BPSC MODEL TEST PAPER

Name

Medium

Centre’s Name

Regd. No.

DateBPSC (General Studies) Paper –

Maximum Marks — 300 Time : 3 hours / ?kaVs

Phone Number :

Instructions The figure in the margin indicate full marks. Answer eight questions, selecting three each fromSection-I and Section-II, and any two from Section-III. Candidates are required to give their answers in theirown words as far as practicable. All questions have been printed both in English and Hindi.In case of any ambiguity in Hindi version, the Englishversion shall be considered authentic. Parts of the same question must be answered togetherand must not be interposed between answers to otherquestions.

vuqns'k % mikUr ds vad iw.kk±d ds |ksrd gSaA[k.M–I ,oa [k.M–II izR;sd esa ls rhu&rhu iz'uksa vkSj [k.M–III

esa ls fdUgha nks iz'uksa dk p;u djrs gq, vkB iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsaA ijh{kkFkhZ ;FkklEHko vius 'kCnksa esa gh mÙkj nsaA lHkh iz'u vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh nksuksa Hkk"kk esa Nis gSaA ;fn fgUnhHkk"kk esa dksbZ lansg gS] rks vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks gh izkekf.kd ekuktk,xkA,d gh iz'u ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds mÙkj vfuok;Z :i ls ,d lkFkgh fy[ks tk,¡ rFkk muds chp esa vU; iz'uksa ds mÙkj u fy[ksa tk,¡A

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2

Head Office : 639, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar,Ph.: 9811334480, Mob.: 9811334434 E-Info@youthdestination.in, W.: www.youthdestination.in

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Section — 1 [k.M — 1

(38 × 3) = 114

iz'u 1- cDlj ;q¼ ds dkj.kksa ,oa ifj.kkeksa dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,AQues 1. Critically examine the causes and consequences of the Buxar War.

iz'u 2- ikuhir dk rhljk ;q¼ 1761 esa yM+k x;k FkkA D;k dkj.k gS fd bruh vf/dlkezkT;&izdaih yM+kbZ;k ikuhir esa yM+h xbZ FkhA

Ques 2. The third war of Panipat was fought in 1761. What is the reason that so manyimperial battles were fought in Panipat.

iz'u 3- jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds bfrgkl esa MkW- vEcsMdj ds egRo dk ewY;kadu dhft,\Ques 3. Evaluate the importance of Dr. Ambedkar in the history of the national movement.

iz'u 4- xka/kj ewfrZdyk jksefuokfl;ksa dh mruh gh ½.kh Fkh ftruh fd og ;wukfu;ksa dh Fkh] Li"Vdhft,\

Ques 4. The Gandhara sculpture was as indebted to the Romans as it was to the Greeks,explain?

iz'u 5- 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fcgkj esa tuHkkxhnkjh dk o.kZu dhft,\Ques 5. Describe the public participation in Bihar during the Quit India Movement of

1942?

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;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

iz'u 6 (A)- ekS;Zdyk ij izdk'k Mkfy, rFkk fcgkj esa blds izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,AQues 6 (A). Throw light on Mauryan Art and analyze its impact in Bihar.

iz'u 6 (B)- Lokeh lgtkuan ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa fcgkj esa gq, d`"kd vkUnksyuksa ij vkykspukRedfVIi.kh dhft,\

Ques 6 (A). Make a critical comment on the agrarian movements in Bihar with specialreference to Swami Sahajanand?

iz'u 6 (C)- mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft, ftuds dkj.k Hkkjr dk ckaXykns'k dsmn; esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk dk fuoZlu djuk iM+kA

Ques 6 (C). Critically examine the circumstances that led to the elimination of India's decisiverole in the rise of Bangladesh.

Section — 2 [k.M — II

(38 × 3) = 114

iz'u 7- ^/eZ ij iqjksfgrksa dk vkf/iR; ,oa /kfeZd deZdk.Mksa dh iz/kurk gh oSfndksÙkj dky dhigpku cu xbZ Fkh* bldh lekykspuk djsa\

Ques 7. Criticize the dominance of priests over religion and the primacy of religious ritualsbecame the hallmark of post-Vedic period?

iz'u 8- fgUnqRo vo/kj.kk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A D;k ;g /eZfujis{kokn dk fojks/h gS\Ques 8. Test the concept of Hindutva . Is it against secularism?

