Breaking New Ground - JOHN DIXON ACUPUNCTURE · Blind students can learn acupuncture in...

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24 NAJ OM VOLUME 22 NUMBER 65 Breaking New Ground I’ll start with a story. I live and practice acupuncture in London, UK. Most people use the underground train system, also known as ‘the tube.’ The underground system in London is very simple. There are fewer train lines and the connections are very easy to follow when looking at a train map. A few years ago, I lived in Tokyo. Like London, nearly everyone uses the metro system. Unfortunately, it is not so simple. The Tokyo metro map looks like some small child has thrown up on a piece of paper and wiggled his fingers around in it to make lines. It’s a confusing mass of spaghetti – lines of different colors. It’s bad enough on paper, but at the big stations there are many differ- ent platforms for different lines, numerous exits which seem to transport you by magic to different ends of the city, constant loudspeaker messages and music, not to mention the millions of Tokyoites that keep the train carriages crammed full at all times of the day. So many times I got lost, took the wrong exit, got on the wrong train, found myself going the wrong direction, or got on what was supposedly the right train, but always had a niggling fear that it was the wrong train heading deep into the mountains. And then I noticed a blind man, wearing sunglasses and using a stick to help manoeuvre himself through this mass of people and platform mazes. I was curious as to how he could get around without problems. He had no guide dog – only a stick. And then I noticed, for the first time, the significance of the yellow lines on the ground. I had seen them before but never thought anything of them. A network of lines that seemed to traverse the entire train station and led to elevators, up and down steps to the platforms and to the gates. And within the yellow lines were long ridges where the blind person’s stick could feel for and follow his way to wherever he was going. I followed him for a while, amazed and impressed at this simple yet socially helpful tool. These yellow lines are known as ‘tactile paving’ and Japan is a pioneer of its use in the metro system. In the UK, it has been used in a limited way, but only as a warning function – to tell people where to stop. In London, supposed to be the ‘Capital of Europe’ (Ensor 2015), the main caution, over the loudspeaker, is “mind the gap!” – a foot-wide space between the platform and train, dangerous whether or not one’s sight is impaired. On writing this I came across a local news article about a blind acupuncturist called Constance Lee from Tokyo who moved to London but struggled with the transport system (Hardiman 2012). I wondered if these differences in ease of transport for blind people between the UK and Japan may also reflect a less considerate attitude towards the blind when it comes to work and career op- tions. I also wondered how it may apply to the field of acupuncture, because in Japan, blind people are able to train and practice acupuncture and massage. I am a member of a Japanese association called Toyohari (Eastern Acupuncture). Toyohari is a unique system that utilizes ‘contact’ or ‘non-insertive’ needling, whereby the needle is not inserted into the body. It is also a system that was founded by a blind acupuncturist. In 2012, I attended the European Toyohari Japanese Acupuncture seminar in London. Acupuncturists from all over Europe came for the three-day weekend. It was led by three senior acupuncturists from Japan who in- structed, supervised, and taught Toyohari acupuncture techniques. What was notable was that two of the senior instructors were blind. In the West, the idea of an acupuncturist being blind seems unusual. However, in Japan, the tradition of blind acupuncturists has a long history and some are highly respected. Unhindered by Sight: The Tradition of Blind Acupuncturists by John Dixon Fig 1 Follow the yellow brick road: tactile pavement in Nagoya, Japan (image from Wikipedia). Fig 2 Feeling for the tactile ridges (image from Japan Federation of the Blind website) Fig 3 Tactile paving on the London underground: the round bits indicate to a blind person to stop. Bethnal Green station, East London.

Transcript of Breaking New Ground - JOHN DIXON ACUPUNCTURE · Blind students can learn acupuncture in...

Page 1: Breaking New Ground - JOHN DIXON ACUPUNCTURE · Blind students can learn acupuncture in special-ised acupuncture schools where the majority of teachers are sighted or they have the

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NAJOM VOLUME 22 NUMBER 65

Breaking New Ground

I’ll start with a story. I live and practice acupuncture in London, UK. Most people use the underground train system, also known as ‘the tube.’ The underground system in London is very simple. There are fewer train lines and the connections are very easy to follow when looking at a train map.

A few years ago, I lived in Tokyo. Like London, nearly everyone uses the metro system. Unfortunately, it is not so simple. The Tokyo metro map looks like some small child has thrown up on a piece of paper and wiggled his fingers around in it to make lines. It’s a confusing mass of spaghetti – lines of different colors. It’s bad enough on paper, but at the big stations there are many differ-ent platforms for different lines, numerous exits which seem to transport you by magic to different ends of the city, constant loudspeaker messages and music, not to mention the millions of Tokyoites that keep the train carriages crammed full at all times of the day. So many times I got lost, took the wrong exit, got on the wrong train, found myself going the wrong direction, or got on what was supposedly the right train, but always had a niggling fear that it was the wrong train heading deep into the mountains.

And then I noticed a blind man, wearing sunglasses and using a stick to help manoeuvre himself through this mass of people and platform mazes. I was curious as to how he could get around without problems. He had no guide dog – only a stick. And then I noticed, for the first time, the significance of the yellow lines on the ground. I had seen them before but never thought anything of them. A network of lines that seemed to traverse the entire train station and led to elevators, up and down steps to the platforms and to the gates. And within the yellow lines were long ridges where the blind person’s stick could feel for and follow his way to wherever he was going. I followed him for a while, amazed and impressed at this simple yet socially helpful tool.

