BRADLEY WEST IL CB 2016 Kidney talk - IPhA west il cb... · 2016. 11. 3. · 1 1 Kidney Transplant...

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1 1 Kidney Transplant November 4 th , 2016 Brad West, MD, FACP Medical Director of Transplant Services, Memorial Medical Center Chairman Department of Nephrology, Springfield Clinic 2 Incident dialysis patients & patients receiving a first transplant in the calendar year. All probabilities are adjusted for age, gender, & race; overall probabilities are also adjusted for primary diagnosis. All ESRD patients, 1996, used as reference cohort. Modality determined on first ESRD service date; excludes patients transplanted or dying during the first 90 days. Adjusted survival: 1993-1997 incident patients Transplant has better outcomes than Dialysis http://www.usrds.org/2007/pdf/06_hosp_morte_07.pdf

Transcript of BRADLEY WEST IL CB 2016 Kidney talk - IPhA west il cb... · 2016. 11. 3. · 1 1 Kidney Transplant...

Page 1: BRADLEY WEST IL CB 2016 Kidney talk - IPhA west il cb... · 2016. 11. 3. · 1 1 Kidney Transplant November 4th, 2016 Brad West, MD, FACP Medical Director of Transplant Services,

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Kidney Transplant

November 4th, 2016

Brad West, MD, FACPMedical Director of Transplant Services, 

Memorial Medical CenterChairman Department of Nephrology, 

Springfield Clinic

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Incident dialysis patients & patients receiving a first transplant in the calendar year. All probabilities are adjusted for age, gender, & race; overall probabilities are also adjusted for primary diagnosis. All ESRD patients, 1996, used as reference cohort. Modality determined on first ESRD service date; excludes patients transplanted or dying during the first 90 days.

Adjusted survival: 1993-1997 incident patients Transplant has better outcomes than Dialysis

http://www.usrds.org/2007/pdf/06_hosp_morte_07.pdf

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Benefit of transplant versus waiting list?

Age Without  Transplant

With Transplant

Difference

0‐19 26 y 39 y 13 y

20‐39 14y 31y 17y

40‐59  11y 22y 11y

60‐74 6y 10y 4y

Wolfe et al, NEJM 1999;341:1725

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GFR distribution by year transplant

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Segev et al. JASN 2011

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KI 1.5 Characteristics of adult patients on the kidney transplant waiting list on December 31, 2002 & December 31, 2012

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Post Transplant Diabetes Risk

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Kuypers et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008

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KI 6.11 Post-transplant diabetes among kidney transplant recipients by BMI

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BMI at MMC40% Diabetic

0

5

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15

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25

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

BMI

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Post Transplant Diabetes (PTDM)

Risk factors for PTDM

• BPAR

• Steroid use

• Tacrolimus

• Family history

• Improved Kidneys

• BMI

• Age

• Result of PTDM

– Patient overall survival

– Kidney transplant survival

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KI 4.1 Total kidney transplants Nationwide

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KI 1.10 Three-year outcomes for adult patients waiting for a kidney transplant among new listings in 2009

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KI 1.1 Adult patients waiting for a kidney transplant

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KI 3.1 living donors, by donor relationLiving donors key to shortening wait times

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KI 3.5 living kidney donor complicationsLow complication rates

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KI 6.7 Half-lives for adult kidney transplant recipients…..Living Kidneys Work better!

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Evaluation for Transplant

• EKG

• CXR

• Blood work

– ABO (blood type)

– Tissue Typing (HLA)

– Viral Serology

• Standard Cancer screening

– Colonoscopy

– Prostate

– Pap /  Mammogram

• Other diagnostic testing (as needed)

– Cardiac Tests

– Urological tests

– Pulmonary Tests

– Frailty testing

• Vaccinations

– Pneumonia

– Influenza

– Shingles

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Kidney Transplant Surgery

• The transplanted kidney is attached to the blood supply– Artery

– Vein

• The ureter (urine draining tube) is attached to your bladder

• Surgery lasts about 

3 – 4 hours

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Brief Case

• 30 year old man on dialysis for 1 year got a transplant with IL2 induction

• He developed 102.2 F fever on day 2, and urine decreased 6 hours later 

• Preoperative immunological studies

– HLA 0/6 match 

– PRA 6% (DR9)

