Brainy Biologist___________________________________________DUE the day of your midterm---___________! Unit 1: Introduction &Molecular Biology

1. What is biology?Study of living things/organisms – divided into many subfields.

2. Seeing the color blue usually makes people calm and relaxed. Make a hypothesis about why this occurs.―If human test subjects view

the color blue, they classify their feelings as calm and relaxed.‖

3. How could you test your hypothesis (remember, it has to be testable!)? Run 5 trials of 20 randomized subjects –show them a set

of colors, have them write down their response, collect their responses and quantify them.

4. What characteristics do all living things have in common?

Organization & cells

Response to stimuli

Homeostasis

Metabolism

Growth & Development

Reproduction

Change through time

5. What do you think is the #1 safety rule for the lab? Explain why.Goggles, don‘t touch broken glass, no tasting/smelling, never try

to clean up broken glass or spill

6. You want to see if anti-bacterial soap really works. You decide to grow some bacteria in the lab, on two different plates. You keep

the plates at the same temperature, lighting, etc. After 4 days when the bacteria have grown a lot and are spread over the entire

plates, you smear anti-bacterial soap inside one of the plates. You count the bacteria on each plate for 3 days.

a. Make a hypothesis—what do you think the results of the experiment will be? If anti-bacterial soap is placed on a

bacterial colony, the size of the colony will be reduced.

b. What is the independent/manipulated variable?Presence of antibacterial soap/type of soap.

c. What is the dependent/responding variable?The size of the colony (there are techniques for measuring this).

d. Why did you only put anti-bacterial soap on one of the plates?The other plate is testing how well the colony will continue

to survive—it may die off naturally (the soap may have little or no effect); it may blossom into a much bigger colony

(the soap colony could stay the same, but the soap would have had an effect of limiting colony growth).

e. Do you think you should have put something on the other plate too? Why/why not?No, not unless increased number of

plates. Cannot see the effect of anti-bacterial soap if there is not a colony growing under normal conditions to

compare it to.

f. Do you think you should have used more plates, or is two enough? Why/why not?Yes—at least 3 preferably 5 trials (9-15

plates total); also should have been a control plate with same growth medium, same temperature, same light but not

inoculated with bacteria.

7. For each example, list which piece of lab equipment is most useful for the task. (5 pts)

a. Pouring 35 mL of vinegar into a beaker ____GC_____________________

b. Measuring 100 grams of baking soda ______balance_________________

c. Making sure that the vinegar is 30ºC ______thermometer_________________

d. Observing the movement of plankton in a drop of pond water ___microscope_____

8. What type of graph (circle, bar, line) would you use to show each of the following:

a. Temperature increases during the afternoon hours of the day ___line graph/plot____

b. 20% of the students in biology want to be a marine biologist ___circle graph____

c. students in the class range from 5‘ to 6‘ tall _scatter plot/line of best fit – if small sample can do column graph__

9. Metric conversions: khdbdcm

a. 50 g = __0.5___ Hg

b. 0.75 Dm = __.0075__ km

10. LABEL the diagram to the right.

a) ocular (10x)

b) nose piece

c) objective lenses

d) stage

e) illuminator (light source)

11. How do you calculate total magnification?

Ocular (10x) x objective (4, 10, 40) = 40X or 100X or 400X depending on objective used

12. _____________ is the name of the high-energy compound produced by cellular respiration in your mitochondria.

ATP

13. ATP is formed from one molecule of ADP by adding a ____phosphate______ group & storing energy in that bond.

14. Label the diagram of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. a) substrate, b) enzyme c) product

15. Underline the reactants & circle the products: CO2 + H2O H2CO3

16. Label each of the following graphs: exothermic reaction, endothermic reaction, reactants, products, activation energy

endothermic exothermic

Reactants on left, activation energy is double arrow, products on right

17. A reaction that releases energy is _exothermic___, and a reaction that absorbs energy is __endothermic_.

18. The energy released during a chemical reaction comes from the __bonds___ that are broken during the reaction.

19. How do catalysts (enzymes) decrease the amount of time (rate) a reaction takes to

finish? They lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place.

20. Are catalysts carbs, lipids, or proteins? Proteins

21. Label the lines on the graph: reaction with enzyme, reaction without enzyme ----

Rxn without enzyme is lighter line (higher AE).

Rxn with enzyme is darker (lower AE).

22. _Acids___ are solutions with a low pH, while __bases___ have a high pH (>7).