These yellow lines are known as ‘tactile paving’ and Japan is a pioneer of its use in the metro system. In the UK, it has been used in a limited way, but only as a warning function – to tell people where to stop. In London, supposed to be the ‘Capital of Europe’ (Ensor 2015), the main caution, over the loudspeaker, is “mind the gap!” – a foot-wide space between the platform and train, dangerous whether or not one’s sight is impaired.

On writing this I came across a local news article about a blind acupuncturist called Constance Lee from Tokyo who moved to London but struggled with the transport system (Hardiman 2012). I wondered if these differences in ease of transport for blind people between the UK and Japan may also reflect a less considerate attitude towards the blind when it comes to work and career op-tions. I also wondered how it may apply to the field of acupuncture, because in Japan, blind people are able to train and practice acupuncture and massage.

I am a member of a Japanese association called Toyohari (Eastern Acupuncture). Toyohari is a unique system that utilizes ‘contact’ or ‘non-insertive’ needling, whereby the needle is not inserted into the body. It is also a system that was founded by a blind acupuncturist.

In 2012, I attended the European Toyohari Japanese Acupuncture seminar in London. Acupuncturists from all over Europe came for the three-day weekend. It was led by three senior acupuncturists from Japan who in-structed, supervised, and taught Toyohari acupuncture techniques. What was notable was that two of the senior instructors were blind.

In the West, the idea of an acupuncturist being blind seems unusual. However, in Japan, the tradition of blind acupuncturists has a long history and some are highly respected.

Unhindered by Sight: The Tradition of Blind Acupuncturists

by John Dixon

Fig 1 Follow the yellow brick road: tactile pavement in Nagoya, Japan (image from Wikipedia).

Fig 2 Feeling for the tactile ridges (image from Japan Federation of the Blind website)

Fig 3 Tactile paving on the London underground: the round bits indicate to a blind person to stop. Bethnal Green station, East London.

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Fig 4 At the London Toyohari Seminar. Abe, an instructor and senior acupuncturist from Japan, is blind.

A Tradition in Japan

According to a 2006 survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Nichi-mou 2015), it is estimated that there are 24,000 blind people working in the field of acupuncture, moxa therapy, and massage in Japan. Today, blind practitioners can work alone or alongside sighted practitioners in clinics and in private practice. They hold acupuncture licenses and charge and earn the same wages as sighted practitioners. Blind students can learn acupuncture in special-ised acupuncture schools where the majority of teachers are sighted or they have the option to train in one of several state sponsored regional blind schools, where the majority of teachers are blind (Birch, McCarthy 2007). Currently, there is a blind acupuncture association known as Toyohari – a form of Keiraku Chiryo (Japanese Meridian Therapy) that originated from blind study groups led by Kodo Fukushima in 1959.

Famous Blind Acupuncturists

Kodo Fukushima is one of the best-known blind Japanese acupuncturists in the modern age. He was not born blind. By several accounts, he was a strong and boisterous man, further described as being “charismatic, dogmatic, charming, and difficult” (More 1995). In the 1920s, he opposed the coming war and joined an antiwar movement but still had to enlist. In 1932, he was wounded and lost his sight while fighting in China. Upon return-ing from the war, he was faced with limited work opportunities. The typical path for a blind person was to study anma (massage) and acupuncture and to become a healer (Fixler, Kivity 2012). After

1939, he started his training to learn the art of acupuncture under some leading masters of the day and in 1959 he founded the Toyohari Japanese Organisation and started to train many acupunc-turists from around the world. He wrote a book called Meridian Therapy, one of the key textbooks used in studying Japanese acupuncture today. In his time, he treated thousands of patients and instructed many young practitioners. Today the Toyohari organisation is probably the third largest acupuncture system in the world with branches in the USA, UK, Europe, Australia, and Japan.

Going back far earlier than this is the story of Waichi Sugiyama in the 17th century. As an infant, an eye disease blinded him for the rest of his life. At age 10, he undertook an apprenticeship to learn anma massage. Unfortunately, it did not go well. Sugiyama was criticised by his teacher as being a dull student who would never make a good prac-titioner. It was a terrible insult and yet Sugiyama went on to invent the most innovative acupuncture tool that completely changed the way acupuncture is practiced today – the ‘guide tube’ (Kobayashi, Uefuji, Yasumo 2008). It is a simple tube, slightly shorter than the needle to be inserted. The tube is placed over the acupuncture point and the needle can be gently tapped into the skin. The benefit of the design is that the insertion is quick and painless and also the needle can never go deeper than a certain depth, making it safer for a blind practitioner to use. It is stated that the inspiration for his design came from a pine needle wrapped in a leaf. Today, the guide tube is manufactured in the millions and is made from plastic or metal and used with stainless steel needles.

