ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

INCLIMATE CHANGE OF ODISHA

Sri B.P.SINGH DEO, Reader in Geography , H.O.D Department of Geography M.RAMPUR COLLEGE, M.Rampur, Kalahandi,766102

Sri B.P.SINGH DEO, Reader in Geography , H.O.D Department of Geography M.RAMPUR COLLEGE, M.Rampur, Kalahandi,766102

• INTRODUCTION: • Climate change is any long term substantial

deviation from present climate because of variation in weather and climatic elements.

• The earth’s natural climate is changing continuously since ancient times . Presently it has got momentum due to various artificial causes of modern technology in agricultural practices, heavy deforestation and industrialization .

• The hike in population growth has raised awfully the requirements of the people and consequently the exploitation of natural resources has increased abruptly leading to climate change by the emissions of

• Carbon dioxide, • Methane, • Nitrous oxide, • Hydrofluoro carbons, • Perfluoro carbon, • Ozone and • Sulfur hexafluoride

which have high global warming potential.

• Out of the various artificial causes, agriculture

ranks 3rd as a contributor to the enhanced green

house effect after energy and industry.

• Land use related emissions like from Rice

cultivation, Manure management, Crop

management, Emissions from soils & Enteric

fermentation currently account for nearly 1/3rd of

total warming from green house gases, globally.

Agriculture, the largest human activity depends on

climatic parameters. More than 50% difference in

crop yield is due to climatic variation. Manipulation

of climate is beyond our control.

But

we can manipulate the cropping environment(soil,

water & nutrient management practices).It

influences the crop-pest equilibrium.

VULNERABILITY OF INDIA TO CLIMATE CHANGE

India is most vulnerable to climate change because of….

• A unique combination of its geography• Diverse population characteristics• Extremely high dependence on fossil fuels• With nearly 700 million rural population directly

depending on climate sensitive sectors (agril., forests, fisheries) & natural resources (water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence & livelihoods.

VULNERABILITY OF ODISHA TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Odisha may be better termed as ‘’Disaster

Crown’’of india. (In the last 42 years, the state has

experienced 34 disasters of varied intensity) as it is one

of the most vulnerable states to climate change and

the impacts of climate change have been serious. It is

the hot spot of climate change and because of the poor

people, they are more vulnerable to such changes.

CLIMATE CHANGE EXPERIENCED IN ODISHA

a) Odisha is getting warmer day by day

b) Monsoon rain pattern is very erratic.( Annual

rainfall decreased between 1950 and 1990 by

19 to 225 mm, increasing in the coastal districts

and declining in the interior districts, increasing

in May and Oct. and declining in Nov. to March).

  c)Low pressure numbers over the Bay of Bengal is

increasing( Low pressure reached 12 in 2006

and 14 in 2007. Super Cyclone in 1999…..)

SU N D A RG A RH

J H A RSU G U D A

D EO G A RHSA M BA LPU R

BA RG A RH

BO LA N G IR

N A W A RA N G PU R

K O RA PU T

M A LK A N G IRI

AN DHRAP RADESH

G A J A PA TI

G A N J A M

N A YA G A RH

RA YA G A D A

K A LA H A N D I

SO N EPU R

BO U D H

K A N D H A M A L

A N G U L

K H U RD A J A G ATSIN G H PU R

K EN D RA PA RA

J A J PU R

BH A D RA K

BA LA SO RE

M A YU RBH A N J

K EO N J H A R

WESTBEN GAL

D H EN K A N A L

CU TTA CK

PU RI

N U A PA D ABHUBANESWAR

BAYO F

BEN G AL

SUPER CYCLONE – 1999(Coastline of 480 km)

d) Extreme weather events are increasing.

(max. rainfall in a day,increased no of days with heavy rainfall,daily max temperature is increasing, no.of hot days also increasing)

e)Threat to 480 KM long coastal settlements. (Eroded beach, encroached several kilometers to the land)

FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ODISHA (Pasupalak 2008)

• Late monsoon onset and more pre-monsoon rainfall.

• Reduced post monsoon and winter rainfall.

• Less rainfall in February, June and October.

• More number of cloudy days.

• Increased day and night temperatures in all the months except July.

• Maximum increase in temperature in post-monsoon followed by summer.

• Extended summer up to June.

• Increased number of hot, humid summer days in coastal areas.

• Warm and short winter with fewer cold nights in western Orissa.

• More frequent extreme weather events, such as hot extremes (maximum temperature above 450 C) and prolonged heat waves.

• More number of very heavy rainy days (> 125 mm per day).

• Prolonged dry spell due to most rainfall over few days.

• More number of low-intensity low pressures at the Bay of Bengal.

• More intense tropical cyclones with larger peak wind speeds and heavier rainfall.

• Increased risk of drought and flood during monsoon.

• Intense storms resulting in loss of the rain water as direct runoff resulting in reduced groundwater recharging potential.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

IN ODISHA

The trend analysis and the future projections agree to result

in reduced yield of crops, substantial yield losses in winter crops,

more crop loss, water logging, increased soil structure damage,

soil erosion, higher incidence of pests &diseases etc.

  And thus, future climate change is likely to adversely affect agriculture, livelihood, food security and water resource.

ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY

A range of adoption measures(crop diversification, introducing new crop variety, mixed cropping/inter cropping, altering sowing time, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, draught management, flood management ,land management and integrated farming system approach) are available to reduce vulnerability to climate change by enhancing adaptive capacity and increasing resilience.

A large number of technologies (improved land management ,restoration of degraded land, improved composting, using efficient agril. machineries and adopting farm forestry and plantation with due emphasis on natural resource management developed for sustainable agriculture have strong mitigation potential. The practices having mitigation potential can collectively make a significant contribution to increasing soil carbon sinks, reducing green house gases emissions, and by contributing biomass feedstock for energy use.

Technology developed in research station is of no use, unless it is appropriately transferred and adopted by the end users. For the purpose of transferring appropriate technology to the farming community, development of competence, consciousness about the roles, possession of certain qualities and knowledge about methods for effective transfer of technology are essential. Here the term “agricultural extension” comes into the play. It is the nucleus of the agriculture development cell. It is not to aim at only on technology transfer but also on the human resource development in agriculture in holistic manner.

To reduce the vulnerability to climate change, “agricultural extension”can go a long way with:-

A. RIGHT EXTENSION POLICY OF STATE GOVT.

B. SUSTAINED EFFORTS OF HIGHLY DEDICATED RESEARCH & EXTENTION SCIENTISTS

C. RESPONSIVE & DEDICATED EXTENTION FUNCTIONARIES OF AGRICUTURE & ALLIED SECTOR (GOVT.DEPT & N.G.O. ALONGWITH THE INPUT SUPPLIER,FINANCIAL INSTITUTION,MARKET AGENTS,PROCESSORS ETC.)

D. EFFECTIVE EDUCATION,TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS.

RIGHT EXTENSION POLICY OF STATE GOVT.

I. Need based Revised agricultural extension policy (may now be better termed as Climate Led Extension as 3rd generation extension after production led extension and market led extension ) frame work development

II. Restructured extension network to reach the increased population and to meet the effects of climate change.

III. Recruitment of committed and dedicated extension personnel.

IV.Orientation training to the newly recruited personnel to get introduced to the new organization /capacity building training to all the officers to incorporate climate change concerns.and the capacity building at local level also must not be ignored.