– Flow Cross‐match negative

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KI 6.9 Incidence of first acute rejection among adult patients receiving a kidney transplant in 2006–2010

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Transplant History

– 1950 Ruth Tucker • ‐Little Company of Mary

– 1957 Azathioprine– 1972 MMC, Dr. Birtch– 1980s 50‐60%  Rejection

• 1983 CYCLOSPORINE• 1986 OKT3

– 1990s 30% Rejection• 1995 Mycophenolate• 1994 Tacrolimus

– 1998 Hand Transplant, Lyon– 2005 Face Transplant, Lyon– 2000s  <10‐15% Rejection– 2013 VCA Established at MMC

Herrick Brothers (above)1954 Dr Joseph Murray, Boston

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Immunosuppressant Induction

• Thymoglobulin (Polyclonal)– Cytokine release syndrome– Administer through a high‐flow 

vein. – Pre‐medication 1 hour prior 

• corticosteroids• Acetaminophen• antihistamine (Benadryl)

– WBC count 2,000 to 3,000 cells/mm3 or platelet count 50,000 to 75,000 cells/mm3: Reduce dose by 50%.

– WBC count <2,000 cells/mm3

or platelet count <50,000 cells/mm3: Consider discontinuing treatment

• Basiliximab (IL2)– 20 mg within 2 hours prior to 

transplant surgery, followed by a second 20 mg dose 4 days after transplantation

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Maintenance Immunosuppression

1. Primary Immunosuppressant

Tacrolimus

Cyclosporine

Sirolimus

Belatacept (IV)

2. Anti‐metabolite

Mycophenolate

Azathioprine

3. Prednisone22

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Calcineurin Inhibitor interactions

• Calcium channel blockers• Proton Pump Inhibitors (less with Pantoprazole)• Statins (less with Pravastatin)• Antifungal therapies• St. Johns Wort• Conivaptan• Protease inhibitors• Decreased with cinacalcet, Dilantin• QT prolonging drugs: Quinolones, Thioridazine

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Side effects

• Cyclosporine– Hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, lipid abnormalities

• Tacrolimus side effects– Diarrhea, Headache, Tremors, Hyperkalemia, ARF, Thrombotic microangiopathy (rare)

• Mycophenolate side effects– Diarrhea, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia

• CMV Disease– Diarrhea, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia

• Ebstein Barr Virus and BK Virus

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Acute kidney failure‐ (Native Kidneys)

Pre‐renalPre‐renal RenalRenal

Glomerular (<5%)Glomerular (<5%) Interstitial (<5%) Interstitial (<5%)  Tubular (90%)Tubular (90%)

ToxicToxicObstructiveObstructive

IschemicIschemic

Vasculitis (<5%)Vasculitis (<5%)

Post‐renalPost‐renal

Aminoglycosides

Myoglobin 

Aminoglycosides

Myoglobin 

Cast Nephropathy

Acyclovir

Oxalate

Cast Nephropathy

Acyclovir

Oxalate

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Acute kidney failure‐ (Transplant)

Pre‐renal

‐RENAL VEIN/ARTERY

Pre‐renal

‐RENAL VEIN/ARTERYRenalRenal

Glomerular (<5%)Glomerular (<5%)InterstitialInterstitial

Rejection vs BK Virus

Rejection vs BK Virus

TubularTubular

Calcineurin

Oxalate

Ivig

ATN

Calcineurin

Oxalate

Ivig

ATN

VasculitisVasculitis

Post‐renal

URETER ANASTOMOSIS

Post‐renal

URETER ANASTOMOSIS

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Back to our patient…..

• 30 year old man developed 102.2 F fever and kidney failure 2 days after transplantation.

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BIOPSY RESULTS

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Our patient had a bad case ofREJECTION!

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Repeat Immunological studies

• New Donor Specific Antibody (DSA) detected 

– DR7 

• B and T cell cross‐match now positive as well

• Biopsy shows both 

– BANFF 2 A Cellular Rejection

– Humoral rejection

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Purpose of Banff Staging‐Prognosis and Treatment

• Mueller et al Transplantation 2000 Mar 27;69(6):1123‐7

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Update On Patient

• Treated with

– Cellular Rejection; Thymoglobulin & steroids

– Humeral Rejection; IVIG & Rituximab

• Result: Home off and off dialysis

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Patient home and doing well….