Fig 5 Blind innovation: acupuncture needle with guide tubes

In Japan, I was fortunate to meet other blind acupuncturists. In 2009, I was invited by Masa-hiro Honda, a regional teacher of the Ki-Shinpo Society (a Meridian Therapy organisation), to the 9th Nihon-Kishinpo-Gakkai Joint Seminar in Kyoto – a meeting of acupuncture groups from all over Japan who came together to practice and study. The organisation was headed by Mr. Shiomi and many other teachers, including Koei Kuwahara who had brought a group of students over from America. It

was my first experience seeing blind acupunctur-ists and meeting them literally opened my eyes. One of them (a senior figure) was closely attended by two student apprentices who clearly held him in high esteem and put the comforts of their master ahead of their own (meaning very little beer for them). One thing I have noticed about Japanese acupuncturists is that they love a party. After the training was finished, all the acupuncturists met in the main hall for dinner and drinks. The beer flowed non-stop and as the night went on, it was two of the blind acupuncturists who were the most boisterous of the evening.

Superhuman Powers?

I have been told that blind practitioners have levels of sensitivity surpassing sighted practitio-ners. Such an idea is popularised in movies like Zatoichi – the blind swordsman. Whether this is true or not, I wanted to get away from the idea that somehow blind acupuncturists have superhuman abilities – that they can sense things and do things that sighted acupuncturists are unable to feel or do. I think it more useful to look at the ways that blind practitioners utilise their other senses more effectively in diagnosing and treating when sight is not available and see how sighted practitioners can learn from that.

Brain Plasticity

There is a body of scientific research to show that brain plasticity or ‘neural rewiring’ and ‘sensory substitution’ occurs in individuals who suffer any form of sensory deprivation such as blindness or deafness. When a person becomes blind, they do not necessarily lose the ability to see. Instead, the ability to transmit the sensory signal from the eye to the brain is lost. However, the visual centres of the brain which are ultimately responsible for forming an image are still active and it has been found that a blind person is still able to create a subjective image using information gathered from the other senses – particularly touch or listening (Bach-y-Rita, Kercel 2003). It has also been found that tactile sensitivity – the sense of touch is higher in blind people (Goldreich, Kanics 2003).

In the field of acupuncture or any type of body-work therapy – developed tactile sensitivity is of benefit particularly when it comes to palpating channels and acupuncture points. Shudo Denmei talks about the ‘active point’ and how acupoints can express different qualities like abnormal tem-perature, moisture, congestion, depressions, and indurations (Denmei 2003). Good tactile ability is essential for differentiating these qualities and locating the active point.

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Assessing the Patient

In Oriental medicine, diagnosis is carried out with the ‘four methods of examination’ – 1) looking, 2) listening/smelling, 3) questioning and 4) palpat-ing (Kodo 1991). Whilst blindness can cause some inconveniences, it does not necessarily stop the practitioner from building up an accurate picture of the client. They may even be able to pick up information that may be missed by a sighted prac-titioner – particularly as regards smell, sound, and touch. A good example of this can be found in the British Journal of Visual Impairment in an article written by Peter Price, a blind physiotherapist practicing in the UK.

“I go out to the waiting room, call the name and this is where the audible clues start…. Does the patient groan or wince? Is there a slowness of approach or a limp or a pronounced breathless-ness? It’s while the patient is undressing that the olfactory clues come into play. The smoker really gives himself away. Certain drugs give a smell away, a sort of earthy smell from barbiturate tak-ers. There are the different smells of perspiration from the various sweat glands. Touch is the most critical and reciprocal for the physiotherapist and the patient. Touch picks up physical features like posture, skin texture, scars, muscle tone, muscle spasm and joint swelling” (Price 2002).

Inside the Clinic

In researching this article I contacted two Toyohari members who had spent some time in the clinics of busy blind practitioners in Japan. Toyohari is a system of acupuncture characterised by ‘root’ treatment – a short but dynamic procedure of needling based on pattern (sho) selection to ad-dress the fundamental imbalances and ‘branch’ treatments aimed at addressing symptoms.

Atsuko Cowley spent two weeks in the clinic of Mr Taniuchi, a Tokyo practitioner with a multi-bed clinic who had a structure set up for people want-ing to observe. Atsuko writes:

“There were five coaches partitioned by simple curtains, although many of the patients preferred to have them open. I was told to do the four exami-nations – particularly of the abdomen and pulse, which would allow me to form some idea of the patient. Then Mr Taniuchi would come and make his diagnosis. He would explain to me about the pattern (sho) and talk about the pulse qualities and any other observations he found. Then he would proceed to needle the patient. I was allowed to feel the pulse during the treatment. Usually, Mr Taniuchi would only do the root treatment. The branch treatment was usually done by the as-sistant. There was also a special person for okyu

only. When the branch treatment was finished he would come and check the patient and would add a more few points.

I felt that Mr. Taniuchi was certainly ‘all seeing’ inside his clinic. He knew every corner and the layout and all the room’s contents. He always knew what was going on everywhere in that room. I was also amazed by Mr. Taniuchi’s bottomless energy to be able to do this day in and out continuously many years with just Sunday as a rest day when he did writing. Mr. Taniuchi even had his body strengthening and muscle building aids at the clinic and did his exercises during the lunch break.”

On a side note, I remember at the restaurant meal following the London Toyohari seminar, how after a few beers, Mr Taniuchi initiated an arm wrestling contest. After making light work of Steve Birch, he proceeded to wipe out all other challengers like Hulk Hogan in a WWF Smackdown. At the time, he attributed his success to his regular weight train-ing and no doubt his lunchtime training sessions in his own clinic.

Another Toyohari member, Yumiko Co visited the clinic of Mr. Toshio Yanagishita, a blind practitio-ner who was the third president of the Toyohari Association.