V.Providing proper working environment to the extension personnel and encouragements through periodic promotion/ performance based incentives etc.

VI.Special emphasis on strengthening the ATMA like institutions for multi disciplinary extension services to the farmers.

EFFORTS OF HIGHLY DEDICATED RESEARCH & EXTENTION SCIENTISTS

The organizational set up plays the key role

for setting up an enabling environment,. The co-

ordinated efforts of highly dedicated research

scientists and extension scientists can bring in the

improved decision making on continuous basis at

state level for effective implementation to achieve

the desired goal of sustainable agricultural

production

RESPONSIVE & DEDICATED EXTENTION FUNCTIONARIES OF AGRICUTURE & ALLIED SECTORS INCLUDING THE GOVT. DEPARTMENTS & NGOs.

I The extension personnel must be competent with scientific,technical and managerial skill and above all he should be willing to work for socio-economic development of the farming community. This will help in proper technology dissemination, understanding and adoption by the target groups.

II.The participatory approaches to be followed for climate change.

III.”Learning by doing” being an effective method of motivation, a few demonstration projects are to be used.

IV.The extension personnel including all the stake holders (members from Govt.Dept & N.G.O. alongwith the input supplier,financial institution,market agents,processors etc.) should personally,socially and organizationally be held responsible in the multi-stage drama undertaken to develop the farming community.

EFFECTIVE EDUCATION,TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS.

In order to combat the effects of climate change

alongwith the capacity building of extension

personnel,the first and foremost step to be taken

up by the state is to develop teaching material for

imparting effective education, training and

public awareness under multi-tier approach.

The different tools for the purpose are :-

I. For civil society:The reading materials must reach the would be benefitted professionals.

II.For school curriculum: The reading materials must be prepared for different levels.

III.For the community: The small book and literatures as reading materials must be prepared in participatory approach with the community in simple language and with more pictorial features.

IV. For the policy makers, decision makers and planners: The reading materials with exhaustive research data on climate change and its effect with case studies.

V.By organizing workshop and seminars : For faster dissemination to different levels.

VI.Using communication media: Newspaper, TV, Radio Street Play etc.

Here, it is an appeal to all,to develop such a slogan or song or any other strategy which will create mass awareness for taking environment friendly activities as it often happens in viewing World Cup cricket and now like the most popular enchanting song of “Kolaveri,Kolaveri...D’’.

Conclusion

Most of the climate change studies have highlighted more on macro/global perspectives of climate change. In the recent past ,the state level studies have also not lagged behind. Under such circumstances, the present need is the effective education, training and creating public awareness along with micro-level studies on the one hand . On the other, the vast majority of the population being dependent upon the farming for their livelihood, the agricultural extension can instill awareness and each individual will start to contribute their bit in climate change of Odisha.

Last but not the least……..

Let all efforts for the futures to have smiles with greenery

THANK YOU

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

• Natural causes 1] Continental drift 2] Volcanoes 3] The earth’s tilt 4] Ocean currents

• Artificial causes 1] Global warming 2] Deforestation

3] Industrialization

Climate change is any long term substantial deviation from present climate because of variation in weather and climatic

elements

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

• Natural causes 1] Continental drift 2] Volcanoes 3] The earth’s tilt 4] Ocean currents

• Artificial causes 1] Global warming 2] Deforestation

3] Industrialization

Climate change is any long term substantial deviation from present climate because of variation in weather and climatic

elements

Milutin Milankovitch Cycles (1920s)

MILANKOVITCH CYCLES• Eccentricity constantly fluctuating, orbital shape (0 to

5% ellipticity, currently 3%) on a cycle of about 100,000 years. Causes prominent changes in the Earth's climate and glacial regimes.

• Earth's axial tilt occur on a periodicity of 41,000 years from 21.5 to 24.5 degrees. Today the Earth's axial tilt is about 23.5 degrees, which largely accounts for our seasons. A smaller degree of axial tilt would promote growth of ice sheets.

3. Earth's precession: Earth wobbles from pointing at Polaris (North Star) to pointing at the star Vega, has a periodicity of 23,000 years. Due to this wobble a climatically significant alteration takes place.

*At present, only precession is in the glacial mode, with tilt and eccentricity not favorable to glaciation

Methane23%

Nitrous Oxide7%

Carbon Dioxide70%

COCO22 Contributed Most to Global Warming Contributed Most to Global Warming

Over Past CenturyOver Past Century

GREEN HOUSE GASES AND THEIR ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE

CO

N O

CH

CFC

Biomass burning

Fossil fuel combustion

Solvent

Refrigerants

Natural gas releases

Fertilizers

Ruminants

Rice paddy cultivation

Foam packaging

2

2

4

Deforestation/land use changes

Land conversion to agriculture

Aerosol spray propellants

Emission sources of Methane• Natural (70%): Wetlands (110 Tg CH4/yr in world),

including mangroves (India has 3% of world mangrove), termites, wild animals

• Anthropogenic (30%): Ponds, dams (India has 4291 dams contributing 33.5 mt CH4/yr), paddy fields (contribute 11-13 % of world’s anthropogenic CH4), landfills (dumping sites), cattle & other domestic ruminants (Indian cattle emit 11.75 Tg CH4/yr @ 80 g CH4/day)

About 70-80% of total global CH4 emission is of biogenic origin.

Enteric fermentation,

28%

Natural gases, 15%Solid waste

treatment, 13%

Rice fields, 11%

Waste water, 10%

Coal, 8%

Biomass burning, 5%

Biofuel burning, 4%

Manures, 4%

Oil, 1%

Contribution to global anthropogenic CH4 emission

Avg. emission of GHGs from Agril. At global level is only 13.5%

Carbon flow Pg C yr-1

Source Fossil fuel 6.4

Land use change 1.1

Tropical deforestation 1.6

Total sources 9.1

Sinks

Atmospheric increase in CO2 3.4

Terrestrial 2.0

Oceans 2.0

Unknown sink 1.7

Total sink 9.1

Carbon flow from various sources to sink

(IPCC, 1996)

AGRICULTURE AS A SOURCE & SINK OF GHGs

• Emissions of GHG’s (CO2, CH4, and N2O) from agricultural

sources account for some 15% of today's anthropogenic GHG emissions. Land use changes, made for agricultural purposes, contribute another 8% or so to the total.

• Agriculture ranks third as a contributor to the enhanced greenhouse effect after energy and industry.

• According to IPCC estimates, by 2010 CO2 removal in tropical ecosystem would be 125 Mt of carbon per year by croplands, 170 Mt by forests, and 240 Mt by grazing lands accounting for about 3% of CO2 generated by these countries.

Year CO2, ppm

2000 369

2010-2015 388-398

2050/2060 463-623

2100 478-1099

Climate change caused by human activities

• More than 6 billion tonnes of C as CO2 is added annually to the atmosphere due to human activities. Land clearing and deforestation adds another 1-2 billion tonnes.

• CO2 conc. increased from 280 ppm in 1860 to 380 ppm in 2005 and would exceed 700 ppm by 2100 ( levels not seen in the planet for 50 million years.)

• CH4 increased since pre-industrial times from 0.70 to 1.78 ppm, presently increasing @ 3%/ year against 1.2% in the late 1970s.