Macromolecules:

23. ―Organic chemistry‖ is the study of compounds that contain which element? carbon

24. In the equation below, if it proceeds from LEFT TO RIGHT, is this condensation or hydrolysis?

condensation

25. Now, circle the polymer(s)&draw a square around the monomer(s).

Please indicate whether the following statements are about Carbs (C), Lipids (L), Proteins (P), or Nucleic Acids (NA):

26. __P___monomer: amino acids

27. __C___monomer: sugar (ex. Glucose)

28. __L___monomer: fatty acid

29. __C___starches, sugars

30. __L___fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids

31. __C___glucose, fructose, glycogen

32. __L___stores long-term energy

33. __C___stores short-term energy

34. __P___beans, tofu, meat

35. __L___has a phosphate head and fatty acid tail

36. __P___enzymes

Unit 2: Ecology

1. List the ecological levels of organization with an example of each.

Organism population community ecosystem biosphere

Heterotroph Autotroph

Textbook‘s definition

2. Organism that obtains organic food

molecules by eating other

organisms ad cannot synthesize

organic compounds from inorganic

materials

3. Produce own energy from inorganic

substances or from the

environment instead of consuming

other organisms (usually by

transforming sunlight energy into

chemical energy)

Define in your OWN words

Gains energy by eating other

organisms

Produces energy in form of

carbohydrates

Create an ICON (small picture) to

describe it.

You fill this in

You fill this in

4. Draw a food chain to show the following relationships:

A maple tree is an autotroph, which is eaten by a grasshopper as it hops from leaf to leaf. A bluejay sees the grasshopper

bouncing around & catches it for dinner. The quick red fox has been watching this whole scenario, and while the bluejay‘s eating

the grasshopper, he pounces on the bluejay and has a dinner of his own.Be sure to place your arrows in the proper direction. Also

be sure to label the producers and consumers (including primary, secondary, etc.) as well as the trophic levels (1, 2, etc.).

Leaf grasshopper blue jay fox

Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

Define in your own

words—what‘s it

used for?

5. Compare /show energy

transfer or flow between

trophic levels (usually 10% of

energy transferred up to next

level)

6. Compare/show biomass

productivity at each trophic

level in an ecosystem.

Biomass is amount of living

organic matter present in an

organism.

7. Compares/shows the number

of organisms within an

ecosystem at each trophic

level. Generated by

counting all the organisms at the different feeding levels.

Draw & label an

example of each.

Page # 369 in text

http://scienceaid.co.uk/

biology/ecology/food.html

Go to above website

http://scienceaid.co.uk/

biology/ecology/food.html

Go to above website

‗

Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle

Why‘s it important? 8. H20 recycled within

biosphere-necessary for

life

9. All organisms need N to

make proteins and

nucleic acids.

10. Recycles carbon—

building block of all

life, necessary for

photosynthesis,

product of respiration

List the main steps or

processes involved.

Evaporation

Transpiration

Precipitation

Covert N2 gas to nitrate

usable by plants-Nitrigen

fixation. Study diagram

p. 373

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Burning fossil fuels

Which parts of the ecosystem

are involved?

Evaporation from bodies

of water, living things,

plants (transpiration).

Precipitation from

atmosphere. Diagram p.

371.

N2 gas in atmosphere,

bacteria in soil. Plants

take up N the nitrates

produced by the

bacteria. Animals eat

plants and obtain N.

Atmosphere, plants,

animals, all living things

ABIOTIC BIOTIC

Define in your own words.

11. Nonliving factors 12. Living factors

List 3 examples of each.

Availability of nitrogen, rainfall,

type of soil

All living things that affect an

organism—its prey, competing

species, parasites

13. What‘s the difference between a habitat and a niche? Give an example of each.

HABITAT -- A physical place that an organism

lives (its address)

Ex, deer – lives in prairie ecosystem

Ex, Spruce Tree – lives in forest

Ex, Beaver – lives in a river

NICHE - The role an organism plays in its environment

(its profession)

Ex, deer – consumer, herbivore, breathes in O2,

breathes out CO2

Ex, Spruce Tree – producer, releases O2

Ex, Beaver – dams rivers, cuts trees, consumer

Competition Predation Symbiosis

Define in your own words. 14. Two species competing

for the same resource

(no two species can

occupy the same niche

within a habitat)

15. One organism killing and

eating another organism

for food.

16. Close, long-term

relationship between two

organisms—3 kinds:

Give 2 examples of each.

3 types of symbiosis: Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Define in your own words.