“Yanagishita Sensei was exceptional. He used to see a hundred or more patients a day. He had three assistants and one receptionist. Yanagishita Sensei did not have an appointment system. Pa-tients could just drop in and when the clinic was busy, they would wait for 3-4 hours in the waiting room. Yanagishita’s senses were so attuned he could tell by the smell of the chinetsukyu (rolled moxa) if that moxa cone was too tight.”

In these two clinics, moxa was performed by an assistant. However, there are some clinics where moxa is practiced by blind acupuncturists using ‘onnetsu-kyu’ or ‘electric moxa’ – a device which can simulate the effects of traditional moxa as well as stick-on moxa.

Future Not Bright

In Japan, the industry of anma (massage), hari (acupuncture) and kyu (moxa) is abbreviated as ‘A HA KI’ by the Japan Federation of the Blind (Nichimou 2015). In a survey of the working population of visually impaired people in 2006, 24,000 people out of 81,000 (or 29.4%) worked in the field of A Ha Ki. Although, this looks like a large number, the number of therapists has been falling over the decades. In the 1960s, over 60% of blind people worked in the field of AHAKI. In the 1970s, it was 55.9%. In the 1980s, it fell to under 50%. In the 1990s, the figure was under 40% and in the 2000s the number of blind people

working in AHAKI fell to under 30%. As acupunc-ture has become more accepted in mainstream culture, there has been an increase in the number of sighted practitioners and a reduction of the numbers of blind practitioners. It seems the landscape of acupuncture in Japan is changing.

In the West

Currently, the number of blind acupuncturists in Western countries is likely to be minor. There is one recent example of a blind student training and obtaining an acupuncture license in Texas, USA, albeit with some opposition (Acupuncture Today 2008). In the UK, there is an organisation of blind physiotherapists (AVICP 2015), however there has been no progression into acupuncture unlike sighted physiotherapists, who are able to train in acupuncture techniques.

In the UK, there were some efforts to open acupuncture up to blind people. Merlin Young, the co-founder of Moxafrica, made efforts to facilitate a training program in a school for the blind in Birmingham. There was even some in-terest by the College of Traditional Acupuncture near Leamington in 2007, which was looking at taking on some blind students (Positive News 2007). Unfortunately these plans did not come to fruition. In the meantime, the Toyohari organ-isation does arrange to bring senior members of the organisation from Japan, many of whom are blind, to pass on their experience and knowledge to practitioners in Europe.

My own practice

Though I could probably never reach the level of sensitivity of some of the blind acupuncturists I have written about, I wondered if it might be pos-sible to improve my tactile sensitivity if I stopped relying on sight so much. One simple practice I tried was to simply close my eyes when palpating the channels and take my time. After I got used to doing this in treatment, I found that I could tune in better to my client and assess more deeply what I was feeling. It enabled me to simply just wait and see what the patient’s body was telling me, rather than look for something specific. I also felt a deeper connection to the patient, which I believe helped the patient to relax as well as myself. In this way acupuncture became like a meditation – good for the patient and good for me.

In our world, sight is such a prominent sense that it can overshadow our other senses. The four diagnostics are like legs on a table. If one leg is too long, the table wobbles. From the example of blind acupuncturists, if we learn to work on our other senses, our acupuncture tables can become more balanced.

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References

• AVICP. Association of Visually Impaired Chartered Physiotherapists (AVICP). (Date accessed 15 August 2015) http://www.avicp.co.uk/.

• Bach-y-Rita P, Kercel SW. (2003). “Sensory substitution and the human-machine in-terface.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (12):541-546.

• Beychok T. “The Blind Leading the Blind?” Acupuncture Today. August 2008, vol 09, Issue 04. (Date accessed 3rd September 2015) http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31694.

• Birch S, McCarthy M. Perspectives on Tra-ditional Acupuncture by Senior Blind Prac-titioners in Japan – Two Interviews, Stephen Birch – Thieme Almanac, Micheal McCarthy, Thieme Medical Publishers, 2007, p169.

• Denmei S. 2003. Finding Effective Acupunc-ture Points. Eastland Press: p6.

• Ensor J. London voted ‘Capital of Eu-rope,’ Telegraph 22nd August 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-news/10278191/London-voted-capital-of-Europe.html.

• Fixler M, Kivity O. Japanese Acupuncture: A Review of Four Styles, ejom vol3, no.3, http://meridians.japaneseacupuncture.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/fourstyles1.pdf

• Goldreich D, Kanics IM. ‘Tactile Acuity is Enhanced in Blindness’ The Journal of Neu-roscience 2003: 23(8).

• Hardiman D. “Blind Japanese Acupuncturist Constance Lee from Enfield Town appeals for more volunteers,” Enfield Independent 2nd March 2012 (accessed 1st August 2015) http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/9567392.Blind_Japanese_acupunc-turist_appeals_for_more_volunteers/.

• Kobayashi A, Uefuji M, Yasumo W. History and Progress of Japanese Acupuncture, February 2008. eCAM 2010;7(3)359-365 doi:10,1093/ecom/nem155.

• Kodo F. 1991. Meridian Therapy. Toyohari Medical Association, p87.

• More B. “Acupuncture’s Blind Side,” Tokyo Time Out 1995 (Accessed 15th August 2015) http://www.snakelyone.com/BLIND.htm.