• N2O conc. at present is 310 ppb & increasing @ 0.22%/yr. Agril. soils contribute 65% of anthropogenic N2O emission (6.3 Tg/yr).

Abundance & global warming potential of GHGs

Parameter CO2 CH4 N2O CFC

Avg. conc. 100 yr ago, ppm 290 0.900 0.270 0

Current Conc., ppm 380 1.774 0.319 0.003-0.005

Projected conc in 2030, ppm

400-500 2.8-3.0 0.4-0.5 0.003-0.006

Atm. lifetime, yr 5-200 9-15 114 75

Global warming potential relative to CO2

1 25 298 4750-10,900

• Temp. increased by 0.74°C between 19th century to 20th century & would increase from 1.4-5.8 oC by 2100 (exceed the change for the last 10,000 years.)

20th century was the hottest century.

1991-2000 was the hottest decade

2005 was the hottest year so far recorded.

11 of the 12 years during 1995-2006 rank among the top 12 warmest years in the instrumental record since 1850 (beginning of industrial revolution)

• Sea levels would rise between 15-94 cm by 2100 (may affect 45-90 million people living in low lying areas)

(IPCC 2007)

Variations in the All-India mean annual temperature

during 1875-2004. (Source: NATCOM, 2004)

• The earth has warmed by 0.74°C [0.56 to 0.92] during last 100-years (1906–2005)

• Frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas

• More intense and longer droughts are observed over wider areas since the 1970s, in the tropics and subtropics.

• Average Arctic temperatures have increased at almost

twice the global average rate in the past 100 years

• Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres

OBSERVED CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC 2007)

Climate change projections for India

YearTemperature change, oC Sea level

rise, cmAnnual Winter Monsoon

2020s 1.36 ± 0.19 1.61 ± 0.16 1.13 ± 0.43 4-8

2050s 2.69 ± 0.41 3.25 ± 0.36 2.19 ± 0.88 15-38

2080s 3.84 ± 0.76 3.84 ± 0.76 3.19 ± 1.42 46-59

Aggarwal and Lal (2000)

India is most vulnerable to climate change because of…

• A unique combination of its geography• Diverse population characteristics• Extremely high dependence on fossil fuels• With nearly 700 million rural population

directly depending on climate sensitive sectors (agril., forests, fisheries) & natural resources (water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence & livelihoods

Cold wave (papaya)Heat wave (Mango tree death)

FloodFlood

Drought

TIDAL WAVESTIDAL WAVES

SU N D A RG A RH

J H A RSU G U D A

D EO G A RHSA M BA LPU R

BA RG A RH

BO LA N G IR

N A W A RA N G PU R

K O RA PU T

M A LK A N G IRI

AN DHRAP RADESH

G A J A PA TI

G A N J A M

N A YA G A RH

RA YA G A D A

K A LA H A N D I

SO N EPU R

BO U D H

K A N D H A M A L

A N G U L

K H U RD A J A G ATSIN G H PU R

K EN D RA PA RA

J A J PU R

BH A D RA K

BA LA SO RE

M A YU RBH A N J

K EO N J H A R

WESTBEN GAL

D H EN K A N A L

CU TTA CK

PU RI

N U A PA D ABHUBANESWAR

BAYO F

BEN G AL

SUPER CYCLONE – 1999(Coastline of 480 km)

Why climate change is so important to agriculture ?

• Agriculture is the largest human activity in the world which depends on climatic parameters. More than 50% differences in yield is due to climatic variations.

• A genotype gives good yield only under suitable climatic conditions and other management practices.

• Manipulation of climate is beyond our control, but we can manipulate environment (soil, water and nutrient management practices).

• It influences crop-pest equilibrium. Agriculture→ Small & Marginal farmers → rural poor → Handicapped ecology → Coastal areas

Effect of climate change on crops

• GrowthCO2 rise

-Favours drymatter-Reduces transpiration

Temperature rise-Reduces drymatter-Increases transpiration

• Development-Accelerates maturity

• Quality-Less protein content

• Pest dynamics changes• New weed flora• Soil degradation

Impact of climate change on crop production• Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration has a fertilization

effect on C3 plants but is negated by increased temperature. • Increase in temperature reduces crop duration, increases crop

respiration rate and alters photosynthates partitioning to economic products (for 1°C increase in temp. wheat yield decreases by 428 kg/ha, for 2°C temp. rise rice yield decreases by 750 kg/ha)

• Increase in extreme weathers adversely affecting agril. productivity

• Decrease probability of yield reduction due to cold waves & frost damage

• Tropospheric ozone causes foliar injury• Affect quality of fruits, veg., tea, coffee, aromatic & medicinal

plants • Ultra violet radiation damages nucleic acids creating long

term effects• Threaten agricultural biodiversity

Crop

Temp. increase

1°C 2°C 3°C

WHEAT 8.1 18.7 25.7

RICE 5.4 7.4 25.1

MAIZE 10.4 14.6 21.4

GROUNDNUT 8.7 23.2 36.2

Yield decrease (%) by increase in temperature

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WHEAT PRODUCTION IN INDIA

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070

Year

Pro

du

ctio

n ,

mt

Estimated changes in total rice production predicted by simulation models for Asia under the three GCM scenarios

Simulation model

Global circulation model

GFDL GISS UKMO

% chang

e

Production

(mt)

% change

Production

(mt)

% change

Production

(mt)

ORYZA 1 6.5 462 -4.4 415 -5.6 409

SIMRIW 4.2 452 -10.4 389 -12.8 379Taking average of all these estimates, it would appear that rice production in asian regions may decline by –3.8%.

GFDL : Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GISS : Goddard Institute for Space Studies

UKMO : United Kingdom Meteorological Office

In an analysis of climatic potential and on-farm yields of rice and wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains, negative yield trends were observed at six of the nine sites studied, four of which were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change scenarios

Station CropIncrease in water

requirements(2000-2005)

mm

Anakapalli Maize 51.7

Groundnut 61.3

Anantapur Groundnut 70.1

  Red gram 174.3

Jagtial Cotton 60.5

  Maize 49.0

Rajendranagar Red gram 114.5

Groundnut 73.0

Tirupathi Groundnut 73.0

Projected Crop Water Requirement

Changes in crop duration

Station CropReduction in crop

duration (weeks)(2000-2005)

Anakapalli Maize 1

Groundnut 1

Anantapur Groundnut 1

Red gram 1

Jagtial Cotton 2

Maize 1

Rajendranagar

Red gram 2

Sorghum 1

Tirupathi Groundnut 1

Effect of high temp. on rice

Anthesis• The response of rice to high temperatures differs according to the

developmental stage with high temperature tolerance at one developmental stage may or may not necessarily lead to tolerance during other stages.

• Processes close to the meiotic stage during tetrad formation and young microspore stage are most sensitive to high temperature during microsporogenesis. A significant reduction in pollen production at 50C above ambient air temperature was attributed to impaired cell division of microspore mother cells.

• Advancing peak anthesis toward early hours of the morning is an efficient strategy to escape high temperatures during later hours of the day. Significant genotypic variation for early morning peak anthesis exists in rice germplasm with O. glaberrima (CG14) having the ability to flower immediately after dawn, potentially escaping high temperatures during the later hours of the day

Ripening phase

• High temperature affects cellular and developmental processes leading to reduced fertility and grain quality.