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;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

iz'u 9- lfg".kqrk ,oa izse dh Hkkouk u dsoy vfr izkphu le; ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt dk ,djkspd vfHky{k.k jgh gS] vfirq orZeku esa Hkh ;g egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSAlfoLrkj Li"V dhft,A

Ques 9. The spirit of tolerance and love has not only been an interesting feature of IndianSociety since time immemorial, but it is also playing an important role in thepresent. Explain in detail.

iz'u 10- fcgkj esa iky dyk dh iz/ku fo'ks"krkvksa dk fooj.k izLrqr dhft,\Ques 10. Describe the main features of Pal art in Bihar?

iz'u 11- D;k vki ds fopkj esa f[kykiQr vkanksyu dks egkRek xka/h ds leFkZu us mudh /eZfujis{k lk[k ij cV~Vk yxk fn;k FkkA ?kVukvksa ds vkadyu dks vk/kj cukrs gq, viukrdZ izLrqr dhft,\

Ques 11. Did you think that Mahatma Gandhi's support for the Khilafat movement hadbetrayed his secular credentials? Based on the assessment of events, present yourargument.

Section — 3 [k.M — III

(36 × 2) = 72

iz'u 12- vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds Hkwnku o xzkenku vkanksyuksa ds mís';ksa dh lekykspukRedfoospuk dhft, vkSj mudh liQyrk dks vkadyu dhft,\

Ques 12. Critically analyze the objectives of Acharya Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan andGramdan movements and assess their success?

iz'u 13- ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr ^Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk* rFkk ^izlkn ;kstuk* fdl izdkj i;ZVufodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; lkaLd`fr fojklr dks lajf{kr djus esa ;ksxnku ns ldrh gS\ ppkZdhft,\

Ques 13. How can the 'Swadesh Darshan Yojana' and 'Prasad Yojana' run by thegovernment contribute to tourism development and preserving Indian culturalheritage? Discuss.

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;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

;gk¡dqN ufy[ksa

iz'u 14- mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft, ftuds lg;ksx ls vaxzst Hkkjr esa viuk jktuSfrdvkfèkiR; LFkkfir djus esa liQy gks tk,A

Ques 14. Describe the circumstances with which the British would be successful inestablishing their political hegemony in India.

iz'u 15- vk;q] fyax rFkk /eZ ds ca/uksa ls eqDr gksdj] Hkkjrh; efgyk,a Hkkjr ds Lok/hurk laxzkeesa vxz.kh cuh jgh foospuk dhft,A

Ques 15. Freed from the shackles of age, gender and religion, Indian women continue tobe a leader in India's freedom struggle.

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ç'u 1- cDlj ;q¼ ds dkj.kksa ,oa ifj.kkeksa dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,AmÙkj&

cDlj ds ;q¼ dh 'kq#vkr bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds gsDVj equjks rFkk eqxy uokcksa dh lsuk ds chp 1764 ds vkjaHkesa gks xbZ Fkh] ftlesa ehj dkfle dh ijkt; gqbZA ;g ;q¼ Hkh Iyklh ds ;q¼ tSlk fu.kkZ;d jgkA uokc dk opZLolekIr gks x;k rFkk og vaxzstksa dk dBiqryh ek=k jg x;kA cDlj ds ;q¼ ds i'pkr~ gh vaxzst mÙkj Hkkjr ijHkh viuk nkok djus yxsAcDlj ds ;q¼ ds dkj.k%bl ;q¼ ds fuEufyf•r dkj.k gSa%

1- caxky ds uokc ehj dkfle ,oa vaxzstksa ds chp laçHkqrk ,oa opZLo dh LFkkiukA2- vaxzstksa }kjk 1717 ds iQjeku ,oa nÙkd mÙkjkf/dkjh dk nq#i;ksx dj uokc ds }kjk vkUrfjd O;kikj ls lHkhdjksa dks gVk nsukA

3- vaxzstksa }kjk uokc ds vf/dkfj;ksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj ,oa daiuh ds lsodksa }kjk caxky ij vR;kpkj fd;k tkukA

4- ikuhir ds r`rh; ;q¼ ds ckn vo/ dk uokc 'kqtkmíkSyk Lo;a dks 'kfÙkQ'kkyh vuqHko dj jgk FkkA bl ;q¼esa og vgen 'kkg vCnkyh dk fe=k vkSj lg;ksxh jg pqdk FkkA mÙkj Hkkjr esa ejkBk 'kfÙkQ ds iÙkuksijkUr ogejkBk 'kfÙkQ ls Hkh eqÙkQ FkkA 'kqtk us viuh lSU; 'kfÙkQ ds }kjk fnYyh esa 'kkg vkye dks eqxy iSrd jktflagkluij iquLFkkfir djus dk foiQy ç;kl fd;kA5- vaxzstksa ds lkFk&lkFk ehj dkfle dk Hkh 'kqtkmíkSyk ds çfr Hkh vuqdwy n`f"Vdks.k ugha Fkk] dkj.k bu nksuksadks ;g 'kd Fkk fd 'kqtkmíkSyk caxky lwcs dks vo/ esa 'kkfey djuk pkgrk FkkA ijUrq fcgkj ls vius fu"dkluds ckn ehj dkfle dks 'kqtkmíkSyk ls lgk;rk dh ;kpuk djuh iM+hA