• Nichimou. Japan Federation of the Blind. Survey of Disabled Children and People in 2006 (Conducted by Ministry of Health,

Labour and Welfare, Japan. (Date accessed 15 August 2015) http://nichimou.org.

• Price P. ‘Working the blind side, or one visu-ally impaired physiotherapists evaluation of the patient.’ British Journal of Visual Impair-ment. 2002 20:3.

• Positive News. Toyohari, Positive News.org.uk, 30th November 2007 (Date accessed 3rd September 2015) http://positivenews.org.uk/2007/archive/1180/toyohari/ 30th November 2007.

John Dixon is an Acupuncturist and Reflexologist trained in TCM and Toyohari Meridian Therapy. He practices in Islington, London, UK working in private practice and palliative care. He practices Chinese and Japanese meridian therapy systems of acupuncture. He is especially interested in okyu techniques (http://www.johndixonacu-puncture.com).

North American Journal of Oriental Medicine

Mission Statement

The purpose of the North American Journal of Oriental Medicine (NAJOM) is to facilitate networking among practitioners of Oriental medicine so that they may enhance their knowledge and skills. As an international and multi-disciplinary publication, NAJOM does not uphold a particular approach or viewpoint, but our aim is to foster the growth and refinement of Oriental medicine grounded in skilled touch. With due respect for all tradi-tions and perspectives of Oriental medicine, NAJOM pursues this aim by highlighting the theories and practices of traditional Japanese medicine. This includes Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion, kampo (herbology), shiatsu, anma, and do-in, which emphasize the vital role of touch in healing.

Having developed over a thousand years, tra-ditional Japanese medicine is an amalgama-tion of numerous aspects, developments, and interpretations of Oriental medicine in Japan. Oriental medicine is now practiced around the world and will continue to evolve and develop to suit the unique environment and needs of each region. NAJOM seeks to contribute to the development of Oriental medicine in North America by making more information available about traditional Japanese practices and how they are being applied today. The primary intention behind NAJOM is to serve as a forum for the exchange of ideas which inspire and motivate practitioners of Oriental medicine to deepen their understanding and refine their art.

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Breaking New Ground

視覚障害を持つ鍼灸師の伝統:視覚は妨げられない

ジョン・ディクソン

ある話を書いてみよう。私はロンドンで開業しており住んでいるのもロンドンだ。ここでは大抵の人はチューブと呼ばれる地下鉄を利用する。ロンドンの地下鉄のシステムは非常にシンプルで路線も少なく、乗り継ぎも地図を見ればすぐにわかる。

数年前、私は東京に住んでいた。東京ではロンドンと同じように殆どの人が地下鉄を利用するが、残念なことに東京の地下鉄はそれほどシンプルなものではない。

東京の地下鉄マップはまるで小さな子どもが紙の上に吐いてしまい、それを指でぐちゃぐちゃと拡げて線を描いたように見える。複雑に入り組んだ多彩なスパゲティ状の線。紙の上で見るだけでも十分に酷いのに、主要駅ではあらゆる路線のプラットホームが数多くあり、まるで魔法のようにあらゆる箇所に出ることが出来る出口、そして駅構内の案内アナウンスや音での合図が大きな音で流れる。それだけでなく、街がゴーストタウン化する祝祭日以外は、終日満員電車に乗りこむ何万人もの東京人。

私は何度も道に迷い、間違った出口から出て間違った電車に乗り、見当違いの方向に向かったりした。時には電車は合っているが、もしかしたら山奥に向かう電車に乗っているのでは?という恐怖感を払拭出来ないこともあった。

そんなある日、杖を手に持ちサングラスをかけた目の見えない男性が人ごみと迷路のようなプラットホームの間を進んでいるのが目に留まった。明らかに日本人でスピーカーから流れるアナウンスは理解できたようだったが、彼はどうやって問題なく目的地までたどり着けたのだろうか?杖だけで盲導犬はいなかったのだ。

その後、初めて床に引かれた黄色い線の意味に気が付いた。以前にも見たことがあったが、気にも留めなかったのだ。駅構内のエレベーターやプラットホームへの階段、それから改札へと導くネットワークのような線が駅全体に引かれている。そしてこの黄色い線には目の見えない人が杖で感じ取れる隆起があり、行きたいとこ

ろへ行けるように誘導してくれるのだ。私はこのシンプルでありながら社会で役に立つ道具に驚き感心しながら、暫くの間この男性の後をついて行ってみた。

この黄色い線は、視覚障害者誘導用ブロックと呼ばれ、日本は早くからこの線を地下鉄での方向案内として取り入れた国のひとつである。視覚障害者誘導用ブロックは英国では単なる警告機能 ̶ 歩行者に停止場所を教える為だけに限られている。

ヨーロッパの中心と云われるロンドンでスピーカーから流れるアナウンスは、(ホームと電車の間の ) 隙間にお気をつけください、のみだ。電車との間に30㎝程のギャップがあるプラットホームが数カ所あり、晴眼者でも危険なのに限られた視力を持つ人々にとっては尚更のことだ。

これを書いているとき、コンスタンス・リーと呼ばれる視覚障害の鍼師についてのローカルニュースに出くわした。彼は東京からロンドンに引っ越したが、輸送システム (Hardiman

2012)で苦労していた。私は、イギリスと日本の間で、視覚障害者の輸送の容易さの相違が、視覚障害者が職業を選択するとき、思いやりが深くないと云うことに跳ね返ってくるとおもった。