• Decreased grain weight, reduced grain filling, higher percentage of white chalky rice and milky white rice are common effects of high temperature exposure during ripening stage in rice.

• In addition, increased temperature causes serious reduction in grain size and amylase content further reducing the potential economic benefits farmers can derive from rice cultivation.

Spikelet fertility of BKN6624–46–2 exposed to high temperature of 350C during different stages of panicle development for 5 days

The extreme sensitivity of high temperature during anthesis leading to spikelet sterility: (A) high temperature for 4 h, (B) high temperature for 1 h, (C) 1 h before the onset of high temperature, (D) 1 h immediately after high temperature exposure, and (E) beyond 1 h of high temperature exposure

Flowering patterns of O. sativa cv. IR64 under both control and high temperature

High night temp.

• Grain yield declined by 10% for each 10C increase in minimum temperature in the dry season. The decrease in radiation and increase in minimum temperature were identified as the reasons for the yield decline.

• Although, high temperature at both day and night reduced the duration of grain growth, the rate of growth was lower in the early or middle stages of grain filling, and also reduced cell size midway between the central point and the surface of endosperm at high night temperature (22/340C) than at high day temperature of 34/220C

Effects of enhanced CO2 on crop growth

• C3 plants (Wheat, rice, soybeans etc.) would respond readily to increased CO2 levels.

• C4 plants (Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet) would be less responsive to enriched concentrations.

• Higher levels of atmospheric CO2 induce plants to close stomata.

• Under CO2 enrichment crops may use less water while producing more carbohydrates and improve water-use efficiency.

Change in yields of 4 cereals, due to increase of 2 and 4 °C in average global temp.

Impact of climate change on wheat yield in north India

•Grain yields of wheat decrease by 17% with a 2o C increase in temperature.

•Increase in CO2 to 550 ppm nullify the effect of 2o C rise in temperature.

• Effect of climate change scenario of 2070 may be

• Positive (up to 25%) or • Negative (up to 30%)

depending upon the magnitudes

of change in temperature and

CO2

(Source: Aggarwarl and Ramakrishna, 2002)

350

450

550

650

750

0 1 2 3 4 5

Increase in temperature, C

CO2,

ppm

20%

10% 0%-10% -20% -30%

-40%

2070

2010

Increase in temperature (o C)

Incre

ase in

CO

2 (p

pm

)

↑ in CO2 conc. to 550 ppm ↑ yield of mung, soybean & gram by 9-15%, tomato by 24%, onion by 26%, castor by 35%

Impact of climate change on fresh water availability

• Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff and soil moisture storage. More runoff will cause flood and needs to be stored.

• Increased evaporation from the soil and accelerated transpiration in the plants will cause moisture stress. Crops will need frequent irrigation.

• Climate change affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation. In the Himalayas it will increase in short run but in the long run will decrease considerably.

• Lowering of ground water and decline in quality because of intrusion of sea water

Impact of climate change on soil health

– Reduces soil organic matter both in quantity & quality – Reduces soil moisture availability – Crop residues under elevated CO2 will have wide C:N reducing their

decomposition and nutrient supply– Decreases in microbial population reducing soil productivity and nutrient

cycling– Affects soil structure– Reduces fertilizer and irrigation use efficiency (increase temp. will increase N

mineralization but there will be more volatilization & denitrification loss)– Additional application of fertilizer may be needed to counteract the speed up of

the natural decomposition of organic matter and increase the rates of other soil processes due to higher air temperature and enhance crop growth that can result from increased atmospheric CO2.

– The continual cycling of plant nutrient may enhance CO2 and N2O gas emissions More prone to erosion, creating sedimentation in streams and reservoirs

– Creates waterlogging, soil salinity problems, salt water ingression in coastal areas

– The process of N fixation, is predicted to increase in warmer conditions and with higher CO2, if soil moisture is not limiting.

    

Impact of climate change on pest• Increasing temp. increases the rate of development of insects thereby

decreasing development period• Monocyclic diseases & univoltine insects are less influenced whereas, polycyclic

diseases become epidemic with climate change• Expansion of geographical range of insects to regions where warmer winter

temperatures allow their over-wintering survival and increase the possible number of generations per season.

• Changes in crop pest synchrony• Increase risk of infestation• Conditions are more favorable for the proliferation of insect pests in warmer

climates. (In UK, for last 10-15 years aphids are hatching earlier and their population is growing)

• Crop-pest interactions may shift as the timing of development stages in both hosts and pests is altered.

• Rate of evolution will increase in hotter, drier conditions and in 'extreme years‘

• Pests and diseases from low latitude regions where they are much more prevalent may be introduced at higher latitudes.

Effects of droughts, heat waves, wind storms and floods on insects

• Drought/Heat waves – Mealy bugs, scales, mites, borers, thrips, rodents will increase

• Wind storms – Coconut eriophyid mite will increase

• Floods – cut worms will increase

• Heavy rainfall – Snails and slugs will increase

Effect on Insecticide Use Efficiency

• Entomologist predict more generation of insets in warm climate that necessitates more number of insecticide application

• It will increase cost of protection and environmental pollution

• Synthetic pyrethroids and naturalites (Bio-pesticides, Plant products) will be less effective in higher temperature

• It is advisable for the farmers not to use insecticides with similar mode of action frequently, to avoid development of resistance in case of more number of applications

• Cultural management practices e.g. early planting may not be helpful because of early emergence of pests due to warmness

Impact of climate change on livestock & fishery

• Affects feed production & nutrition of livestock. Less fodder production due to increased water scarcity. More lignification of plant tissues due to temp. rise reducing digestibility.

• More impacts of vector borne diseases• Global warming increases water, shelter & energy

requirements to meet the projected milk demands• Aggravate heat stress in dairy animals reducing their

reproductive performance • Increase water temp. affects fish breeding, migration

& harvest• Increased temp. & tropical cyclonic activities affect

capture, production & marketing cost of marine fish

Predicted effects of climate change on agril. over next 50 yrs

Climatic element

Expected changes by 2050's

Confidence in prediction

Effects on agriculture

CO2Increase from 360 ppm to 450 – 600 ppm

Very highGood for crops: increased photosynthesis; reduced water use

Sea level riseRise by 10 -15 cm Increased in south and offset in north by natural subsistence/rebound 

Very highLoss of land, coastal erosion, flooding, salinization of groundwater

Temperature

Rise by 1-2oC. Winters warming more than summers. Increased frequency of heat waves

High

Faster, shorter, earlier growing seasons, range moving north and to higher altitudes, heat stress risk, increased evapo-transpiration

Precipitation Seasonal changes by ± 10% LowImpacts on drought risk' soil workability, water logging irrigation supply, transpiration

StorminessIncreased wind speeds, especially in north. More intense rainfall events.

Very lowLodging, soil erosion, reduced infiltration of rainfall

VariabilityIncreases across most climatic variables. Predictions uncertain

Very low

Changing risk of damaging events (heat waves, frost, droughts floods) which effect crops and timing of farm operations

Source: Climate Change and Agriculture, MAFF (2000)

Climate change experienced in Orissa • Orissa is getting hotter:

– 1.0 oC in the 40 years from 1951 to 1990 and 0.1 oC in the recent past of 14 years.