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THE TRANSPLANT TEAM

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Questions?

• Transplant office: 217‐788‐3441

• National Kidney Foundation (NKF)– http://www.kidney.org/

• United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)– http://www.unos.org/

• American Society of Transplantation (AST)– http://www.a‐s‐t.org/

• SRTR– http://www.ustransplant.org/

3636

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Humoral rejection(Antibody‐mediated)• Positive antibodies

• Histological Findings

• C4d

• Graft dysfunction

• Staging– Type I ‐ An acute tubular necrosis‐like histology, with minimal inflammation 

– Type II ‐ A capillary‐glomerulitis, with margination and/or thromboses 

– Type III ‐ Arterial‐transmural inflammation/fibrinoid changes. 

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What is C4d?

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C4d Physiology and Prognosis

• C4‐>C4a, C4b‐> C4b is converted into C4d, • C4d binds covalently to the endothelial and collagen 

basement membranes • Why in the Peritubular capillary (PTC)?

– Glomerulus has 4 cell surface complement inhibitors» Decay accelerating factor (CD55)» membrane co‐factor protein (CD46)» CR1 (complement receptor 1)‐CD35» protectin (CD59 )

– PTC has only one‐ Protectin (CD59)

• C4d relative risk (RR) of graft loss in 126 biopsies for Acute rejection– RR 8.72 (CI 95% 2.24 to 19.03), 

» Herzenberg AM; Gill JS; Djurdjev O; Magil AB; C4d deposition in acute rejection: an independent long‐term prognostic factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 Jan;13(1):234‐41. 

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Humoral Rejection Treatment

Alemtuzumab and thymoglobulin 

Cellular rejection treatments

Rituximab (CD20)

Bortezomib (Tyrosine Kinase)

IVIG &  Plasmapheresis

Eculizumab (C5)

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Maintenance Immunosuppression

• Solumedrol

– 500 mg POD0

– 200 mg POD1

– 160 mg POD2

– 120 mg POD3

– 80 mg POD 4

– 40 mg POD 5

– 20 mg POD 6

– Wean 5 mg q 2 weeks until at 5 mg daily.

• Mycophenolate Mofetil1000 mg po BID, first dose pre‐op

• Tacrolimus goal 

– 8‐11 first 3 months

– 5‐8 thereafter

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Infectious prophylaxis

• High risk Valgancyclovir 900 mg daily• Moderate risk Valgancyclovir 450 mg daily• Low risk Acyclovir 400 mg po BID

• Trimethoprim DS MWF• Fungal prophylaxis

– Nystatin– Fluconazole

• GI Prophylaxis• Vitamin D supplementation

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CHRONIC REJECTION

• Grade I —– Mild interstitial fibrosis 6‐25%

– mild atrophy of the tubules (<25%) 

• Grade II —– Moderate interstitial fibrosis 25‐50% 

– And moderate tubular atrophy 25‐50%)

• Grade III —– Severe interstitial fibrosis >50%

– And tubular atrophy >50%

• Severity of glomerular, mesangial matrix, and vascular change is also quantified

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CHRONIC ALLOGRAFT FAILURE FROM NEPHROPATHY

• Accounts for <4% of failures.– DM ‐

– Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis – relative contraindication to living donor transplant‐ >65% recur

– IgA 20% to 75%  recur, but <10% graft loss.

– MPGN type 1‐ 20‐30% recurrence, 30‐40% loss

– MPGN type 2 –50‐100% recurrence, 10‐20% loss

– Anti GBM disease – titers should be negative for 6 months before transplant.

– SLE/ANCA vasculitis – avoid if active disease

– Fabry disease/Hyperoxaluria –Disease always recurs

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Campath (Anti CD‐52)Basu. Transplant Proc. 2005 (Pittsburg)

– Alemtuzumab (anti‐CD52)

• CD‐52 on B and T‐cells, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells.

– Has ½ life of 15‐21 days

• 40 pt series in Steroid resistant rejection and Banff grade 1B or higher rejection on FK mono.– 62.5% graft survival

– 4 patients had an infection

» 2 died (PTLD, and infected hematoma)

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CHRONIC REJECTION

• Grade I —– Mild interstitial fibrosis 6‐25%

– mild atrophy of the tubules (<25%) 

• Grade II —– Moderate interstitial fibrosis 25‐50% 

– And moderate tubular atrophy 25‐50%)

• Grade III —– Severe interstitial fibrosis >50%

– And tubular atrophy >50%

• Severity of glomerular, mesangial matrix, and vascular change is also quantified

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CHRONIC ALLOGRAFT NEPHROPATHY

• Accounts for <4% of failures.– DM ‐

– Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis – relative contraindication to living donor transplant‐ >65% recur

– IgA 20% to 75%  recur, but <10% graft loss.

