Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture
description
Transcript of Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture
![Page 1: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture
![Page 2: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 3Culture
![Page 3: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Section 1 The Basis of Culture
![Page 4: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Culture • The knowledge, language,
values, customs, and physical objects that are passed from generation to generation among members of a group• Human creation
![Page 5: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Material side: physical objects of culture (ex – skyscrapers, computers, cell phones, etc..)• Nonmaterial side: beliefs, rules, customs, family systems• Helps explain human social behavior
![Page 6: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Society • A group of people who live in a defined territory and participate in a common culture• Culture is the total way of life of a society
![Page 7: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Instincts • Genetically inherited patterns of behavior
![Page 8: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nurture vs. Nature• Is personality a result of heredity {genetics or nature} or as a product of the environment {nurture}?
![Page 9: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Studies involving identical twins have determined it is about half and half
![Page 10: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Reflexes• Automatic reactions to physical stimulus• Simple, biological, inherited
![Page 11: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Drive • Impulse to reduce discomfort• Biologically inherited• Eat, drink, sleep, & associate with others
![Page 12: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sociobiology • The study of the biological basis of human behavior combining Darwin’s theory of natural selection with modern genetics
![Page 13: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Assumes that the behaviors that best help people are biologically based and transmitted in the genetic code• Parental affection and care,
friendship, sexual reproduction, education of children
![Page 14: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Read the information regarding Sociobiology on pp.74-75• Do you agree with the sociobiology view of human behavior? Why or why not?
![Page 15: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Read “Another Time” on p.76. Answer #1 & 2
![Page 16: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Section 2Language and Culture
![Page 17: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• The pen is mightier than _________.• Better safe than __________.• It’s always darkest before ________.• Don’t bite the hand that _________.• No news is ___________.• If you lie down with dogs, you’ll
_________.
![Page 18: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• A penny saved is a __________.• None are so blind as ________.• Children should be seen and not
_______.• Better late than ___________.
![Page 19: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cultural transmission• Transferring of culture from
one generation to the next• Heavily dependent upon
the use of symbols• Most powerful symbols are
those of language
![Page 20: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Symbols • Things that stand for or represent something else• Range from physical objects to sounds, smells, and tastes
![Page 21: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Language and Culture• Language frees from the limits of time & place allowing for the creation of culture• Allows the passage of experiences, ideas and knowledge
![Page 22: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Edward Sapir & Benjamin Whorf
• Believe language is our guide to reality; perceptions of the world depend in part on the particular language we have learned• Known as the Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis or the hypothesis of linguistic relativity
![Page 23: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Vocabulary • Language will have many words to describe the things that are important to it• Something that is not important may not have any words to describe it
![Page 24: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Exposure to another language or to new words can alter a person’s perception
![Page 25: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Section 3Norms and Values
![Page 26: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Norms • Rules defining appropriate and
inappropriate behavior; help explain why people in a society or group behave similarly in similar circumstances• Cultural norms – ways of
behaving in specific situations
![Page 27: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Range from relatively minor rules to extremely important ones (laws)
![Page 28: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
William Graham Sumner• Believed anything can be
considered appropriate when norms approve of it• Society members use norms to
guide social behavior • Identified 3 basic types of
norms: folkways, mores, & laws
![Page 29: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Folkways • Rules that cover customary
ways of thinking, feeling & behaving but lack moral overtones• Supporting school activities,
speaking to others in the hallway
![Page 30: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mores • Norms of great moral significance; vital to the well-being of a society• Violations bring strong disapproval
![Page 31: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Taboos• The most serious mores with such strength that violations demand punishment by the group• Incest taboo – only one common to all societies
![Page 32: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Laws • Norms that are formally
defined and enforced by officials• Consciously created and
enforced• Mores serve as an important
source
![Page 33: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sanctions • Rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms• Can be formal and informal
![Page 34: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Formal sanctions• Sanctions that may be applied only by officially designated persons, such as judges and teachers• Can be both positive or negative rewards
![Page 35: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Informal sanctions• Sanctions that can be applied
by most members of a group; can be positive or negative• Not used randomly or without
reason• May sanction ourselves
mentally after a certain age
![Page 36: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Values • Broad ideas about what most people in a society consider to be desirable• Do not dictate precise ways of thinking, feeling & behaving
![Page 37: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Influence human social behavior by forming the basis of norms
![Page 38: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Basic Values in the U.S.• Achievement & success• Activity & work• Efficiency & practicality• Equality• Democracy• Group superiority
![Page 39: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
??????• Racism, based on a belief in the superiority of one group over another, remains part of the fabric of American culture.
![Page 40: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Section 4Beliefs and Material
Culture
![Page 41: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
•What are beliefs?
![Page 42: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nonmaterial culture• Ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people’s behavior
![Page 43: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Beliefs • Ideas about the nature of reality• Basis for human behavior regardless of truth
![Page 44: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Material culture• the concrete, tangible objects of a culture• Have no meaning or use apart from the meanings people give them
![Page 45: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Read the section on p.93 about nettling
![Page 46: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
How is material culture related to nonmaterial culture?
• Uses and meanings of physical objects can vary among societies• Cultural meaning of physical
objects is not determined by the physical characteristics of the objects• Meanings are based on beliefs,
norms & values
![Page 47: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ideal culture• Cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society• Ex: honesty
![Page 48: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Real culture• Actual behavior patterns which often conflict with ideal culture
![Page 49: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Section 5Cultural Diversity &
Similarity
![Page 50: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Why does culture change?• Discovery: process of finding
something that already exists• Invention: creation of
something new• Diffusion: borrowing of
aspects of culture from other cultures (ex: food)
![Page 51: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Social categories• Groups that share a social characteristic such as age, gender or religion• Certain behaviors are associated with the categories
![Page 52: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Subculture • Group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important aspects• Ex: youth, circus people, musicians
![Page 53: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Counterculture • Subculture deliberately and
consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture• Ex: prisons, gangs, religious
groups
![Page 54: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Ethnocentrism • Judging others on terms of
one’s own cultural standards• Impact on society: people feel
good about themselves; stability is promoted; extremes can prevent change
![Page 55: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cultural universals• Traits that exist in all cultures• Sports, cooking, courtship, division of labor, education, etiquette
![Page 56: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• Biological similarities account for cultural universals (children are born so must be taken care of; people die so must have funeral rites & mourning)
![Page 57: Brainstorm a list of the elements of culture](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816676550346895dda11e7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cultural particulars• The ways in which a culture expresses universal traits