• Rainfall pattern is changing: – Annual rainfall decreased between 1950 and 1990 by 19 to 225 mm,

increasing in the coastal districts and declining in the interior districts, increasing in May and Oct. and declining in Nov. to March.

• Low pressures over the Bay of Bengal is increasing: – Low pressure reaching 12 in 2006 and 14 in 2007. Super Cyclone

1999, Tsunami 2004, Aila, 2009• Extreme events are increasing:

– Last decade BBSR recorded the maximum rainfall of 400.3 mm in one day as against the preceding record of 256.4 mm between 1969 to 1978.

– Number of days with very heavy rainfall (>125 mm) has increased. – Daily maximum temperature is increasing with 46.3 oC at BBSR in

2005.– Number of hot days with >45 oC is also increasing with such 3 days

in 2005, while it was absent in 1970s and 1980s except for 1972. – In the last 42 years, the state has experienced 34 disasters of varied

intensity.• Threat to coastal settlements: – Eroded the beach, encroached several kilometers to the land

NATURAL CALAMITIES IN ORISSA (1964 to 2011)

Calamity YearDrought 1965, 1966, 1976, 1979, 1984,

1987, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004*, 2005*, 2010, 2011

Flood 1969, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1985, 1990, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008,2009, 2011

Super Cyclone 1999

Cyclone and Flood 1967, 1968, 1971

Drought and Flood 1972, 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000, 2006*

Drought, Flood and Cyclone 1982

Drought, Flood, Whirlwind & Tornado 1981

Hailstorm, Tornado and Whirlwind 1978* moisture stress

EXTENT OF CROP LOSS

Year Loss ( Rs crore)2000 322

2001 453

2002 1877

2003 341

2004 346

2005 360

2006 491

2007 355

Future climatic projections for Orissa (Pasupalak, 2008)

• ce

Projected effects of climate change on Agriculture- special emphasis in Orissa

• Reduced yields of crops due to warm days and nights.

• Decreased grain yield of rice (9%) by 2020 due to accelerated senescence and higher chaffyness. (S.cane in Maharastra by 30%, rice in flood prone coastal Orissa by 12%)

• Substantial yield losses in winter crops. Temp. ↑0.5 oC ↓wheat yield by 0.45 t/ha, ↑2.0 oC ↓rice yield by 0. 75 t/ha in efficient zone & by 0.06 t/ha in coastal zone.

• Temp ↑by 1-4 oC ↓yields of rice by 0-49%, potato by 5-40%, mung by 13-30% & soybean by 11-36%.

• India would lose 3.9 mt wheat by 2020, 11.7 mt by 2050 & 23.5 mt by 2080.

• India loses 1.8 mt milk due to climate stresses

• Less elongation of rice grain and lower quality of rice due to warm nights during post flowering period (basmati rice)

• Direct sown rice at more risk due to extended summer and less rainfall in June.

• More crop loss, waterlogging and difficulty in cultivation due to more heavy rainfall events.

• More crop loss and land degradation due to increased drought occurrence.

• Increased risk of soil damage and erosion due to soil wetness, waterlogging and flooding.

• Increased salinisation of the coastal areas, particularly Mahanadi delta.

• Long-term loss of soil carbon stocks, soil degradation• Increased crop WR due to accelerated evapotranspiration.• Decreased use efficiency of N fertilizers.• Shift in weed flora• Higher pest incidence such as increasing infestation of rice crop by

swarming caterpillar, hispa, stem borer and BLB.• Loss of cultivated land by sea water intrusion, inundation and

coastal erosion in low-lying coastal areas. Land dispute between migrant & established communities

ADAPTING AGRICULTURE TO CHANGING CLIMATE

• Adaptive mechanism

• Mitigating mechanism

• increasing soil carbon sink • reducing GHG emissions • contributing biomass for energy use

Adaptive measures

• Crop diversification • New crop varieties • New rice culture • Intercropping/Mixed cropping• Altered sowing time/Plant population• Efficient fertilizer use (INM, SSNM, • Efficient water use (Conjunctive use of rain,

ground and canal water) • Integrated pest management • Drought and flood management • Land management • Catchments management• Integrated Farming Systems

Crop mixture- Nutri millets, Pulses and Oilseed, Agroforestry, IFS

Enlarging the Food Basket

WUE of different field cropsWUE of different field cropsCrop WR

(mm)Yield

(kg/ha)WUE

(kg/ha-mm)

Rice 1200 4000 3.3Maize 500 4000 8.0Potato 500 20000 40.0Groundnut 480 2500 5.2Sunflower 400 2000 5.0Mustard 300 1400 4.7Sesame 250 1000 4.0Greengram 250 1000 4.0Jute 480 2800 5.8Sugarcane 1700 100000 58.8

Water saving techniques in rice Proper land leveling and puddling.

Growing rice in a compact rather than in isolated patches.

 Continuous shallow sub. (5+2 cm) than deep sub. saves 10-50% irrigation water

 Saturation throughout is optimum in shallow WT (20-30 cm in rabi and 20-45 cm in kharif)

 Recommended practice is 3 DADPW during kharif (5-7 irrigations) and 1 DADPW during rabi season (13-15 irrigations), water saving 9-27%.

 Bed planting saves 26-42% water as compared to conventional planting.

Drainage at max. tillering or even at PI in iron toxicity area is beneficial

 Drainage at dough stage along with at max. tillering increased head rice recovery by 10%.

Draining the field gradually 15-20 days after flowering facilitates mechanical harvesting and timely sowing of succeeding crops, saves 16-22 cm water.

Productivity and profitability of non-paddy crops in rainfed

highlandsCrop Yield (q/ha) Net return (Rs/ha)Maize 45 (grain) 5,909Greengram 8 (grain) 9,773Blackgram 9 (grain) 12,473Pigeonpea 15 (grain) 18,284Groundnut 15 (pod) 9,368Yam 230 (Tuber) 43,100Yambean 167 (Tuber) 60,316Sweet potato 236 (Tuber) 59,256Elephant foot yam 334 (Tuber) 63,223Cassava 246 (Tuber) 41,139Arrowroot 152 (Tuber) 36,346Turmeric 40 (dry rhizome) 44,755Ginger 160 ( Fresh rhizome) 95,755Rice (upland) 25 234

Performance of upland crops in normal & drought years

Performance of upland crops in normal & drought years

Crop

REY (kg/ha) RWUE(kg/ha-mm)2000 2001 2002 SEm

Maize (G) 5450 4400 4300 369 6.4

Maize (C) 8125 7321 6500 469 10.4

Arhar 5550 5081 5268 136 5.1

Groundnut 5640 6240 5480 231 6.2

Blackgram 4200 4900 3787 325 6.1

Cowpea 2800 3600 2400 353 3.8

Rice 1010 2850 1215 582 2.1

SEm 864 573 696

Rainfall (mm)- N=1442, 2000=1149, 2001=1617, 2002=1002Dryspells- 2000- 25 June to 15 July, 2002- 2 to 28 July

Rainfall (mm)- N=1442, 2000=1149, 2001=1617, 2002=1002Dryspells- 2000- 25 June to 15 July, 2002- 2 to 28 July

"Greater emphasis on tuberous crops such as potato, tapioca and sweet potato to make them available at cheaper rates"