私はまたそれを鍼灸の分野で適応できないかと思った。なぜなら日本では視覚障害者は教育を受けて、鍼やマッサージを開業できるのだから。

鍼治療のスタイルは多様であり、私自身は東洋はり医学会のメンバーである。東洋はりは接触鍼、或は刺さない鍼というユニークな鍼術のひとつであり、創始者の鍼灸師は視覚障害者であった。

数年前、ロンドンで行われた東洋はりヨーロッパセミナーに参加した。週末の三日間を使って行われたこのセミナーに参加する為にヨーロッパ全域から鍼灸師が集まり、日本から上級インストラクター三名が東洋はりの技術指導および監督にあたった。顕著だったのは三人のうち一人が視覚障害者であり、もう一人が弱視者だったことだ。

西洋では鍼灸師が視覚障害者という考えは珍しい。しかし日本では、視覚障害の鍼灸師は当たり前の伝統で、歴史も長く、あるものは大いに尊敬を集めている。

日本の伝統厚生労働省(Nichimou2015)によって行なわれた2006 年の調査によれば、2400 人の視覚障害者が、日本にいると推定される。

現在、視覚障害者は、単独あるいは晴眼者と一緒にクリニックで働くことができる。彼らは、開業免許を持ち、晴眼者と同じ治療費を受け取る。

視覚障害者は、教師が晴眼者である特別の教育機関で学ぶか、公立の盲学校で教育を受けることができる。 (Birch, McCarthy 2007)

現在、1959年に福島弘道氏によって設立された東洋はり医学会があり、視覚障害者が経絡治療を学んでいる。

有名な視覚障害を持った鍼灸師近代で最も有名な視覚障害を持った鍼灸師の一人と云えば福島弘道であった。彼は生まれつき目が見えなかったわけではない。誰の話を聞いても、強くて荒々しい男性だったようだ。1920 年代に、来るべき戦争に反対し反戦運動に加わったが、結局は入隊しなければならなかった。1932 年、戦地の中国で負傷して視力を失い、戦争から帰還後は就ける仕事が限られているという現実に直面した。目の見えない者が進む典型的な道としては按摩(マッサー

黄色の線に沿って進む : ひとつの芸術作品といっても過言ではない名古屋の視覚障害者誘導用ブロック

( 出典 Wikipedia)

ロンドンの視覚障害者誘導用ブロック: 電車とプラットホームの間にある30㎝程の恐い ギャップ : 注意 :

ベスナル・グリーン駅

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NOVEMBER 2015 NAJOM

ブラインド・イノベーション:鍼とプラスチック製鋼製の鍼管

日本にいる間に運よく他の視覚障害者である鍼灸師に会うことが出来た。京都のセミナーでは、日本中からやってきた鍼灸師のグループのミーティングに参加した。主要メンバーのうちの二人は視覚障害者であり、彼らに会ったことで私は文字通り目が明いたのだった。二人のうちの一人はある地域のグループの代表で、彼は二名の弟子に付き添われていた。二名の弟子たちはその代表者である男性を大いに尊敬していて、自分達の都合や快適さよりもその男性のことを大切にしていた。(つまり自分たちはビールがなし。)日本の鍼灸師を見ていて一つ気付いたことは、彼らは宴会が大好きで楽しむためなら何も気にしないということだ。訓練の修了後は晩餐会の為にすべての鍼灸師達がメインホールに集まった。ビールがひっきりなしに注がれ、暫く経って気が付くとそこでその晩一番騒いでいたのは例の主要メンバーである二人の鍼灸師達であった。

超人的な能力?彼らは晴眼者よりも感触に関して敏感だといわれている。このような考えは、座頭市のような映画でよく知られる。

これが本当であるか否かにかかわらず、私はどうにかして、視覚障害を持った鍼灸師が、 晴眼者をしのぐ超人的な能力を持っているという考えを、変えたかった。私は、視覚が無いのに他の感覚を使って、もっと効果的に診断と治療をする、またそれを晴眼者が学ぶという方法を見ることが、いっそう有用だと考える。

脳の柔軟性視覚障害あるいは聴覚障害のような感覚遮断でも、それを経験する個人に脳柔軟性あるいは「神経の配線更新」と「感覚の代用」が存在することを示す多くの科学的な研究がある。

人が盲目になっても、必ずしも見る能力を失わない。その代わりに、目から脳まで感覚のシグナルを伝達する能力は失われる。

ジ)と鍼を習い治療家になることだった。彼は1939 年以後その当時の優秀な指導者達から鍼を学び始め、1959 年に東洋はり医学会を創立し世界各国の鍼灸師を訓練し始めたのである。経絡治療と呼ばれる本も書き、これは今日日本鍼灸を学ぶ際の重要なテキストとなっている。その当時彼は何千人もの患者を治療し、数多くの若き施術者を指導した。今日東洋はり医学界は世界で恐らく三番目に大きい鍼の団体であり、日本を始めアメリカ、イギリス、ヨーロッパ及びオーストラリアに支部がある。

