CAI Neurosurgical Operation (brain abscess resection) Virtual Simulation Simple neuronavigator
Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we...
-
Upload
anissa-leonard -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we...
![Page 1: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Brain Structure and Function
![Page 2: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t”
-Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977)
![Page 3: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BRAINSTEM Heart rate and breathing
CEREBELLUM Coordination
and balance
Parts of the Brain
amygdala
pituitary
hippocampusTHALAMUS
Relays messages
![Page 4: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Brain• Brainstem
–responsible for automatic survival functions
• Medulla–controls heartbeat
and breathing
![Page 5: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reticular Formation
•Widespread connections •Arousal of the brain as a whole
•Reticular activating system (RAS)
•Maintains consciousness and alertness•Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep
![Page 6: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Cerebellum
–helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
![Page 7: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Limbic System
• Hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, and hippocampus all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory
• Hippocampus Memory processing
• Amygdala Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)
• Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones)
![Page 8: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Limbic System Hypothalamus
neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities eating drinking body temperature
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
linked to emotion (show video)
![Page 9: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Limbic System
• Amygdala –two almond-
shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear
![Page 10: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Brain• Thalamus
– the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
– it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
![Page 11: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral Cortex –the body’s
ultimate control and information processing center
![Page 12: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
![Page 13: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Planning, decision making speech
Sensory
AuditoryVision
![Page 14: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal Lobes– involved in speaking and
muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
– the “executive”
• Parietal Lobes
– include the sensory cortex
![Page 15: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Cerebral Cortex
• Occipital Lobes
– include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
• Temporal Lobes
– include the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
![Page 16: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex
• Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex
• Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
• Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex
![Page 17: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Brain Lateralization
![Page 18: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Our Divided Brains
• Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres
![Page 19: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hemispheric Specialization
LEFT
Symbolic thinking
(Language)
Detail
Literal meaning
RIGHT
Spatial perception
Overall picture
Context, metaphor
![Page 20: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Contra-lateral division of labor
• Right hemisphere controls left side of body and visual field
• Left hemisphere controls right side of body and visual field
![Page 21: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Split Brain Patients
• Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut to reduce seizures in the brain
• Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced• Affected abilities related to naming objects in
the left visual field• left and right brain differences in
learning.m4v• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4Qi5_dANWYo•
![Page 22: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Brain Plasticity
![Page 23: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Brain Plasticity
• The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences
• Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge
• Age dependent component
• Brain injuries
![Page 24: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Environmental influences on neuroplasticity
Impoverished environment
Enriched environment
![Page 25: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Phineas Gage
• September 13th, 1848
• Phineas 25 years old
• Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT
• Paving the way for new RR tracks
• “Tamping Iron”– 1.25in x 3ft
![Page 26: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Accident– Quick Recovery
• Months later: “No longer Gage”– Before: capable, efficient, best foreman, well-balanced
mind– After: extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane
• Stint with P.T Barnum• Died 12 years later• Watch Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=c6kRP41ygrI
Phineas Gage
![Page 28: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Nervous System
• The nervous system is made up of neurons, nerve cells that transmit signals or “messages” throughout the body.
• Dendrites – The rootlike structures at the ends of neurons that receive messages from other neurons.
• Axon – The long, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel.
© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
![Page 29: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Nervous System• Terminals – The small branching structures at the
tips of axons.• Neurotransmitters – Chemical substances that
transmit messages from one neuron to another.• Synapse – The junction between one neuron and
another across which neurotransmitters pass.• Receptor site – A part of a dendrite on a receiving
neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter.
© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
![Page 30: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Anatomy of a Neuron
© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
![Page 31: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Transmission of Neural Impulses
© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
![Page 32: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Neurotransmitter Functions and Relationships
© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
![Page 33: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Neural Transmission
• The Brain's Inner Workings - Part 1 - Structure and Function
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C13OVRguQrQ&feature=relmfu
• The Brain's Inner Workings - Part 2 – Cognition
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NixAppWWec&NR=1&feature=endscreen
• Neurons and how they work• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=FR4S1BqdFG4&feature=related
![Page 34: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Steps in Neural Transmission Class ChallengeGoal: gain a hands-on idea of how electrical information is passed along
an axon for neural transmission to occur.• 1 Facilitator and 12 students. • Facilitator- Assign the following roles to each student in
your group: electrical stimulus, dendrite, cell body, axon, myelin sheath (use four students for this one), positive ion, negative ion, terminal button, and neighboring neuron. (use the text to help you understand what each role does)
• Group – Students line up in the correct order of neural transmission.
• Facilitator – Orchestrate the group to ‘act out’ each of the steps and have each student act out their parts as you are going through the steps. Do this a couple of times until you think they have the hang of it. Next, allow the students to run through the steps by themselves. (Extra points for creativity)
![Page 35: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Neural Transmission Act 1• electrical stimulus
• dendrite
• cell body
• axon
• myelin sheath (use four students for this one)
• positive ion
• negative ion
• terminal button
• neighboring neuron.
![Page 36: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• The Brain – History Channel
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iE3MgMFfI6U
![Page 37: Brain Structure and Function. “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d985503460f94a8280a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
ThalamusCorpuscallosum
HypothalamusPituitary gland
PonsMedulla
Reticular formation Spinal cordBrain stem
Cerebellum
CerebrumAmygdala Hippocampus