17. Mutualism:

both benefit

18. Commensalism: one

benefits, one neither

helped or harmed

19. Parisitism: 1 harmed,

1 benefits

1 example of each:

Acacia & ants

Pollinators (bats, bees,

beetles & flowers)

-Bird living in tree

-Cattle egrets and Cape

Buffalo

Aphids, lice, fleas, ticks,

mosquitoes, heartworms,

tapeworms

Identify who‘s being helped or

harmed in the example.

Helped: Acacia & ants

Helped: Flowers and

pollinators

Helped: Bird (has home)

Not helped or harmed:

tree.

Helped: Cattle Egret

Not helped or harmed:

Cape buffalo

Helped: Aphids, lice,

fleas, ticks, mosquitoes,

heartworms, tapeworms,

Ebola virus

Harmed: hosts such as

humans, other animals

and/ or plant hosts

Primary Succession Secondary Succession

Define in your own words. 20. Development of community in area

that has not been colonized by life

previously

21. After disruption, replacement of

species—in area where soil is

already present

What‘s the ―starting‖ material (soil, rocks,

etc.)?

Substrate: Rock, sand dune Substrate: Soil

2 examples of each: Glaciers retreating in Canada left

sheet of bedrock called Canadian

Shield—rocks first colonized by

lichens

Volcanic rocks after eruption

colonized by lichens

After plowing field, weeds invade

followed by grasses, shrubs, and

trees.

After hurricane or tornado small

weed and grasses establish

themselves followed by shrubs and

trees.

Pedogenesis (formation of soil) = impt

process

22. Draw a logistic growth curve and an exponential growth curve (label each). Which one has carrying capacity?

23. A colony of bacteria reproduce very quickly and never run out of resources because they‘re super resistant to everything. Which type of

growth curve would theirs look like? Why? Exponential because their population growth is not limited by abiotic or biotic factors.

24. What‘s the competitive exclusion principle?

--Joseph Grinnell –American—1st Director of MVZ @ UC Berkeley--formulated the law in 1904 based upon field observations: ―"Two

species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. One will crowd

out the other." [ Grinnell, J. (1904). "The Origin and Distribution of the Chest-Nut-Backed Chickadee". The Auk (American Ornithologists'

Union)]

--Georgy Gause---Russian ecologist. Also known as Gause‘s Law of Competitive Exclusion, although he came much later than Grinnell --In

1932 he published the competitive exclusion principle, based on experimental work done with mixed cultures of both yeast

and Paramecium species. Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological

factors remain constant. The species with an advantage (reproductive, more successful feeding adaptation, higher tolerance) --‗complete

competitors cannot coexist.‖

--Joseph Connell –Scottish--contributed later to this theory— Two species of barnacles live in a stratified distribution in the intertidal

region along the Scottish coast.

Limiting Factors for a Population: Density-Dependent Density-Independent

Define in your own words.

Any factor that restrains the growth of

a population

25. Factors that depend on the

density of the population

26. Factors that are not correlated

with the density of the population

Explain one example of each.

Amount of space, availability of

food, nesting sites

Flooding, temperature

27. Why is the human population on earth increasing at such a high rate? People are living longer, there is an abundance of food and other

resources, birth rate still exceeds death rate—most ecologists feel that today‘s human population growth rate is not sustainable.

28. Which type of growth curve is it (human population growth)—logistic or exponential? Logistic

29. Please explain how the following human activities have changed the environment:

a. Agriculture –stabilized and increased food supply

b. Industry—Burn fossil fuels—create toxic waste

c. Technology—Able to mine and drill for more fuels such as Fracking for natural gas—destroys environment and

constributes to global warming

d. Urban development—destroys habitats, creates waste and smog

30. a. We can plant trees, so they are a __renewable____ resource.

b. We can‘t make fossil fuels, so they‘re a ___nonrenewable___ resource.

c. What is sustainability? A way of surviving by using resources so that the resources are not depleted or

permanently damaged so that future generations may live.

d. Although we aren‘t required to recycle, why is it a good thing to do? See above—for sustainability and also quality of

life—so that we act as stewards of the Earth.

