Brain and Behavior Based Strategies in the Treatment of OCD · •Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom...
Transcript of Brain and Behavior Based Strategies in the Treatment of OCD · •Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom...
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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR BASED STRATEGIES IN THE
TREATMENT OF OCD
Christopher Pittenger, MD, Ph.D.Director, Yale OCD Research Clinic
Assistant Chair for Translational Research, Yale University Dept of Psychiatry
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and in the Yale Child Study Center
International OCD Foundation Scientific Advisory Board: Chair, Annual IOCDF Research Symposium; Chair, IOCDF Grant Review Committee; Member, IOCDF Clinical and Scientific Advisory Board
Past recipient, NARSAD Young Investigator Award (2007, 2010), NARSAD Independent Investigator Award (2016)
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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CONFLICTS
• Research funding from NIMH, NINDS, BBRF, IOCDF, Simons Foundation, Doris
Duke Charitable Foundation, Taylor Family Foundation, MGH Research Fund
• Current clinical trial funded by Biohaven Pharmaceuticals
• Consultant to Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Blackthorn
Therapeutics, Brainsway Therapeutics
• Royalties from Oxford University Press, Elsevier Ltd
• Patent on near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback for the treatment of
anxiety
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: PHENOMENOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS,
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• OBSESSIONS – Recurrent and persistent thoughts, images, or urges that
are experienced as intrusive or unwanted and that typically produce marked
anxiety or distress
• The sufferer tries to ignore or suppress the thoughts, urges, or impulses or to
neutralize them with some other thought or action
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: PHENOMENOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS,
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• COMPULSIONS – Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual
feels driven to perform in response to an obsessions, or according to rules
that must be applied rigidly
• Performing compulsions is aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress
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• Lifetime morbid risk of 2.7% (Kessler et al,
2012)
• One-year prevalence of 1.3% (Kessler et al,
2012)
• 10th cause of morbidity, worldwide, in 1996
Global Burden of Disease study from WHO
• Most commonly severe of any of the DSM-IV
anxiety disorders (Ruscio et al, 2010)
• Diagnosis is often missed or delayed;
appropriate treatment is often not available
• ~25% of cases are refractory to the best
available evidence-based treatments
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: PHENOMENOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS,
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
Baxter et al, 1987
INCREASED BRAIN ACTIVITY AT REST
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
Rauch et al, 1994
SYMPTOM PROVOCATION
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
Pittenger et al, 2011
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Stein et al, 2019PARALLEL CORTICO-STRIATAL CIRCUITS
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
Hansen et al, 2002EFFECT OF TREATMENT
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS
Pittenger et al, 2011
Van der Straten et al, 2017
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS
Pittenger et al, 2017A CLASSICAL VIEW
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A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS
Pittenger et al, 2017A CLASSICAL VIEW
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A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS
Pittenger et al, 2017AN UPDATED VIEW
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A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS
Pittenger et al, 2017AN UPDATED VIEW
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Pittenger et al, 2017TRIGGERS
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Pittenger et al, 2017AVOIDANCE
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Pittenger et al, 2017AVOIDANCE
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Pittenger et al, 2017COGNITIVE BIASES AND DISTORTIONS
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Pittenger et al, 2017THE ROLE OF AFFECT
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Pittenger et al, 2017DIRECT REINFORCEMENT OF COMPULSIONS
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Pittenger et al, 2017DEVELOPMENT OF HABITS
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Pittenger et al, 2017PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
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Pittenger et al, 2017PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
![Page 31: Brain and Behavior Based Strategies in the Treatment of OCD · •Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP) •Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040301/5e762907de555b109365b3cc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pittenger et al, 2017
PSYCHOTHERAPY SEEKS TO INTERRUPT THE FEEDBACK CYCLE
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Pittenger et al, 2017
PSYCHOTHERAPY SEEKS TO INTERRUPT THE FEEDBACK CYCLE
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Pittenger et al, 2017
PSYCHOTHERAPY SEEKS TO INTERRUPT THE FEEDBACK CYCLE
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Pittenger et al, 2017
PSYCHOTHERAPY SEEKS TO INTERRUPT THE FEEDBACK CYCLE
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS: FIRST LINE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• Fluoxetine (Prozac)
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
• Sertraline (Zoloft)
• Paroxetine (Paxil)
• Citalopram (Celexa)
• Escitalopram (Lexapro)
• Clomipramine (Anafranil)*
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SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
Issari et al, 2017
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Bloch et al, 2010
SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS?
Pittenger et al, 2011
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OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS?
Pittenger et al, 2011
Dopamine
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OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS?
Pittenger et al, 2011
Dopamine
Glutamate
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GLUTAMATE MODULATORS
• Riluzole (Rilutek)
• Memantine (Namenda)
• Ketamine
Glutamate modulators in OCD
remains investigational; better-
proven agents should always be
tried first!
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RILUZOLE
Pittenger et al, 2015
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KETAMINE
Bloch et al, 2012
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KETAMINE
Rodriguez et al, 2013
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OTHER SEROTONIN MODULATORS
• Mirtazapine (Remeron)
• Bispirone (Buspar)
• Psilocybin
These agents remain
investigational in OCD; better-
proven agents should always be
tried first!
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PSILOCYBIN??!?
Moreno et al, 2006
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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Baxter et al, 1987
Van der Straten et al, 2017
REMEMBER THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX?
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OFC ABNORMALITIES ARE THE MOST CONSISTENT NEUROIMAGING FINDING IN OCD
Scheinost et al, 2014 Anticevic et al, 2014
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NEUROFEEDBACK – TEACHING PEOPLE TO CONTROL BRAIN ACTIVITY
Scheinost et al, 2014 Scheinost et al, 2013
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NEUROFEEDBACK – PROOF OF CONCEPT IN SUBCLINICAL CONTAMINATION ANXIETY
Scheinost et al, 2013
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OUTLINE OF TODAY’S TALK
• Phenomenology, diagnosis, epidemiology
• Neural underpinnings
• A framework for understanding obsessions and compulsions
• Psychotherapy for OCD: Symptom evocation and ritual prevention (ERP)
• Pharmacological treatment of OCD: serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• New directions in pharmacological treatment: Glutamate modulators and psychedelics
• New directions in therapy: Neurofeedback
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Our patients and their families
• Michael Bloch MD, MS
• Ben Kelmendi, MD
• Alan Anticevic, Ph.D.
• Michelle Hampson, Ph.D.
• Patricia Gruner, Ph.D.
• Thomas Adams, Ph.D.
• Vladimir Coric, MD
• Dustin Scheinost, Ph.D.
• Yale OCD Research Clinic staff
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Anticevic A, Hu S, Zhang S, Savic A, Billingslea E, Wasylink S, Repovs G, Cole MW, Bednarski S, Krystal JH, Bloch MH, Li CS, Pittenger C (2014). Global resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis identifies frontal cortex, striatal, and cerebellar dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 75:595-605.
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