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam

Relevance of tuber crops in a system

1. Food security2. Nutritional security3. Social security4. Value addition prospects5. Export role

Varieties for adverse situations

Rice: Drought-Sahabhagi Dhan

High temp. – Annapurna

Flood: Swarna Sub-1, Varshadhan, Hanseswari

Salinity: Getu, Damodar, Pateni, Rasmanjari,CR Dhan 402 & 403

Wheat: Heat tolerance- Raj 3765, Halna, NIAW 34, NW 1014,

Tepoka, WH 730, CBW 12

Waterlogging at initial stage- HD 2329, HUW 507, HD

2204, D 6-3, D 6-35

Salinity & alkalinity- Kharchia 65, KRLI 4, KRL 19, KRL 210,

KRL 213

Arid legumes: Cowpea, HG, Lathyrus, moth bean, clusterbean,

ricebean

Mustard: Short duration temp. tolerant -NPJ 122, NRC-DR-02

Frost tolerant- RGN 48 & 49

Groundnut: Short duration temp tolerant -ICGS-11, ICGS-44

Fresh dormancy: TG 17, 26 & 37A, VRI 1, BSR 1, Dh-40, SG 99

Sunflower: B spray at ray floret helps seed set even in times of continuous

drizzle & cloudy weather

Yam Cassava

Sweet potato

ColocassiaYam bean Arrowroot

Elephant Foot Yam

New submergence tolerant lines after 17 days of submergence

Management ofManagement of Paira Paira pulses pulses

• Proper land levelling of kharif rice• Growing stiff straw rice var.• 1.25 times seeds• Seed treatment & inoculation• Use of P of paira to kharif rice• DAP or 2% urea spray at fl. of paira crop & 15 d after

• DAP 100 & MOP 33 kg/ha at PI stage of rice• Varieties:

– Mung: Pusa-9072, TARM-1& 2, OBGG 52, OUM-11-5, LGG-460 – Biri : Ujala, TU-94-2, LBG-17

– Pea : Rachna, HFP-4 (Aparna), DDR-27 (Pusa Pana), HFP-8909,

(Uttara), DMR 7 (Alankar) – Gram: JG 11, Radhey, L 550 – Lathyrus: Ratan, Prateek

Natural Resource Management :

• Soil physical, chemical & microbial

properties

• Soil fertility management

• Soil health pass books

• Crop residue management

• Soil mulching

(Contd….)

RHIZOBIUM

Components of organic agriculture

Green manure Cover crop

Crop residues

Vermicompost Oil cake

Azolla

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

100%N

Control

50%NPK

100%NPK(-S)

100%NP

100%NPK+Zn

NPK (soil test)

100%NPK

100%NPK+FYM

Relative Soil Quality

RCTs for sustainability & climate change mitigation

RCT Potential benefitZero tillage Reduces WR, fuel use, GHG emission, increases

C-sequestration, yield & income, more tolerant to heat stress,

Laser aided land levelling

Reduced WR, fuel use, GHG emission, more efficient tractor use, increased area for cultivation

Direct drilling rice

Less WR, saves time, better soil condition for succeeding crop, deeper root growth & better tolerance to water & heat stress, reduces CH4 emission, earliness,

Diversification Efficient water use, reduces risk, conserves soil fertility, increases income & nutritional security

Raised bed planting

Less WR, improves drainage, better residues management, less lodging, more tolerant to water stress

LCC Reduces fer.-N need, N loss, NO2 emission & environmental pollution

Resource conservation equipments

• Rotavator saves 50 % fuel and helps in preparation of better quality seed bed

• Zero till drill increases yield by 5–10% and saves of Rs. 2000-3000/ha

• Pressurized irrigation saves 20–30 % water• Rotary power weeder saves 20–30 % time and labour• Vertical conveyer reaper/combine helps in timely

harvesting• Multicrop thresher saves 50 % labour and time and 54

% cost of threshing• Improved manual harvester for mango & kinnow

causes no damage to fruits with higher harvesting capacity

Capping Methane emission in rice fields

• The balance CH4 out of the action of Methanogens & Methanotrophs in rice field is released to the atm. through ebullition, diffusion & rice plant system (at active growth stage by aerenchymatous tissues through leaf sheath)

• Direct sowing• Addition of composted or partially composted OM• Alternate wetting & drying (Aerobic/SRI), mid-season

/intermittent drainage• Short duration varieties with low emission potential i.e.,

capacity to oxidise rhizosphere Methanotrophs (Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylomicribium, Methylosinus, Methylocystis, Methylococcus

• Incorporation/deep placement of fert., lower dose, use of Nitrification inhibitor (neem product), slow release fertilizers

Reducing methane emission from ruminants• Improving productivity (by nutrition, reproduction,genetics)-less

animals required to produce the same amount• Nutritional management: High grain diet, no over matured

forage, more legumes, low feeding frequency, grinding or pelleting of forage, use of preserved forage (silage)

• Manipulation of rumen fermentation ( which favours propionic acid formation & discourage acetic acid formation): – addition of fats to increase energy density of diet thereby lowering

intake of fibrous feed– Use of propionate precursors (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, malate,

fumarate, succinate) – Defaunation (removal of rumen ciliate protozoa, the site for

attachment of Methanogens, from rumen)– Stimulation of acetogens to rechannelise the substrates for

alternative products like aetate other than methane– Ionophores like monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin will inhibit growth of

Methanogens– Adding methane oxidizers from gut of young pig to rumen fluid in vitro – Immunizations against Methanogens (Methanobrevibacter,

Methanosarcina, Methanomicrobium)

Improved Risk Management :•Early warming system for rainfall, drought, flood,

cyclones

•Contingency plans

•Agrl. credit/marketing for small and marginal farmers

•Crop insurance

•Optimum size of crop area/live stock

•Responsive and dedicated Agrl.Extension service by Knowledgeable scientists

•Synchronous delivery of credit, input and technology delivery system

(Contd….)

Integration of on farm & non farm activities :

•Cooperative farms / Group farming

•Contract farming

•Value addition / advisory services

•Packaging

•Food processing

•Marketing

•Community participation in food and

forage banks

•Agro-business / Agro service centers

• Inter cropping/mixed cropping• Changing varieties / crops / planting time: matching crop phenology with weather/water availability• Diversifying income sources including livestock • Agro forestry • Resource conservation

• Early planting and sowing, • Shorter rotations, • Alternate crops/cropping systems,• Wider spacing, • Altering fertilizer management strategies, • Altering timing and rate of irrigation application in drought prone areas• Use of shelter belts

Changes in agronomic practices

Traditional management practices

Adaptation options to climatic change

To mitigate the problems arising out of climate change

various adaptation measures should be done by • Continuous monitoring of climate change• Impact assessment of climate change• Developing adaptation and remedial strategies.

Adaptation measures Adjustment time (years)Variety adoption 3-14

Dams and irrigation 50-100

Variety development 8-15

Tillage systems 10-12

Opening new lands 3-10

Irrigation equipment 20-25

Fertilizer adoption 10

• food security,• balance and qualitative food,• high productivity, • enhanced income, • employment generation, • poverty alleviation, • social upliftment, • effective recycling of resources, • sustained soil health,• reduced risk factor,• minimized environmental risks • provide livelihood to poor farm sector the year round.

• food security,• balance and qualitative food,• high productivity, • enhanced income, • employment generation, • poverty alleviation, • social upliftment, • effective recycling of resources, • sustained soil health,• reduced risk factor,• minimized environmental risks • provide livelihood to poor farm sector the year round.