Human Impacts: Climate Change Ozone depletion Invasive Species Acid Precipitation

What causes it? 31.

a) Natural causes

b) Human causes

--both cause

increased CO2

levels in

atmosphere to

rise

32. Use of

chemicals such as

CFC‘s

33. Either accidental

or purposeful

introduction of

nonnative species

e.g., rats on ships

(spread the plague)

English sparrows

Exotic weeds that

outcompete native

plants

34. Air pollutants

combine with water

in atmosphere and

form acids—falls to

Earth in

precipitation

What‘s the problem? a) solar radiation

and volcanic

activity

b) Rainforest

destruction &

burning of fossil

fuels, pollution

Is not as effective

at shielding Earth

from harmful UV

light

Can be harmless,

rarely beneficial—

can harm by

outcompeting

native species and

reducing

biodiversity

Species adapted to

live within certain

limits of pH--

increased acidity is

above tolerance

levels for many

species

What can we do to stop

it?

a) not much!

b) enact better

laws/policies, be

better stewards

of our planet

Stop use of

chlorofluorocarbons

(CFC‘s)

Monitor luggage,

shipments, flights,

container ships –

enforce laws to

not transport

certain species

and to inform

public about not

releasing nonnative

organisms

Decrease pollution-

industrial pollution

and emissions and

pollution in general

35. What are the THREE types of survivorship curves? Draw a graph, label it, give an example of each.

Type 1- high survival chance early in life—high chance dying later in life. Humans, larger vertebrates such as elephants.

Type II-- constant mortality rate regardless of age—certain birds, lizards

Type III –high chance of mortality early in life, low rates of mortality later (oysters and most marine invertebrates, turtles,

certain r-selected rodent species such as lemmings)

36. What‘s biodiversity? How do species richness and species evenness differ?

The variety of organisms in a given area—species diversity is an example.

Species richness = # unique species in a given area

Species evenness = relative number of individuals of each species in an area

37. How does biological magnification work? What happens to the pollutant when the producers get ―affected‖ by it? … does it stop there?

Process whereby harmful chemicals such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain and become more concentrated

at higher trophic levels [e.g., bald eagle, osprey—DDT]

Unit 3: Cells

1. Complete the chart to summarize the findings of the first cell biologists:

Scientist Contribution to the Cell Theory

Hooke Coined term ‗cell‘

Leeuwenhoek Made very small microscopes, was the first to view and describe many types of animal, plant,

and bacterial cells—her termed these cells ‗animalcules‘

Schleiden Concluded all plants were composed of cells

Schwann All animals are made of cells

Virchow ―father of pathology‖ – all cells come from preexisting cells

2. What are the three statements of the cell theory?

--All living organisms composed of one or more cells

--Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism (basic units of life)

--All cells arise from pre-existing cells (no spontaneous generation)

3. Please explain the relationship between surface area and volume for cell size.

As cells increase in size, their volume increases more than surface area. Cells depend on the ability to transport

nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell. There is a critical size beyond which this becomes to

―expensive‖ in terms of ATP or time factors, and this limits size such that most cells are very small.

4. Most cells are ___small______ (in size) and have a ___high______ (high or low) SA:Vol.

5. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryote (Bacteria and Archaea) Eukaryote (Eukaryota)

Size smaller Much larger (but still usually

microscopic)

Membrane-bound organelles? no yes

Nucleus? No- but nucleoid region yes

Example of organism Bacteria –Streptococcus (causes Strep throat)

Dormouse, giraffe, human,

Tyrannosaurus

Matching: 6. __b_ controls most cell processes and contains DNA

7. __g__ uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds like ATP

8. __i__ thin, flexible barrier around the cell; contains protein channels through it

9. __a (in plants)_ provides support and protection from for the cell

10. ____c_ maintains cell shape with a network of protein filaments

11. ____h_ basic unit of all forms of life

12. ____f_ uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules which store energy

13. ____d_ assembles components of the cell membrane and modifies some proteins

14. ____e_ attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins using enzymes

a. cell wall

b. nucleus

c. cytoskeleton

d. endoplasmic

reticulum

e. Golgi apparatus

f. chloroplast

g. mitochondrion

h. cell

i. cell membrane

15. Do plant cells have mitochondria? Why or why not? Yes—They also need ATP – the basic unit of energy unit of life—plants

like animals are multicellular and complex and require more energy than simpler prokaryotes to carry out basic functions.

