cosmetic defects, and then

sutured closed. Temporary drains may be

placed through the skin to remove excess

fluid from the surgical site. Some patients

may have the lymph nodes removed from

under the arm (called the axillary lymph

nodes) on the same side as the tumor.

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Lymph nodes are small, oval- or bean-shaped

masses found throughout the body that act as filters

against foreign materials and cancer cells. If cancer

cells break away from their primary site of growth,

they can travel to and begin to grow in the lymph

nodes first, before traveling to other parts of the body.

MastectomyThe entire breast is removed

This is usually indicated when the tumor is too large

for a lumpectomy.

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In simple

mastectomyOnly breast tissue is removed

the surgeon will begin by making an

incision around nipple. here, surgeon

will then separate the breast tissue

from the muscle underneath and

remove it for examination.

Finally, the surgeon will insert

drains to prevent fluid collection

before closing the wound.

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Modified radical

mastectomyThe most common

type of mastectomy is

modified radical

mastectomy in which the

entire breast and some or

although the lymph nodes

under arm are removed.

In this procedure, the

surgeon will make an

incision along the length

of breast, separate breast

tissue from the muscle

underneath, and remove

it for examination. Page 25

Sentinel node biopsy

To remove the lymph nodes under your arm,

Many surgeons use a technique called sentinel

node biopsy .

In this procedure, dye is injected into breast

to determine which lymph nodes drain fluid.

First, it is these lymph nodes that are most

likely to contain cancer. Surgeon will remove

one to three of lymph nodes for examination

insert drains and close the wound with sutures.

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1

2

3

Radical mastectomy

The breast, underlying tissue, muscle

beneath the breast, and all visible lymph nodes

are all removed. The surgeon will begin by

making an incision along the length of the

breast. Next, surgeon will separate all of the

breast tissue, muscle from the chest wall and

visible lymph nodes and remove them for

examination.

finally, Surgeon will insert drains before

closing the wound.

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1

2

3

4

56

7

After breast surgery, patient will be taken to

the recovery area for monitoring lumpectomies

are often done as outpatient procedures. in this

case, you'll be able to leave the hospital after

several hours. if your surgery is done isn't

inpatient, doctor will generally have the patient

to remain in the hospital for one to two days to

monitor patient recovery.

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Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy

rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used

after breast cancer surgery to wipe out any

cancer cells that remain near the tumor

site. It can also be used along with

chemotherapy for treatment of cancer that

has spread to other parts of the body. Side

effects can include fatigue and swelling or

a sunburn- like feeling in the treated area.

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Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer

cells anywhere in the body. The drugs are often

given by IV, but are sometimes taken by mouth

or shot. Chemotherapy may be done after

surgery to lower the odds of the cancer

coming back. In women with advanced breast

cancer, chemotherapy can help control the

cancer's growth. Side effects may include hair

loss, nausea, fatigue, and a higher risk of

infection.

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Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy is an effective

treatment for women with ER-positive or PR-

positive breast cancer. These are cancers

that grow more rapidly in response to

the hormones estrogen or progesterone.

Hormone therapy can block this effect. It

is most often used after breast cancer surgery

to help keep the cancer from coming

back. It may also be used to reduce the

chance of breast cancer developing in women

who are at high risk. Page 34

Targeted Drugs

Targeted therapies are newer drugs that

target specific properties within cancer cells. For

example, women with HER2-positive breast

cancer have too much of a protein called

HER2. Targeted therapies can stop this

protein from promoting the growth of cancer

cells. These drugs are often used in

combination with chemotherapy. They tend

to have milder side effects compared with

chemotherapy.

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Breast

ReconstructionMany women who have a breast removed

choose to undergo reconstructive surgery. This

replaces the skin, nipple, and breast tissue

that are lost during a mastectomy.

Reconstruction can be done with a breast

implant or with tissue from somewhere else in

your body, such as the tummy. Some

women opt to begin reconstruction at the

same time as their mastectomy. But it's also

possible to have reconstructive surgery months

or years later.

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Breast Forms

An alternative to breast reconstruction is

to be fitted for a breast form. This is a breast-

shaped prosthesis that fits inside your bra.

Wearing a breast form allows you to have a

balanced look when you are dressed without

undergoing additional surgery. Like

reconstructive surgery, breast forms are often

covered by insurance.

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Thank you

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Breat cancer Therapy

Science

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