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“Breaking the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy at low
light intensities by using reversibly photoswitchable
proteins”M. Hoffmann, C. Eggeling,S. Jakobs, S.W. Hell
JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION2/13/2006
Mehmet Dogan
OUTLINE
• Background:– Resolution,– STED, – RESOLFT
• Photoswitching • Characterization of switch kinetics of protein: asFP595• Demonstration of RESOLFT idea : ~100nm resolution• Conclusions
Resolution Limit
Abbe’s Diffraction Limit:
sin2n
x
Abbe’s Equation Modified for Fluorescence:
1sin2nx
0 Abbe Limit
0x
Saturation FactorsatIxI /)(
Requirements for Subdiffraction Resolution
• Large saturation factor– Either large I(x)
– Or small saturation intensity Isat
• Spatial intensity zero
satIxI /)(
Isat
I(x)
x
saturated saturated
Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescent Transition (RESOLFT)
A B)(xIk ABAB
BAk BAAB
BAA kk
kN
At Equilibrium:
BAAB
BAA kxI
kN
)(
sat
A
IxI
N)(
1
1
AB
BAsat
kI
dt
dNNkNk
dt
dN BBBAAAB
A
Rate Equations:
tkk
k
k
kk
ktN BAAB
AB
BA
BAAB
ABA exp)(
Normalized Populations:
Spatial Intensity Zero for Increased Resolution
A Subset : STEDStimulated Emission Depletion
• State A: Fluorescent State• State B: Non-fluorescent ground state
IkStE
Stimulated Emission vs. Spontaneous Emission
spk
I2/100 cmMW
kI spsat
Too high saturation intensity Photo induced damage
Alternative Approach: Reduced Isat
)/(1sin2 satIInx
Systems with weak spontaneous interstate conversions
Remember:
spsat kI
Photoswitchable Fluorophores:ssFP595 : Photochromic Fluorescent Protein
ON State (A) : fluorescence-activated
OFF State (B) : fluorescence-inhibited450 nm 560 nm
Photoswitching
Photoswitching of protein in E-coli with wide field epifluorescence microscope
Photoswitching of thin protein layer on a 0.3 µm focal spot
Iy= 2 W/cm2
Ib=0.1 W/cm2
Iy= 4.4 W/cm2
Ib=3.6 W/cm2
Py=3.3 nW
Pb=2.2 nW
8 orders of magnitude less than STED
Drawbacks
1) Low quantum yield: <1%
2) Incomplete OFF (15% fluorescence)
3) Photobleaching with cycling
4) Intensity to be adjusted for fluorescence settling
Effects of Iy and Ib on Inhibition
Isat~ 1 W/cm2
Effect of Iy
Larger Iy gives larger Residual Fluorescence
Strong inhibition and small fluorescence settling time
Subdiffraction focal spots
Solid lines: calculated
Dashed lines: measured
Focal spot with two offset peaks using phase plate
y
x
Effective PSFCalculated effective PSF using experimental values
Calculated Effective PSF using theoretical values
Incomplete inhibition of fluorescence at the periphery:
RESOLFTdiff PSFPSFPSFE )1(
0.3
Imaging Test Samples Grooves on test slides with focused ion beam milling
10µm long
100nm wide
0.5-1µm deep
Separation: 500nm
Immersion into buffer with asFP595:Grooves filled by adsorption
scan
a-c
a-f
d-e
20nm steps
50ms dwell time
Iy= 600W/cm2
Ib=30 W/cm2
Conclusion• Demonstration of resolution increase with
photoswithing at low power• New proteins should be engineered
Challenges• Low quantum yield (1%)• Slow switching requires ms integration• Action cross-talk