これよりずっと以前には17世紀の杉山和一の存在があった。幼児の頃に目の病気で失明し、10歳の時に按摩を習得するために弟子入りしたがうまくいかず、鈍い学生で大した施術者にはなれないだろうと批判された。それはかなり酷い侮辱だったが、杉山はその後、今日行われている鍼のやり方を完全に変えてしまったこの上なく革新的な鍼術用具を考案したのだった。それは肌に刺入される鍼よりもわずかに短い質素な管で、鍼管と呼ばれている。その管を経穴の上に置き、中の鍼を軽く叩いて肌に刺入する。この用具の利点は素早くしかも痛みもなく鍼を刺入することが出来るという点であり、更には鍼がある程度の深さまでしか刺さらないので視覚障害を持つ鍼灸師にとって非常に安全に使えるというところだ。鍼管の形は葉っぱにくるまれた松葉がヒントとなったといわれている。今ではこの鍼管は大量生産されており、素材はプラスチックかメタルで鍼はステンレス製のものが使われる。

東洋はりロンドン東洋はりセミナーでの阿部先生。日本から来られた阿部先生はベテラン鍼灸師で視覚障害者。

しかしながら、究極的にイメージを構成することを主る脳の視覚的中心は、まだ活性化している。そして視覚障害者は、まだ他の感覚 - 感触や聴覚から集められたインフォメーションを使い、主観的なイメージを引き起こすことが可能ということは知られている。(Bach-y-Rita, Kercel 2003)

触覚の敏感さは、盲目の人々が優れていることもまた知られている。(Goldreich、Kanics2003)

鍼灸や手技療法では、触覚の開発は経絡やツボを見つけるのに役に立つのだ。

はり療法あるいはどんなタイプの車体修理の分野でも治療 -身についた触覚の敏感さは特にpalpatingチャンネルとはり療法ポイントの話になると利益になります。

首藤傳明先生は生きたツボについて、温度異常、湿り気、鬱滞、陥下、硬結が出ると云っている。(Denmei 2003) 優れた触覚は、これらを区別しツボの位置を特定できるのである。

患者を診断する東洋医学では、診断は四診法-望聞問切でする。(Kodo 1991)

一方視覚障害者には少し不自由であっても、患者の正確な姿を作り出す必要はない。彼らには、晴眼者が見逃すようなインフォーメーションを、特に聴覚と触覚で、拾い出すことが出来る。

これの良い例が、イギリスのピーター・プライス(盲目の物理療法士)によって書かれた論文(British Journal of Visual Impairment の記事)で見ることができる。

「私は待ち合い室まで出かけて行って、名前を呼ぶ。そして聴覚の手がかりを取り始める。患者はウンというか、ちょっと驚くか? 反応が遅いか、あるいはうんざりしているか、あるいは明らかに興奮しているか?嗅覚の手がかりは、患者が服を脱いでいる間に取る。喫煙者は、すぐにわかかる。バビツール酸塩などの特定の薬を取っているものは、ニオイを発散する。種々の汗腺からの発汗は、異なったにおいがする。

触覚は、物理療法士と患者のために最も重大で、そして相互的だ。触覚が姿勢、肌のきめ、傷跡、筋緊張、筋肉のけいれんと関節の腫れのような身体的な特徴を拾う。」(Price 2002)。

治療室でこの論文を書くのに、私は日本のクリニックで忙しく仕事をしてきた東洋はりの先生二人に連絡した。

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NAJOM VOLUME 22 NUMBER 65

東洋はりは、基本的な身体のアンバランスを証としてとらえる本治法に基ずく鍼灸システムであり、標治法は症状に基づいて治療される。

Atsuko Cowley 氏は、東京の谷内先生の治療所で2週間過ごした。そこでは、ベッドが多くあったが見学者は順番待ちしていた。

Atsuko Cowley 氏はこう書いている。「治療台が、簡単なカーテンで仕切られていたが、患者は仕切りがない方を好むようだった。私は、患者の情報を得るために、四診、特に腹診と脈診、をするように言われた。そのあとで谷内先生が来て、彼の診断をする。彼は証について、また脈質と他の診察で得たことを説明する。そして、患者の鍼治療へと移行する。私は治療の間、脈をみさせてもらった。通常、谷内先生は本治法だけで、標治法はアシスタントがする。灸のみする特別なアシスタントもいた。標治法が終わったら、彼が再度チェックをして、さらに数穴を追加する。」

「私は、先生がクリニックの中を全て見ていると感じた。彼はどんな隅っこでも、部屋の中で何が起こっているのかもその様子を知っていた。私は、先生が今日みたいにでたり入ったり、何年も続けることができる、その底なしのエネルギーに驚嘆しました。日曜日は休診ですが、彼は原稿書きをしていた。ランチタイムは、筋トレをして身体を鍛えていました。」

私は、ロンドンの東洋はりのセミナーで、ビールを何杯か飲んだあと、谷内先生が腕相撲を始めたか覚えている。スティーブ・バーチをちょっと片づけてしまい、WWF Smackdownのハルク・ホーガンみたいな挑戦者を全て退けたのだった。その時彼は、クリニックでのランチタイムの筋トレが成功をもたらしたと言ったのだった。

東洋はりのメンバーの一人Yumiko Coは、東洋はり医学会の三代目会長で、視覚障害者・柳下登志夫先生のクリニックを訪れている。

「柳下先生は例外的でした。彼は一日100 人患者を診察し、3人のアシスタント、受付係が一人いました。予約制ではなしに、飛びこみで患者は来ますが、忙しいときは3~ 4時間も待たされました。彼は、ニオイで知熱灸の艾炷が硬すぎると云いました。」

