Brain Structure and Function. The Strange Case of Phineas Gage September 13 th, 1848 Phineas 25...
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Transcript of Brain Structure and Function. The Strange Case of Phineas Gage September 13 th, 1848 Phineas 25...
![Page 1: Brain Structure and Function. The Strange Case of Phineas Gage September 13 th, 1848 Phineas 25 years old Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e4d5503460f94b43d8c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Brain Structure and Function
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The Strange Case of Phineas Gage
• September 13th, 1848
• Phineas 25 years old
• Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT
• Paving the way for new RR tracks
• “Tamping Iron”– 1.25in x 3ft
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• Accident– Quick Recovery
• Months later: “No longer Gage”– Before: capable, efficient, best foreman, well-balanced
mind– After: extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane
• Stint with P.T Barnum• Died 12 years later• Watch Clip
Phineas Gage
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Evolution of the Brain
Reptilian Paleomammalian Neomammalian
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BRAINSTEM Heart rate and breathing
CEREBELLUM Coordination
and balance
Parts of the Brain
amygdala
pituitary
hippocampusTHALAMUS
Relays messages
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The Brain• Brainstem
–responsible for automatic survival functions
• Medulla–controls heartbeat
and breathing
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The Cerebellum
–helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
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The Limbic System
• Hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, and hippocampus all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory
• Hippocampus Memory processing
• Amygdala Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)
• Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones)
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The Thalamus• Thalamus
– the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
– it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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The Amygdala
• Amygdala –two almond-
shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear
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The Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral Cortex –the body’s
ultimate control and information processing center
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The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
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The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Planning, decision making speech
Sensory
AuditoryVision
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The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal Lobes– involved in speaking and
muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
– the “executive”
• Parietal Lobes
– include the sensory cortex
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The Cerebral Cortex
• Occipital Lobes
– include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
• Temporal Lobes
– include the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
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The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex
• Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex
• Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
• Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex
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Brain Lateralization
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Our Divided Brains
• Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres
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Contra-lateral division of labor
• Right hemisphere controls left side of body and visual field
• Left hemisphere controls right side of body and visual field
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Hemispheric Specialization
LEFT
Symbolic thinking
(Language)
Detail
Literal meaning
RIGHT
Spatial perception
Overall picture
Context, metaphor
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Brain Plasticity
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Brain Plasticity
• The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences
• Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge
• Age dependent component
• Brain injuries