Brakefield et al., Nature 1996

Environmental diffs

Genetic diffs

Prairie plant ecotype study (Cooper and Henderson 2002)

 

Figure 1: Approximate locations of the eight source populations in central Iowa, USA

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

1=Newton 2=C-rem and C-rec 3=Reichelt 4=Richland 5=Turner 6=Hickory 7=Malcolm Scale: 1 inch = 20 mi or 34 km

Lespedeza capitata

Population Plant Height Day 58

Height Day 91

No. Leaves Day 58

No. Leaves Day 91

Leaf Length Day 58

Leaf Length Day 91

Leaf Width Day 58

Leaf Width

Day 91

Turner 6.25 (0.257)

13.11 (2.3)

5.269 (0.245)

11.00 (1.93)

13.481 (0.473)

16.06 (2.02)

9.519 (0.390)

7.72 (0.76)

Richland 6.664 (0.493)

9.67 (2.35)

5.409 (0.284)

8.09 (2.25)

13.636 (0.755)

10.95 (1.74)

9.364 (0.429)

6.409 (0.85)

Reichelt 4.965 (0.538)

14.86 (1.40)

4.529 (0.403)

15.0 (1.53)

11.294 (0.900)

18.53 (1.67)

8.294 (0.761)

8.59 (0.69)

Newton 4.212 (0.369)

16.22 (1.52)

4.280 (0.314)

17.10 (1.64)

12.320 (0.569)

18.60 (1.66)

8.760 (0.466)

9.67 (0.76)

C-rem 4.600 (0.455)

12.96 (1.99)

4.381 (0.348)

12.55 (1.80)

11.548 (0.779)

15.45 (2.23)

8.500 (0.481)

8.773 (0.593)

4.100 (0.563)

14.58 (1.39)

4.412 (0.384)

14.94 (1.46)

11.441 (0.994)

16.438 (0.908)

7.882 (0.727)

8.188 (0.50)

4.993 (0.341)

13.53 (2.58)

4.357 (0.287)

14.00 (2.64)

12.268 (0.622)

15.85 (2.69)

8.732 (0.403)

7.19 (1.21)

M alcolm

Hickory

C-rec 4.604 (0.327)

14.35 (1.13)

5.222 (0.229)

18.48 (1.19)

11.722 (0.595)

18.81 (1.51)

7.907 (0.390)

8.643 (0.642)

Table 1: Mean Values for Measurements of Vegetative Traits:

This table shows the mean values for the first and last days of measurement. Values in bold represent the highest mean for each column. Values on parentheses represent standard errors.

Table 2: ANOVA Output Considering Population and Block Effects Date & Type

of Effects

Vegetative Character

Day 30 Height (cm) Leaf # Leaf Length Leaf Width population 0.000 0.013 0.086 0.131

block 0.105 0.281 0.001 0.002 Day 69

population 0.084 0.001 0.000 0.035 block 0.009 0.130 0.045 0.607

Day 91 population 0.208 0.001 0.066 0.089

block 0.423 0.668 0.621 0.362 * values in bold are significant

The evolutionary importance of heritability

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Hirsch Maze

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tit

Parus major (great tit)

The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve

Differences in a phenotypic score among “populations”*

* Note faulty assumption

The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve

Heritability of IQ score has been calculated in twin studies - if “genetic component” is removed from each “population,” the remaining variation (within “populations”) is due to environmental diffs.

The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve

Murray and Herrnstein conclude that differences between “populations” must be due to genetic differences since quality of environments can’t be this big. *

* This is an example of “argument from incredulity,” rather than from evidence.

The “proper”* experiment

* but not ethical or even worthwhile