Breast Cancer Research

Presented by Manish ModiStevens Institute of Technology REU SUMMER 2005

StatisticsMore than 180,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed and more than 40,000 deaths result from the disease each year.1Each year, about 1,300 men in this country learn they have breast cancer 2

What is Breast Cancer?Cancer that starts in the breast. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and Pagets disease of the nipple. www.abcgonline.com/archive/2000/diction/diction.htm

2005 Estimated US Cancer Deaths*ONS=Other nervous system.Source: American Cancer Society, 2005.Men 295,280Women 275,00027%Lung and bronchus15%Breast10%Colon and rectum 6%Ovary 6%Pancreas 4%Leukemia 3%Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3%Uterine corpus 2%Multiple myeloma 2%Brain/ONS22% All other sitesLung and bronchus31%Prostate10%Colon and rectum10%Pancreas5%Leukemia4%Esophagus4%Liver and intrahepatic3% bile ductNon-Hodgkin 3% Lymphoma Urinary bladder3%Kidney3%All other sites 24%

2005 Estimated US Cancer Cases**Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.Source: American Cancer Society, 2005.Men 710,040Women 662,87032%Breast12%Lung and bronchus11%Colon and rectum 6%Uterine corpus 4%Non-Hodgki lymphoma 4%Melanoma of skin 3% Ovary 3%Thyroid 2%Urinary bladder 2%Pancreas21%All Other SitesProstate33%Lung and bronchus13%Colon and rectum10%Urinary bladder7%Melanoma of skin5%Non-Hodgkin4% lymphomaKidney3%Leukemia3%Oral Cavity3%Pancreas2%All Other Sites17%

Cancer Death Rates*, for Women, US,1930-2001*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes 1960-2001, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959,National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004.Lung & bronchusColon & rectumUterusStomachBreastOvaryPancreasRate Per 100,000

Types of Breast CancerBreast Cancer In Situ ()In Situ Breast Cancer is the preliminary kind in which the cancer has not spread to internal organs (good prognosis)Invassive ()Invassive Breast Cancer a developed form of the disease that has already started to affect internal organs.

Ductal Carcinoma Tumor develops in the tubes that connect the lobular (milk producing tissues) to the nipple.Two types of Ductal CarcinomaDCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in situ)IDC (Invasive Ductal Carcinoma)Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Accounts for 80% of all breast cancersPagets Disease

Lymph Nodes and Lymph Vessels Near the Breasthttp://www.breast-cancer-treatment.org/images/Lymph-drainage-4.2.jpg

Lobular Carcinoma Develops in the Fatty tissue in the Breast LCIS (Lobular Carcinoma In Situ) Periperal Tumor that can be removed ILC (Invasive Lobular Carcinoma) Cancer has metastisized other organs

http://www.wisc.edu/wolberg/anatomy1.jpg

Other types Inflamatory Breast Cancer Medullar Carcinoma Mucinous Carcinoma Cribiform Carcinoma Papillary Carcinoma Pheledes Syndrome

PreventionDietDrugsEarly Detection

Drugs Harmonal TherapySERMs (Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators) Aromatase Inhibitors Biologic Response Modifiers

SERMsBind to estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells, starving cancer cells Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) Evista (raloxifene) Fareston (toremifene)

TamoxifenMost commonly used Hormonal TherapyUsed to help men and women

Aromatase InhibitorsPrevent production of estrogen in adrenal glands

Common Aromatase InhibitorsAromasin (exemestane)Femara (letrozole)Arimidex (anastrozole)Megace (megestrol)

Biologic Response ModifiersBind with certain proteins on breast cancer cells, preventing their growthHerceptin (trastuzumab)

Other Hormonal TherapiesTreat breast cancers that are dependent on estrogen for survivalZoladex (goserelin acetate)Faslodex (fulvestrant)

Early DetectionBreast Cancer Self TestMammographyAutomated Target Recognition TechnologyApplying Wavelets to Mammograms

MammographyUses X-raysPrimary Screening Method1951 Leborgne first showed presence of calcification using a mammographic imageMammography Quality Standards Act improved quality and interpretation of imagesLow positive predictive rate

Mammogramhttp://www.siumed.edu/breastcenter/images/mammogram.jpg

http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/references/normal_mammo_ref/oblique_mammo_norm.gif

Improving the Mammogram:Even well trained radiologists misdiagnose 10-20% of mammograms they review1 Applying WaveletsImproves texture of imagesFilters/Windows signals and performs Fourier TransformsUse of Compression Methods (Huffman)Computer Aided Diagnosis

Automated Target RecognitionImage Processing ToolsOriginally used to detect, Identify, and characterize Military targets

Infrared TechnologyBCDDP (Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Projects) 1973-1981Allows more pervasive detectionGood for Earlier DetectionCons: Placement of tumor unknown

UMB Microwave Breast Cancer DetectionTumors have different dialectric properties than normal tissueDielectric Constant erConductivity sTwo types of microwave imaging techniquesTomographyRadar

Pros For Using this TechniqueMicrowave Attenuation low enough to allow imaging of the entire breastLow Power Pulses (avoids ionization)Microwave Imaging in Space TimeAllows 3D renderingAllows Discovery of tumors

Microwave Image

Image after Idealized Articraft Removal

Using MRI to detect Tumors

ConclusionsElectrical Engineers can provide better solutions to detect and destroy breast cancerBreast Cancer has been around for a long time and recent technologies are improving prognosis

Funding for Breast Cancer Research

American Cancer AssociationBreast Cancer WalkNSF (National Science Foundation)Department of Defence

Questions?

1. Mammography and Beyond: Developing techniques for the early detection pf Breast Cancer, Washington DC Institute of Medicine, Narional Academic Press 2000.2. http://www.breast-cancer-treatment.org/

Lung cancer is the most common fatal cancer in men (31%), followed by prostate cancer (10%), and colon & rectum cancer (10%). In women, lung (27%), breast (15%), and colon & rectum (10%) are the leading sites of cancer death. Now we will turn our attention to the number of new cancers anticipated in the US this year. It is estimated that 1.37 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in 2005. Cancers of the prostate and breast will be the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, respectively, followed by lung and colorectal cancers both in men and in women. Lung cancer is currently the most common cause of cancer death in women, with the death rate more than two times what it was 25 years ago. However, the death rate from lung cancer appears to have peaked. In comparison, breast cancer death rates were virtually unchanged between 1930 and 1990, and have since decreased. The death rates for stomach and uterine cancers have decreased steadily since 1930; colorectal cancer death rates have been decreasing for over 50 years. Above image is a mamogram snippet that has been enhanced by wavelets. Texture improves.Microwave Frequency is (1-10 GHz); Infrared works at lower frequencies and is thus used in determining if you have a high risk of getting breast cancer.

MRI provides a better resolution but is more costly than microwave and X-ray mammograms