Branches of Government (U.S.A.)...The aorta branches into many smaller arteries, that carry the...

Branches of Government (U.S.A.) I. Executive Branch A. Represented by: President B. Powers: Can recommend legislation; veto

legislation; appoint judges C. Length of term: 4 years; maximum term 8 years II. Legislative Branch A. Represented by: Congress B. Powers: Can enact legislation; override veto; reject

and impeach judges; impeach President C. Length of term: 2 years (House of Representatives) or 6

years (Senate); no maximum term III.

Judicial Branch

A. Represented by: Supreme Court and other federal courts B. Powers: Can declare legislation unconstitutional C. Length of term: life

Executive Judicial

Branches of

Government

Legislative

Represented by:

Powers:

Term:

President Congress Supreme Court

Can recommend legislation;

veto legislation;

appoint judges

4 years 2 or 6 years for life

Can make legislation;

override veto;

reject judges

Can declare legislation

unconstitutional

Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judicial Branch

Represented by President Congress Supreme Court

Term 4 years 2 or 6 years Life

Powers Can recommend

legislation;

veto legislation;

appoint judges

Can enact legislation;

override veto;

reject and impeach judges;

impeach President

Can declare

legislation

unconstitutional

Hydrological

(Water)

Cycle

evaporation

precipitation

flow condensation

sun's heat turns water tovapor

vapor rises and cools;condenses to clouds

vapor gets still colder;condenses to water

gravity: all water flowsdown to the sea

vapor

rises

vapor

thickens

rain

falls

water

pools

leftatrium

rightatrium

leftventricle

rightventricle

pulmonary artery

aorta

The circulation of blood in the human body

superiorvena cava

inferiorvena cava

When the right atrium is filled with blood, it contracts, pushing the blood into the right ventricle, which then contracts,pushing the blood into the pulmonary artery.The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged.The blood is then carried by the pulmonary veins back to the left atrium.The left atrium fills with blood, then contracts, pushing the blood into the left ventricle, which then contracts, pushingthe blood into the aorta.The aorta branches into many smaller arteries, that carry the fresh, oxygenated blood through the body. Finally, theblood reaches the capillaries, where the oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood are released. The de-oxygenatedblood now enters the veins, to travel back to the heart and begin its journey once more.

rightatrium

rightventricle

pulmonary artery

Blood movesfrom the rightatrium to theright ventricle,and from thereto thepulmonaryartery.

Blood movesfrom the lungsvia thepulmonaryveins, to theleft atrium.From the leftatrium, bloodmoves to theleft ventricle,and from thereto the aorta.

The aorta branchesinto many smallerarteries, and fromthere to thecapillaries, whereoxygen is released.The de-oxygenatedblood enters theveins, to travel backto the heart and beginits journey once more.

leftatrium

leftventricle

aorta

rightatrium

aorta

superiorvena cava

inferiorvena cava

The circulation of blood in the human body

jail

deer park

bank

church

school

carpark

1. Proximity

2. Similarity

3. Common region

4. Connectedness

5. Continuation

6. Closure

Family

Culture

Human

Individual

Concentric

Human

Culture

Family

Individual

Level

Sloveniapart of the

Austro-Hungary empire

Macedoniaonce part of the

Ottoman empire, othertimes part of Greece

Montenegroindependent kingdom

Serbiaindependent kingdom

Croatiapart of the


Vojvodinapart of the


Proximity grouping

Sloveniapart of the


Macedoniaonce part of the

Ottoman empire, othertimes part of Greece

Montenegroindependent kingdom

Serbiaindependent kingdom

Croatiapart of the


Vojvodinapart of the


Boundary

Grass Cow Human

Directional linear network

Croatia Slovenia Vojvodina

Linear network

evaporationsun's heat turnswater to vapor

condensationvapor rises and

cools,condensing to

clouds

flowgravity causes all

water to flowdown to the sea

precipitationvapor coolsfurther, andcondenses to

rain

Loop network

BDNF

gene

Val

variant

Met

variant

Poor

memory

Nonloop network

Alzheimers?

Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Soma

MitochondrionParts of a

cellGolgi

apparatus

Smooth

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Rough

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Nucleus

Radial network

Smooth

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Rough

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi

apparatus

Soma

DNA

Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Nucleus

Multiple connection

network

Legislative

Branch

Judicial

Branch

Brain cells

Neurons

Interneurons

Motor neurons

Glia

Oligodendroglia

Schwann cells

Treelike network

organizationalsignals

headings

summaries

overviews

Functionemphasize the topics of atext and their organization

Benefits· usually improve the reader'srecall for the information whichis emphasized.· seem to help recall more thanrecognition, and cued recallmore than free recall

expository text

Definition

· texts that explain and describe· organized around topics

topic structurestrategy

Text-processingstrategies

linear or listingstrategy

not particularlysensitive to the text

structure

more sensitive to thetext structure

are all about asgood as each other,and seem to workin the same way

strategy selectionhypothesis:

by encouraging student touse a topic structure strategy

strategy implementationhypothesis:

by making it easier to use atopic structure strategy

how?

