BRAZIL Interest Groups & Government Structure.
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Transcript of BRAZIL Interest Groups & Government Structure.
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BRAZIL
Interest Groups & Government Structure
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Corporatism – • Tendency to divide society into different bodies (corpus) or corporations according to specific functions or profession. • Identity of individuals to their particular body is often times stronger than to the nation.
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Some Consequences of Corporatism in Brazil
• Military officers in particularly frequently display more loyalty to their military institutions than to government or national civilian leaders.
• Tendency has also been strong among members of another important social institutions – the Catholic Church.
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Historically supportive of power structure
Base communities and Liberation theology (1970’s)
Conservative counter-offensive
National Conference of Brazilian Bishops
Bacilica of Aparecida
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Military clash with imperial power weakens the monarchy
Impact of experience in World War II
National Security doctrine and the military government◦ Economic development◦ Internal security◦ Geopolitical supremacy
in South America Constitution of 1988 –
more conventional role
Arms Industry
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Unions◦ Originally tied to the Ministry of Labor◦ Lula and the São Paulo steel workers
Agrarian Arena◦ Traditional authoritarianism of landed elite◦ Movement of Landless Rural Workers attempt
to change the rural power structure
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Less prominant in the 1988 constitution than other interst groupings
Federative Association of São Paulo Industrialists (FIAP)
Multinational corporations ◦ U.S. Based◦ European based◦ Japanese based◦ China based
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Frente Negra Brazileira (1931◦ First explicitly
political African-Brazilian organization
◦ Opposed immigrants on the grounds that they foreigners
◦ Gétulio Vargas demoblized the FNB after he imposed O Estado Novo
1932 Frente Negra Sao Paulo
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Elitist mobilization Early identification of masses in Carnival
groups Laid basis for African-Brazilians as a political
interest group
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Classic thesis of Gilberto Freyre (1933) “There is no color bar to advancement,
there is no social bar to advancement” Persistence of stereotypes
◦ Carnival in the 1990’s◦ Shifting sands metaphor ◦ “Whitening” policy
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◦Black males – wages 40% lower than white males
◦Black females – wages 75% lower than those of white males
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Afro-Brazilian movement of the 1970’s born around cultural – as opposed to political issues ◦ Salvador as the geopolitical focus of African-
Brazilian mobilization◦ “Black Soul” phenomenon – focus on music◦ Instituto de Pesquisa das Cultural Negras (Rio de
Janeiro)
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Exercise of leadership at local level but few African-Brazilian leaders at state and national level
New generation of African-Brazilian leaders continues to have mixed feelings toward the Brazilian state
Brazilian political culture still tends not to recognize political organizational focus other than class
International influences
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Linkages to bureaucracy remain important
Elections increase the political weight of mass-based interest groups
Style remains more participatory than representative
Esplanade of the National Ministries
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Brazilian state: 1988 Constitution
Three levels of government◦ Federal (national)◦ Regional (state)◦ Local (municipio)
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Imperial power centered in Rio (1823 – 1889)
Federal power weak between fall of empire (1889) and advent of O Estado Novo (1937)
Centralization at Brasilia under the military regime (1964-85)
Federal government currently receives roughly 75% of total governmental revenue
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1988 constitution: continues over-representation of small states
Half of tax revenue returned to states with no mandates as to how money will be spent◦Assists in maintaining clientilism at local level◦Congressmen tasked with “bringing home the
bacon”Gov. Itamar Franco’s (Minas Gerias)
challenges to the national executive ) Courts established the supremacy of federal
government in matters of contracting foreign debt
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◦ President is both the head of state and the head of government.
◦ President and vice president are elected jointly for four-year terms.
◦ Military regime broadly amplified the powers of the executive branch.
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Patterned on U.S. Constitution’s separation of powers
President elected directly by people◦ Second round if no candidate receives majority
on first round Bicameral Congress
◦ Chamber of Deputies (513 members)◦ Senate: Three members from each state and the
Federal District (81 members) Supreme Court (power of judicial review) Federalism
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Formal powers among the most sweeping in Latin America◦ Veto legislation (wholly or in
part) ◦ Can initiate legislation –
including public spending◦ Can force congress to take up legislation deemed urgent
Multi-party system forces president to build coalitions
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Bicameral (balanced) ◦ Senate (81)
Three from each state Three from Federal District
◦ Chamber of Depties (513) Minimum of 8 – Maximum
of 70 Overrepresentation of the
Northeast Senators
◦ Elections are held every four years alternatively for one third and two-thirds of the Senate.
◦ Deputies can initiate legislation
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Composition ◦ Supreme Court, ◦ Superior Court,◦ five regional federal
appeals courts, ◦ labor courts, ◦ electoral courts, ◦ military courts◦ and state courts.
Constitution stipulates criteria for ◦ Entry into judicial
service = competitive exam
◦ Promotion = by seniority and merit
◦ Mandatory retirement = age of 70 or after 30 years of service
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Seniority and merit in selection
Capability to limit governmental authority◦ Judicial review
evolving ◦ End state of siege ◦ Try president for
wrongdoing Not yet tested Collor resigned
before going to trial
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Federal District (Brasilia)
Twenty-six states ◦ elected
governors◦ unicameral state
legislatures◦ receive 21.5%
of total revenue – much from Federal government
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Municipalities (municipios) similar to counties in the United States◦ Elected Prefects (mayors) and vice mayors◦ Local councils
5513 local municipalities 22.5% of revenue goes to the municipios
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The Constitution ◦ Extends the traditional guarantees of individual rights
to social groups◦ Prohibits discrimination against minorities◦ Grants parties, unions, and civic associations legal
recourse against the actions of other social actors and permits them to challenge before the Supreme Court the constitutionality of legislation and administrative rulings.
◦ Presidential limits when invoking a state of siege◦ Judicial review◦ Ministerio Publico (Public Prosecution)◦ Tribunal de Contas
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Strengthened by transfer of power from government of center-right (Cardoso) to the left (Lula)
Economic growth leading to increased wealth
Success in upward international mobility Highly unequal distribution of wealth
remains a challenge to the legitimacy of current regime