Brazilian Forests:!back to landscapes!?!

Challenges and Strategies for Forest Code!

Implementation

Arnaldo Carneiro Filho! Brazil!

November, 2013

534.4 Mha of natural vegetation !

147 Mha of protected area called Conservation Units and APAs 105 Mha of indigenous reserves 251 Mha of natural vegetation on farms (APPs and Legal Reserve) 31.4 Mha of other natural vegetation areas

60 Mha of agriculture and planted forests

198 Mha of pastures

Sources: Projeto Monitoramento dos Biomas Brasileiros/Ministry of Environment (MMA); IBGE – PAM (2010) and Agricultural Census (2006); INPE – TerraClass; Agricultural Land Use and Expansion Model Brazil - AgLUE-BR (Gerd Sparovek, ESALQ-USP); AgroIcone

!

59 Mha of urbanization and other uses

Total Area: 850 MHa

Deforestation Rates in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado: Observed and Targets for 2020

Amazon • The scenario of uncontrolled Amazon

deforestation has passed • Illegal deforestation has strongly

dropped (although no numbers on legal and illegal deforestation are available)

• Deforestation continues falling but at lower decreasing rates

• Current deforestation rate is close to the 2020 target

• No soybean is occupying recently cleared areas (Soy Moratorium)

• Cleared land is mainly occupied with pastures !!

Cerrado • Different dynamic than Amazon. Level

of legality is much higher: land conversion supported by official licenses and permits

• Cerrado conversion rates are facing new increases, however no indication of deforestation peaks

• Current deforestation rate is already below the 2020 target

Source: INPE-PRODES (Amazon); UFG-LAPIG (Cerrado). NPCC: National Policy on Climate Change

0

750.000

1.500.000

2.250.000

3.000.000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Amazon Cerrado

2020

942000

390700

Deforestation Rates NPCC Targets

Forest Code Implementation and its Implications for Native Vegetation Conservation

Amazon • Areas available for legal deforestation

(vegetation stock - 19.6 Mha), although million of hectares, are equivalent to a small share of total forest areas

• From current deforestations rates, it would be necessary 43 years to spend the 19.1 million ha

• Soy Moratorium has shown that it is possible to manage deforestation process for productive purposes

• Zero deforestation is a big challenge for Brazilian producers because it is an above and beyond law requirement

Cerrado • Vegetation stock is much larger than Amazon • Very important agricultural region. Agricultural

expansion brings large economic benefits and development

• Several states are well organized and are demanding additional requirements to issue suppression permits

• Future demand for agriculture land is much lower than the vegetation stock

• Strong attention on biodiversity conservation • Land clearing can be managed in order to avoid

wasting deforestation and minimizing impacts on biodiversity hop spots

Common issues • Legal reserve deficits can deliver forest

restoration and protection of current vegetation stock through the compensation mechanism0

100

200

300

400

Vegetation Stock LR Deficit

319,9000

7,00000,600019,6000

0

25

50

75

100

Vegetation Stock APP Deficit LR Deficit Remaining Vegetation

98,9102

3,60001,8000

40,0000

1. Native vegetation excluding protected areas (APP and RL), conservation reserves, indigenous reserves. Can be interpreted as areas available for legal deforestation. 2. APP (permanent preservation areas): riparian vegetation, river buffer strips, top of hills and high slopes areas. 3. LR (legal reserve): set aside area 80% (Amazon biome), 35% (Cerrado biome in Legal Amazon area), 20% (Cerrado biome) and 20% for others biomes. 4. Remaining vegetation including vegetation stock and protected areas. Source: Ministry of Environment. Source: Soares-Filho, B. S. (2013). Impacto da Revisão do Código Florestal: Como Viabilizar o Grande Desafio Adiante? Desenvolvimento Sustentável DS. Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos.

Mha Mha

Current deforestation rate: 0.46 Mha Current deforestation

rate: 0.77 Mha

Brazilian Forest Code – opportunity

❑ Lei 4771 1965: Brazilian Forest Code defined 50% of the areal of a rural farm to be set aside as Legal Reserve (LR)

❑ Legal amendment No1511 of 25/07/1996 Legal Reserve in the Amazon Biome from 50% to 80% of total rural farm area;

❑ Legal amendment No 2166-67 de 24/08/2001: Legal Reserve for Social role for environmental services and climate change mitigation

❑ Degree Nº 6.321, 21/12/2007 – Priority Municipalities for control, prevention and monitoring the deforestation in the Amazon

❑ Degree Nº 7.029, 10/12/2009. Federal Program to support environmental regularization of rural farms “Programa Mais Ambiente”

❑ Degree of May 2012: New Brazilian Forest code obligates all rural farms in Brazil to perform Environmental Registry (CAR)

Previous Law X New Law!!

Reduction of debt = 29± 6M ha

Código antigo X Código atual!!

Redução do passivo = 29± 6M ha

Delimitação das áreas de APP

Brazil’s forest codeLegal reserves on private properties:!In the Amazon = 80%, other biomes 20%!

plus!Preservation of riparian forest and vegetation !

on hilltops and steep slopes

Obligation to restore Legal Reserve !≈ 16 Mha + 5 Mha riparian vegetation !

(Soares-Filho, SAE 2013)

Sustainable Harvest in the Amazon

1. Promoting environmental legislation compliance – Forest Code!

2. Enabling conditions for zoning a n d r u r a l s u s t a i n a b l e development policies!

3. S h a p i n g F u n c t i o n a l Product ive Landscapes – Farms!

4. Supporting Responsible Sourcing Policies – Cargill!

5. G u a r a n t e e E f f e c t i v e Biodiversity conservation in Private Lands

Foto: © Haroldo Palo Jr.

1.Rural Farms environmental registry – CARLegal Reserves (LR) and Areas of Permanent Protection (APP)

Avoid Potential conflict s and Land grabbing

Ecological corridors connecting LR & APP to forest remnants

Degraded Areas Restoration Projects and LR regularization

2. Land-tenure analysis (risks analysis)

3. Strategic Landscapes Planning – farm scale

4. Environmental Regularization – LAR

5. Deforestation monitoring & Responsible Sourcing

Strategic actions

Farms & Farmers GIS Database

Farm Environmental reports – CarGeo®

Current land use in Brazil

PAM 2011Agriculture Scenarios in Brazil

LIVESTOCK INTENSIFICATION >>>> FOREST OPPORTUNITIES

CHALLENGES OF FOREST LAW

fonte: Britaldo Soares, UFMG

Forest restoration 22 Million hectares

Forest compensation 8 Million hectares

Largest CDM project in the World with the potential to sequester 2.5±0.5 billion tons of C

Leite et al. GBC, 2012

Native vegetation in Brazil stores 67±13 billion of tons of Carbon

Soares-Filho, 2013

THANKS!

Arnaldo Carneiro Filho! !

acarneiro@tnc.org