– MPGN type 1‐ 20‐30% recurrence, 30‐40% loss

– MPGN type 2 –50‐100% recurrence, 10‐20% loss

– Anti GBM disease – titers should be negative for 6 months before transplant.

– SLE/ANCA vasculitis – avoid if active disease

– Fabry disease/Hyperoxaluria –Disease always recurs

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Early Allograft Algorithm

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BK virus

• Onset 8 weeks to 5 years

• Median is about 10‐12 months.» Randhawa PS; Human polyoma virus‐associated interstitial nephritis in the allograft kidney. Transplantation 1999 Jan 15;67(1):103‐9. 

» Ramos E; Clinical course of polyoma virus nephropathy in 67 renal transplant patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 Aug;13(8):2145‐51. 

» Vasudev B; BK virus nephritis: risk factors, timing, and outcome in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 2005 Oct;68(4):1834‐9. 

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C4D prognosis

• C4d relative risk (RR) of graft loss in 126 biopsies for Acute rejection– RR 8.72 (CI 95% 2.24 to 19.03), 

» Herzenberg AM; Gill JS; Djurdjev O; Magil AB; C4d deposition in acute rejection: an independent long‐term prognostic factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 Jan;13(1):234‐41. 

• 218 renal biopsies done within 6 months – 35% vs 67% graft survival 1 year post diagnosis.

» Lederer SR; Kluth‐Pepper B; Schneeberger H; Albert E; Land W; Feucht HE; Impact of humoral alloreactivity early after transplantation on the long‐term survival of renal allografts. Kidney Int 2001 Jan;59(1):334‐41. 

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BIOPSY RESULTS

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BIOPSY RESULTS

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Organ Allocation ‐ History

• 1954‐ First successful Kidney transplant• 1968‐ Southeast Organ Procurement Foundation (SEOPF) is formed• 1977 SEOPF implements first computerized Organ matching system, 

United Network for Organ Sharing• 1982‐ SEOPF establishes kidney center for round the clock donor organ 

placement• 1984‐ United Network for Organ Sharing separates from SEOPF• 1984‐ National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) Enacted• 1986‐ UNOS receives initial federal contract to operate to Organ 

Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)• 2000‐ US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) publishes 

Final Rule for the operation of the OPTN

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ImmunosuppressantsNEJM 351;26, 2004

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NOTA‐ national Organ Transplant Act

• Prohibits Buying and Selling Organs• Establishes two department of Health and Human Services 

(DHHS) Contracts:

• Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)– Responsible for Organ Allocation policy development– Responsible for Organ allocation

• Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR)– Provides Ongoing Evaluation of the Scientific and Clinical Status of Organ Transplantation

– Data Collection

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Public Health Service High Risk

• Behaviors indicating high risk donors– Men who have had sex with another man within 5 years

– IV drug use within 5 years

– Men and women who have engaged in sex in exchange for money or drugs within 5 years

– Inmates of correctional systems

• If screening for infection is negative organs are offered.  

• Voluntary, Change your mind at any time

• Expands the pool of donors available to you

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Acute Cellular RejectionDetailed BANFF staging Borderline changes 

no intimal arteritis, mild tubulitis (1‐4 mononuclear cells/tubular cross section)

10 to 25 % involvement of the interstitium.  Type I — Significant interstitial inflammation (>25 percent of parenchyma 

affected) and  Type 1A ‐ moderate tubulitis (>4 mononuclear cells/tubular section).  Type IB‐ severe tubulitis (>10 mononuclear cells/tubular section) 

Type II — Arteritis found in at least one arterial cross section.  Type IIA‐Mild to moderate arteritis Type IIB‐ Severe arteritis, which is associated with greater than 25 percent loss of the luminal area 

Type III — Transmural arteritis, and/or arterial fibrinoid alterations, and necrosis of medial smooth muscle cells occurring in association with lymphocytic inflammation of the vessel.