A farming system approach may ensure

AICRP on Dry Land Agril., Phulbani

RICE-BASED FARMING SYSTEM

Benefit•The system becomes a micro watershed

• Better crop stand at initial stage• Enrichment of soil organic matter• Waste recycling • Bio-control of rice pests• Reduced investment risk• Year round employment• Higher farm income• Nutritional security

Cash flowAnnual turn over Rs.84,440 Annual variable cost Rs.28,090Annual investment Rs.32,170Profit over investment Rs.52,270Profit over investment 162%

Mitigation measures

• Improved land management : – (mulching, minimum/zero tillage, FYM, intensive cropping, legumes,

green manuring, crop residues manag., Conservation agriculture)• Restoration of waste and degraded lands:

– (waterlogged low lands, horticulture and agroforestry in cultivable uplands and saline coastal areas.)

• Improved composting including vermi-composting • Improved fertilizer N management:• INM, SSNM, Real Time N management [LCC (3,4,5), SPAD (32-

37.5), NDVI (Green Seeker)] • Efficient agricultural machinery :

– (reduced use of fossil fuels. use of alternative energy like biogas and wind energy)

• In the forestry front,– (afforestation, identification and propagation of plants for bio-diesel

production)

MITIGATION OF GHG EMISSION FROM INDIAN AGRICULTURE

Improved water and fertilizer management in low land areas

Crop DiversificationImproved management of live stock populationIncrease in soil carbon through organic manures, residue

management and minimum tillageUse of nitrification inhibitors such as neem coated urea to

reduce emission of N2O Fertilizer placement practicesImprovement in Energy use efficiency in agricultureIncrease the area under bio fuel, agro forestry in relation to

food productionDemands

Improved agricultural practices for carbon sequestration

Alternate Land Use System (ALUS)

Advantages of tree farming• Trees…

• trap moisture from deeper layer

• fulfill diverse needs

• utilises off season rainfall

• reduce soil erosion

• provide round the year employment

• give higher yields & returns

Aonla + Guava + paddy

Hoeing and weeding in mango + G.nut

System Intercrop NR (Rs/ha)

Mango based GingerCowpea

28,000 5,050

Guava based CowpeaFrenchbean

6,250 5,950

Litchi based CowpeaRicebean

5,818 3,425

Agri-silvi system with arrowroot in 8 year old Acacia mangium

Horti-silvi-pastoral(Guava + sissoo + stylo)

A.mangium+ Guinea

Tree component Fodder crops

1. Acacia mangium 1. Guinea

2. Albizia lebbek 2. Hybrid napier

3. Dalbergia Sissoo 3. Thin napier

4. Gemlina arborea 4. Stylo

5. Leucaena leucocephala

Energy plantation with Acacia mangium

Fast growing Moderately fast growing

Bamboo

1. Acacia auriculiformis 1. Acacia nilotica 1 Bambusa

bambos

2. Acacia mangium 2. Albizia lebbek 2 B. nutans

3. Cassia siamea 3. Dalbergia Sissoo 3. B. vulgaris

4. Casuarina equisetifolia 4. Gemlina arborea

5. Eucalyptus hybrid 5. Simarouba glauca

6. Leucaena leucocephala 6. Tectona grandis

Relative soil chemical quality index (RSCQI) in ALUSRelative soil chemical quality index (RSCQI) in ALUS

SystemSystem 0-15 cm0-15 cm 15-30 cm15-30 cm

Silvi-agriculture 0.95 1.00

Silvi-pasture 1.00 0.71

Silviculture 0.95 0.73

Agri-horticulture 0.56 0.64

Pasture 0.43 0.40

Agriculture 0.23 0.27

Methane oxidation by different forest soils

• Disturbed forest soils - 0.5-2.9 kg CH4/ha/yr

• Undisturbed tropical forest - 4.6 kg CH4/ha/yr

• Subtropical woodlands - 0.5-5.5 kg CH4/ha/yr

• Oxidation in aerobic soil by Methanotrophs destruct 15% of CH4 emission• Temperate soils are sink for CH4 by 20 Tg/yr• Oxic soils consume 40- 60 Tg CH4/yr• Conversion of forest & grasslands to crop lands reduces CH4 consumption by the former ecosystems by 1.5-7.0 Tg/yr

SystemSystem 0-15 0-15 cmcm

15-30 15-30 cmcm

Silvi-agriculture 0.95 1.00

Silvi-pasture 1.00 0.71

Silviculture 0.95 0.73

Agri-horticulture 0.56 0.64

Pasture 0.43 0.40

Agriculture 0.23 0.27

Land use 0-15 cm

15-30 cm

Sole cropping 0.42 0.37

Agroforestry 0.71 0.73

Agro-horticulture 0.73 0.74

Agro- silviculture 0.38 0.56

RSCQI in ALUS SOC (%) after 6 yr

Soil quality in Alternate Land Use Systems

Acacia mangium in farmer’s field

Effects from land management practices on carbon sequestration potential

Technological options Sequestration potential

(tonnes C/ha/year)

Conservation tillage 0.10 - 0.20

Mulch farming (4 - 6 Mg/ha/year) 0.05 - 0.10

Compost (20 Mg/ha/year) 0.10 - 0.20

Integrated nutrient management 0.10 - 0.20

Restoration of eroded soils 0.10 - 0.20

Restoration of salt-effected soils 0.05 - 0.10

Agricultural intensification 0.10 - 0.20

Water conservation and management 0.10 - 0.30

Afforestation 0.05 - 0.10

Grassland and pastures 0.05 - 0.10

(Lal et al., 1998)

Gene Bank Seed Bank Water BankGrain /Fodder Bank

Conservation - Cultivation – Consumption - Commerce

Community Food Security System

Pathway to achieving the UN Millennium Development Goal of Eradicating hunger and poverty

MSSRF 2008

India’s national Action Plan on Climate ChangeJune 2008, ( 8 core National Missions)

• National Solar Mission• National Mission for Enhanced Energy

efficiency• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat• National Water Mission• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan

Ecosystem• National Mission for Green India• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture• National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for

Climate change

Durban climate change roadmap-December 2011

• Guide countries towards a legal deal to cut Carbon in 2015

• Carbon will have to peak by 2020 & then start to come down to limit temp. rise to 2oC

• Set up a Green Climate Fund to help poor countries to c0pe with climate change

• US, China & India signed up to a legal treaty to cut carbon

• Signal for investing in green technology

CONCLUSION• It is the bitter truth that ‘what we achieved in the

name of development only by the cost of climate change which threaten survival of human race in future’.

• Dr. M. S. Swaminathan said ‘Our present Indian agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and climatic hazards due to dependence on less no. of crops. Therefore we have to go for crop & enterprise diversification.

• More research should be done regarding climate change and its impacts.

Concerns Insufficient information on how climate

trends will affect the suitability of specific crops and cropping practices in specific areas.

Insufficient information on how climate trends will affect the incidence and evolution of diseases and pests in specific areas.

Lack of appropriate crop varieties and agronomic practices for more variable and more risky agriculture.

Continuing growth and demand for food. Declining natural resource base, in which soil

fertility is increasingly depleted and water is becoming scarce.