Implications· implies a lack of effective

headings doesn't matter if you usea topic structure strategy.· implies headings less important ifother signals to text structure areavailable· suggests that signals may be ofno particular benefit when the texthas few topics and a clear structure.

ImplicationsRecall tends to be strongly affectedby:· serial position (items mentionedfirst or last are remembered betterthan items in the middle),· familiarity (items you are alreadyfamiliar with will of course be recalledmore easily), and· elaboration (items discussed atgreater length will be rememberedbetter).

Arteries carry bloodfrom the heart

Arteries are elasticArteries are thick

the heart is a pump

therefore

blood comes out in spurts

therefore

therefore

therefore

therefore

blood flow varies involume and speed

arteries need to expand andcontract to accommodate

changes in pressure

blood flow can occurat a high pressure

you can feel this:each pulse is aspurt of blood


Arteries carry bloodrich in oxygen

therefore

oxygen isbreathed in

oxygen is breathed in andbinds to the blood

blood passes from thelungs into the heart

blood leaving the heart carriesthe oxygen to the tissues

Veins carry bloodto the heart

Veins carry blood richin carbon dioxide

therefore

blood removes carbondioxide from the cells

blood passes from thelungs into the heart

carbon dioxide is releasedand is breathed out

carbon dioxide isbreathed out

Arteries are elastic

Arteries are thick


Arteries usually carryblood rich in oxygen

because they need to accommodatechanges in pressure

because

because

because

they need to accommodatechanges in pressure

blood coming from the heartcomes out at high pressure and in

spurts of variable pressure

blood leaving the heartis rich in oxygen


Arteries carry bloodrich in oxygen

therefore

blood leaving the heart carriesthe oxygen to the tissues

we breathein oxygen

Arteries are elastic

Arteries are thick

blood flow varies involume and speed

blood flow can occurat a high pressure

you can feel this:each pulse is aspurt of blood

the heart isa pump

therefore therefore

arterial blood is brightred because oxygen is

carried in red bloodcells

hippocampus

episodic memory

'met' variant

BDNF

'val' variant

Alzheimer's

synapses

gene

for

controls

is expressed in

must be secreted near

involves

helps BDNF reach

produces poorer

might increaserisk of

hippocampus

episodic memory

contains the amino acidmethionine in the location wherethe other version contains valine

'met' variant

BDNF

'val' variant

Alzheimer's

synapses

gene

for

controls

is expressed in

reach

involves

helps

produces poorer


slightly more than a thirdinherit at least one copy

Brain derivedneurotrophic factoris important

for

less successful in distributingBDNF proteins to the synapses

linked to hippocampaldysfunction

more common

hippocampus

episodic memory

'met' variant

BDNF

'val' variant

Alzheimer's

synapses

gene

for

controls

is expressed in reach

involves

helpsproducespoorermight increase

risk of

is importantfor

producesdysfunction in

two variants

has

doesn'thelp

worsens


one amino acid

differ by

methionine valineis is

creates creates

toregulate

morecommonly

lesscommonly

hippocampus episodic memory

BDNFAlzheimer's

synapses

gene

for

controls

is expressed in

reach

involves

helps

producespoorer


is importantfor


has

doesn'thelp

worsensproducesdysfunction in

toregulate

'met' variant 'val' variant

two variants

one amino acid

differ by


creates creates

morecommonly

lesscommonly


BDNF

synapses

gene

for

controls

mustreach

involves

is importantfor

toregulate

is expressed in


BDNF

synapses

gene

controls

mustreach

controls

is importantfor

toregulate

is expressed in

episodic memory hippocampus

BDNFAlzheimer's

synapses

gene

is expressed in

reach

helps

producespoorer


is importantfor


has

doesn'thelp

worsens


in


two variants

one amino acid

differ by


creates creates

morecommonly

lesscommonly

controls

episodic memory hippocampus

BDNF

Alzheimer's

synapses

gene

reach

helps

producespoorer



has

doesn'thelp

worsens


in


two variants

one amino acid

differ by


creates creates

morecommonly

lesscommonly

controls

is expressed in

astrocytesoligodendroglia

brain cells

glia

neurons

ependymal cells

Schwann cells

micr

oglia

sensoryneuron

interneuron

motorneuron

cytoskeleton

DNA

rough ER

Golgi body

mitochondrion

nucleus

synapse

cell body

neurites

axon

dendrites

smooth ER

foldedmembranes

microtubules

neurofilaments

microfilaments

chromosomes

unipolar

bipolar

multipolar

stellate

pyramidal

spiny

aspinous

projection neurons

local circuit neurons

energy

proteins

ions

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)

Structureclear confused

Connectivityconnected unconnected

Signalspresent absent

Complexitysimple

(ideas easily expressed)complex

(ideas not easily expressed)

Readabilityinformal formal

Assessment Tool

Profile for Benjamin Franklin text:

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

Profile of the original gene-for-memory text:

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

Profile for the final gene-for-memory text:

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

The role of consolidation in memory

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

Early America

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

The relationship of ozone and ultraviolet radiation

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

How blood flows

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

Introducing brain cells

Densitylight

(few ideas)dense

(many ideas)




Complexitysimple




Assessment Profile

X

X

X

X

X

X

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