16. What structures make plant cells and animal cells different?

PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

Cell wall (outside of membrane, No cell wall, only membrane

Made of cellulose

Contains plastids (that contain pigments/ No plastids

and/or food)

Centrosome/centrioles absent Centrosome/centrioles present, near nucleus

Lysosomes absent Lysosomes present

Contains large central vacuoles No large central vacuole

17. Please compare the 3 types of passive transport:

a. Diffusion – no ATP, from high concentration of solute low concentration of solute,

Simple diffusion occurs through membrane

b. Facilitated diffusion – no ATP, from high concentration of solute low concentration of solute,

Requires protein (wither channel or carrier protein)

c. Osmosis –movement of water from an area of ITS high concentration to ITS area of low concentration across a semi-

permeable membrane

18. Please compare the 3 types of active transport:

a. Protein Pumps –active transport of small ions—requires ATP, involves transmembrane protein, pumps ions AGAINST

concentration gradient from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

b. Endocytosis—active transport (ingestion of) external fluid, large macromolecules, large particles, and even other cells.

Requires ATP. Cell membrane forms pouch around desired material then pinches off into a vesicle that moves towards

the interior of the cell.

c. Exocytosis—active transport—process by which cells release/secrete material—reverse of process listed above—also

requires ATP--see pp 106

19. How are passive and active transport different?

Passive transport does not require the use of ATP—no energy is expended—solutes and/or water moves from area of high

low concentration

Active transport requires use of ATP, movement of EITHER large substances or movement of ions AGAINST concentration

gradient from low high concentration

20. Identify each diagram as showing an ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, OR HYPOTONIC solution INSIDE the cell. Describe how the

concentration of water molecules will affect the shape of the cell—will it shrink or swell???

Hypertonic, cell will shrink Isotonic Hypotonic, Water moves into cell

Animal cell=crenate no net change in volume Animal cell-cytolysis-bursting

Plant cell = plasmolysis (wilt) Plant cell- turgor pressure

21. Identify the parts of the diagram.

22. __Differentiation__ is the name of the process that takes place in your body that makes brain cells look different from muscle

cells, etc. Why is this process necessary? So that cells can carry out specialized functions (e,g., muscle, absorption,

detoxification, nerve signaling),

23. Where do stem cells come from and why are they useful?Stem cells are unspecialized cells. Two types: Embryonic (from

embryos) and adult stem cells found in certain tissues such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain tissue. Adult stem cells often

can only form a few type of cells and are shorter lived. They are useful in replacing damaged or diseased cells in the human

body—used only for very serious medical conditions.

24. Please compare the 4 phases of the cell cycle.

d. G-1:Gap 1, cell grows and metabolizes, prior to DNA replication

e. S:DNA is synthesized (replication)

f. G-2:Gap 2- follows DNA synthesis —cell prepares for division or remains in this stage if not signaled to divide

g. Mitosis:Cell division outlined below

25. Why does the cell need to copy its DNA (chromosomes) before mitosis?After cytokinesis each daughter cell contains one

chromatid (one copy of parental DNA). Before dividing again, the cell must replicate its DNA to create another identical

chromatid so that there are two copies to be pulled apart during anaphase—otherwise the number of chromatids would be

reduced every time the cell divides. Replication is necessary to maintain the amount of DNA that the cell inherited so that

it can carry out all of its functions.

Mitosis Matching: 26. __b__ chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

27. __a__ chromosomes become visible

28. __a__ centrioles separate

29. __c__ sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes

30. __e__ nuclear envelope re-forms

31. __a__ nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down

32. __a__ each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at the centromere

33. __? C although chromatids__ individual chromosomes move apartXX

34. What‘s the order of the phases in mitosis?

IPMATC Interphase-Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase- cytokinesis

[cell wall/cleavage furrow]

A . Ribosome

B . Mitochondrion

C .Golgi Body

D .Rough ER

E .Nuclear Pore

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

e. interphase

35. How is a plant cell‘s mitosis different from an animal cell‘s mitosis?

36. Draw the cell cycle diagram from your book (looks like a pie chart)—make sure you label the stages of interphase (G-1, S, G-2) and

mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) & finally, cytokinesis.

Something like this—no diagrams of cell needed but nice if you want to add them:

37. What phase is the biggest portion of the cell‘s lifetime—interphase or mitosis? Interphase

WHY?During interphase the cell is growing, replicating DNA, synthesizing proteins and other molecules, and carrying out the

functions it is specialized to fulfill. Typically, in cells that divide, 10-15% of cell cycle is spent in mitosis.

NOW THAT YOU‘RE FINISHED STUDYING…GET SOME REST! YOU NEED TO ―SLEEP ON IT‖ SO

IT WILL SOAK INTO THAT BRAIN OF YOURS!! REALLY!!!

GET A GOOD NIGHT‘S REST &EAT A YUMMY, CARB & PROTEIN-FILLED

BREAKFAST IN THE MORNING!

GOTTA FEED THE BRAIN!