これらの二つの治療所では、灸はアシスタントによって施灸された。しかし、他の視覚障害鍼灸師の治療所では温熱灸または電気灸器を使って、従来のお灸や添付台座灸に替えているところもある。

未来は明るいか?日本の視覚障害者連盟では、按摩鍼灸を縮めて “ あはき ”といっている。(Nichomou 2015)

2006 年の視力障害者の労働人口調査では、全視力障害者 81000 人のうち24000 人(29.4%0が、あはきとして働いている。

これは大きい数字に見えるが、この数十年にわたって治療師の数が減ってきている。1960年代には、視覚障害者の60%が、あはきとして働いている。1970 年代は 55.9%になり、1980 年代には50%に下がっている。1990年代には40%以下、2000 年代では30%いかである。

鍼灸が治療として注目されて以来、晴眼者の数が増加し、視覚障害者の数は減少した。これは、鍼灸の分野の構造が明らかに変わってきたことを意味する。

西洋では視覚障害鍼灸師はすごく稀である。最近では、視覚障害鍼灸師が反対派があったにもかかわらず、テキサスで免許をもらった例がある。

イギリスでは、視覚障害物理療法士の組織(AVICP2015)がある。しかし鍼灸の分野では、物理療法士のようには、教育機関はないが、鍼灸を視覚障害者に開放する若干の努力はされたようである。マーリン・ヤング (Moxafricaの創立者)はバーミンガムの学校で、この教育プログラムを促進する努力をした。

2007年には、リーミントンにおいて、College of Traditional Acupuncture は、 視 覚障害の学生を取る事を考慮するという動き(Positive News 2007) があったが、これは不幸にも成立しなかった。

一方、東洋はり医学会では、彼らの経験と知識をヨーロッパに広めるために、視覚障害者の鍼灸師講師を日本から送っている。

私個人の治療所私は、私が述べた視覚障害鍼灸師のような水準には達することはできないだろう。私はもし視覚を放棄したら、触覚の便感さのレベルを上げられるのでは思ったこともある。私がしたちょっとした試みは、経絡触診のときに目を閉じ、ユックリと時間をかけることだった。これになれた頃、患者に同調しやすくなり、私が感じているものがもっと深い診断なっているのに気づいた。それは、何か特別なものをみようとはせず、単純に少し待つだけで、患者の身体が語っているものを診ることができるようになったのだ。また、患者との交流も深くなり、それは患者も私自身もリラックスする事である。これはお互いに瞑想に入ったようなものである。

我々の世界では、視覚は非常に顕著な感覚であるので、他の感覚をしのぐ可能性がある。四診は、テーブルの脚 4本のごときもので、一本長くてもテーブルはぐらぐらする。

視覚障害鍼灸師の例から、もし我々が他の感覚を学べば、私達の鍼灸というテーブルは安定する。

翻訳:青木瑞穂

ジョン・ディクソン中医学と東洋はりの経絡治療を学ぶ。ロンドンで鍼灸師 /リフレクソロジストとして個人開業しており、緩和ケアも行っている。お灸のテクニックに特に関心を持っている。

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NAJOMa global community of engaged practitioners

North American Journal of Oriental Medicine

Volume 22 Number 65November 2015

CONTENTSEditorial Cheryl Coull 2

Special Series: Moxibustion in the 21st CenturyTheoretical Discussion of Sawada-style Taikyoku Therapy Yamada Katsuhiro 3Fukaya-style Moxibustion: Significance and Characteristics Fukushima Tetsuya 6Practical Moxibustion Therapy (38) Mizutani Junji 10Understanding Fukayakyuho – Part 1 Felip Caudet 12Clinical Effectiveness of Moxibustion Yamaki Michiko 14The Real Pleasure of Using Indirect Moxibustion Iwashita Shumei 15Case Study: Infertility Treatment With Moxa Takano Mika 17A Discussion of Heat-sensing and Direct Moxa Menjyo Yuki 18Practice Makes the Perfect Moxa Treatment Heather Suzuki 19Moxafrica Update: Summary of Moxa TB Study Merlin Young 20Moxafrica in Mumbai, India Ulick Burke 23

Breaking New GroundUnhindered by Sight: The Tradition of Blind Acupuncturists John Dixon 24The Remarkable Health Benefits of Green Tea Bart Walton 28Effects Of Acupuncture On Jump Height and Reaction Time Tsubakiyama Kiyohide, Schaefer Sarah 30Two Views of Acupuncture Ishida Yasuo 32

Methods and ApproachesPulse Diagnosis, Palpation, and the PDCA Cycle – Part 2 Miyakawa Kouya 33 Introduction to Shakuju Therapy – Part 3 Takahashi Daiki 35

Relationships Between Spinal Movement and Extraordinary Vessels Faruk Sahin 37

Seminars/Reports30th Gensai Jyuku with Shudo Denmei and Mizutani Junji Ryu Ritsuko 38Contact Needling and Teishin with Iwashina Anryu David Toone 41Ontake Workshop with Oran Kivity Takemoto Koki 43Diseases of the Spirit with Funamizu Takahiro Cynthia Quattro 44Acupuncture for Children – Vienna Shuto Junko 45Bulletin Board 45The Great Nepal Earthquake Hata Minae 46New NAJOM Members 47Japanese text 48