THANK YOU

Scenario-1: Early onset and sudden stoppage of monsoon(There is more likelihood of mortality of sprouts/seedlings and difficulties in sowing)

Uplands• When there is more than 50% mortality resow the crop up to July after receipt of sufficient

rain water• Sowing of low water requiring nonpaddy crops like ragi (Bhairabi, Dibyasinha, Godavari), Greengram (K-851,Sujata, PDM-54),Blackgram (T-9, Pant U-19, Pant U-30,Sarala), Cowpea

(SEB-2, Pusa Barsati,Utkal Manika), Sesame (Uma, Usha, Nirmala, Prachi),Ricebean (RBL-6, BRB-1), Castor (Jyoti, Kranti, Harita) is preferred to paddy

• If mortality is less than 50% the crop may be gap filled• Cultivate vegetables-cowpea, guar, radish, runner bean,okra, cauliflower, Brinjal, tomato

where ever possible• Niger (Deomali, Alasi-1) and horsegram (urmi ) to be sown in August.• Spray the crop with potassium silicate (10%) or Cycocel (10 ppm) to overcome drought effect • In row sown crops complete hoeing, weeding followed by ridging to the base of the crop

rows at 20 DAS for in-situ moisture conservation

DROUGHT MANAGEMENT

Scenario-1: Early onset and sudden stoppage of monsoon (cont.)

Medium and low land•If rice plant population is less than 50%, resow the crop.

•Early medium duration varieties may be selected. •Sprouted seeds may be direct seeded or •fresh seedlings of early varieties may be raised for transplanting.

•If rice plant population is more than 50%,carry out weeding and adjust the plant population by khelua and clonal propagation. Raise community nursery of rice for transplanting at a reliable water source to save time for further delay.

•Sow the seeds at 3-5 cm depth by punji method (10-15 seeds at one point), cover it with a mixture of FYM:SSP (10:1) to avoid seedling mortality due to moisture stress in low land

•In saline soils use green leaf manure/ FYM, sow sprouted seeds gap fill the crop by clonal propagation

Scenario-2: Late onset, uplands not covered till mid July

• Sow drought tolerant nonpaddy crop like ragi, greengram, blackgram, cowpea, guar, sesame, castor in place of upland rice

• Maize and cowpea may be grown in the Ist week of August to meet the fodder crisis

• Niger (Deomali, Alasi-I) and horsegram (urmi) are to be sown in August

• Grow sweet potato vars. Like Gouri, shankar, Samrat, Shreenandini, Shreebhadra, Shreeratna, in ridges and allow the furrows to conserve rainfall

• Grow vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, radish, brinjal, runner bean, in the inland hilly districts and cowpea, guar, lady’s finger and chilli in the coastal plains

• Apply full P,K and 20%N as basal along with well decomposed organic manure for early seedling vigour

• Harvesting excess runoff for its recycling as lifesaving irrigation

B. Mid season drought (1st Aug to 15st Sept)Scenario-3: Non-paddy crops in uplands affected• Complete hoeing and weeding in non-paddy

crop field to provide dust mulch• Weeding groundnut 45 DAS disturbs the

pegging process. So prune the weeds with sickle

• Apply post emergence spray of Quizalofop ethyl 5% EC @ 0.05 kg/ha in 500 l water to control grassy weeds in groundnut/jute

• Spray 2% KCl + 0.1ppm boron to blackgram to overcome drought situation

• Foliar application of 2% Urea at preflowering and flowering stage of greengram is helpful in mitigating drought

Scenario-3: Non-paddy crops in uplands affected (cont.)

• Spray 1% urea in brinjal, take up spray against mealy bugs and mite which are more prevalent in dry weather

• Top dress the crop after receipt of rain• Remove the borer affected tillers/late formed tillers/dried leaves in

sugarcane and follow wrapping and propping in chains. Stripe the lower 4-5 leaves

• Spray Planofix 10 ppm at 45 DAS and 20 ppm 10 days later to prevent boll shading in cotton

• Spray 2% urea in late planted jute to encourage growth• Top-dress N to ginger and turmeric @ 60 and 30 kg/ha respectively

after receipt of rainfall followed by mulching• Practice mulching with organics to extend period of moisture

availability• Thin out to the extent of 25% and use removed plants as cattle feed• Close the drainage holes and check the seepage loss in direct sown

medium land rice regularly

Scenario-4: Beushaning of rice delayed

• Do not practice beushaning in rice, if the crop is more than 45 days old

• Weed out the field without waiting for rainfall• Go for gap filling using seedling of same age or

clonal tillers to have a uniform distribution of plant• Strengthen the field bunds and clog the holes to

check seepage loss• Withhold N fertilizer application up to receipt of

rainfall

Scenario-5: Transplanting of rice delayed/seedlings overaged

(Generally in this case rice seedlings are overaged) • Seedlings up to 45 and 60-70 days old can be transplanted in case of

medium land and late duration rice vars., respectively without much reduction in yield

• Remove the weeds and follow plant protection measures against blast in nursery

• Pulverize the main rice field in dry conditions, if it is not ploughed earlier to save time in final puddling

• Use tractor/power tiller/tractor mounted rotavator for speedy land preparation/puddling

• Follow closer spacing using 5-7 seedlings per hill

• Apply 50% recommended N at the time of transplanting

• Apply life saving irrigation to maintain the nursery seedlings in good health

• Don't top dress nitrogen in nursery

Scenario-6: Beushaned/transplanted rice affected at early vegetative stage

• Provide protective irrigation• Remove the weeds and follow plant protection

measures• Withhold N fertilizer application up to receipt of

rainfall• Apply K fertilizers wherever soil moisture allows

or wait up to receipt of rainfall• Strengthen the field bunds and clog the holes to

check seepage loss

C. Late season drought (16th Sept to 31st Oct)

Scenario-7: Medium and lowland rice affected at vegetative/ reproductive stage

It occurs as a result of early cessation of monsoon rains. The management practices are :

•Provide protective irrigation

•Provide irrigation at critical stages

•Crops like cowpea,maize, green gram may be harvested for fodder purpose to avoid their failure as grain crop

•When soil becomes hard it is difficult to dig up groundnut from the field, sprinkle water from WHS

•Under situation of complete failure of Kharif crop dismantle it. Dibble the

pre- rabi crop•The ideal pre-rabi crops for residual moisture are horsegram, castor, niger, black gram and sesame in uplands and well drained medium lands

Pre-flood planning• Suitable variety (Local, improved)• Sufficient seed stock for resowing after early flood• Varieties for late planting (CR 1014, 1018, Jagannath,

Mahsuri, Padmini, IR 36, Lalat, Konark)• Long duration var in loland (Sarala, Durga,

Varshadhan, Upahar)• Direct seeding• Dry nursery• Contingency nursery• Double transplanting/clonal tillers

Flash flood (Short duration)

Strategies Action planJuly flood • Seed bank

• Community nursery

• Private nursery

• Sprouted seeding (rice)

• Short duration var./crops

August & Sept. flood

(Partial damage)

• Older seedlings

• Seedlings of short duration var.

• P- fertilisation

• Water spray

• Submergence tolerant rice-

Swarna sub-1, OR 1105

• Clonal propagation

• Catch crops/ Pest Control

August & Sept. flood

(Complete damage)

• Pre rabi crops

• Ragi, Blackgram, Groundnut, Mustard,

Cucurbits, Barley