6- tuojh] 1764 esa ehj dkfle 'kqtkmíkSyk ls feyk vkSj vUrr% og ehj dkfle dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, rS;kjgks x;kA bl lEcU/ esa bu nksuksa ds eè; gq, le>kSrs ds }kjk ;g r; gqvk fd ehj dkfle lSfud •pks± ds fy,'kqtkmíkSyk dks 11 yk• #i;s çfrekg çnku djsxk] caxky dh xíh ij iquZLFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn fcgkj ds çkUrdks vo/ ds lkFk foy; dj nsxk vkSj çLrqr vfHk;ku ds liQy lekiu ds mijkar 3 djksM+ #i;s udn çnkudjsxkA

7- ebZ] 1764 ds iVuk ds vkl&ikl dqN lSfud vfHk;kuksa ds i'pkr~ 'kqtkmíkSyk us cDlj ds ftys esa viukvîók tek;kA ;gha ij vaxzstksa us 23 vDVwcj] 1764 dks 'kqtkmíkSyk dks ijkftr fd;kA 'kqtk dh lsuk esa fo|ekuiwokZsÙkQ ewyHkwr nks"kksa ds vfrfjÙkQ mlds }kjk ;q¼ {ks=k esa lSU; vfHk;ku dh vdq'ky ;kstuk] mlds fouk'k ds çeq•dkj.k FksAcDlj ds ;q¼ ds ifj.kke%1- vaxzst caxky] fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk ds okLrfod 'kkld cu x,A

2- caxky dk uokc vaxzstksa ij vkfJr Fkk rFkk eqxy ckn'kkg mldk isa'kuj gks x;k] ftlls vaxzstksa dh çfr"Bkc<+hA3- vaxzstksa dh lSfud n{krk ,oa gfFkgkjksa dh Js"Brk dk çn'kZu gqvkA

vkykspuk %

BPSC MODEL TEST SOLUTON

VsLV isij & 1

2

lSfud n`f"V ls cDlj dk ;q¼ vaxzstksa dh cgqr cM+h lSfud liQyrk FkhA Iyklh ds ;q¼ es fljktqíkSyk dh ijkt;mlds vius gh lsukuk;dksa ds fo'okl?kkr ds dkj.k gqbZ Fkh] ijUrq cDlj esa vaxzst 'kqtk ds •ses dh lgk;rk dsfcuk gh fot;h gq,Ablds vfrfjÙkQ 'kqtkmíkSyk] fljktqíkSyk dh Hkkafr vuqHkoghu vkSj ew•Z ugha Fkk] cfYd og ;q¼ vkSj jktuhfr nksuksaesa fuiq.k O;fÙkQ FkkA ,sls 'kkld ds fo:¼ fot; çkIr djus ls daiuh dh çfr"Bk esa vfHko`f¼ gqbZA bl vafrepqukSrh ij fot; çkIr djus ls caxky esa vaxzsth lÙkk ds çHkqRo ds LFkkiuk dh çfØ;k iwjh gks xbZ vkSj vo/&bykgkckn {ks=k ds }kjk Hkh muds çHkko foLrkj ds fy, mUeqÙkQ gks x,A

2- ikuhir dk rhljk ;q¼ 1761 esa yM+k x;k FkkA D;k dkj.k gS fd bruh vf/d lkezkT; izadih yM+kbZ;k¡ikuhir esa gqbZ\

mÙkj%orZeku gfj;k.kk ds ikuhir esa fLFkr eSnku esa rhu fu.kkZ;d yM+kbZ;k gqbZ] ftUgksusa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh /kjk eksM+nh] rhu lokZf/d lkezkT; iazd;h yMkbZ;k ikuhir esa gksus dh eq[; otg ;g jgh fd viQxfuLrku vFkok eè;,f'k;k ls Hkkjr vkus okys vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fy, fnYyh ds 'kkldksa ds fy, Hkh ;g vko';d Fkk fd ckgjhvkØe.kdkfj;ksa dks fnYyh i¡gqpus ls igys gh jksd fy;k tk, ftlls os okil ykSVus ij etcwj gks tk,A bldsfy, muds ikl ;q¼ dk lokZf/d mi;qDr LFkku ikuhir dk eSnku FkkA

ikuhir dh igyh yMkbZ 29 vizSy 1526 dks fnYyh ds lqYrku bczkfge yksnh vkSj eè; ,f'k;k (iQjxuk) dseqxy vkØe.kdkjh ckcj ds chp gqbZA yksnh j.kHkwfe esa ekjk x;k vkSj fnYyh o vkxjk ij ckcj dk vf/dkj gksx;kA bl rjg Hkkjr esa eqaxy jktoa'k dh uho iM+hAikuhir dh nwljh yM+kbZ 5 uoEcj 1556 dks viQxku ckn'kkg lwj ds fgUnw lsukifr o ea=kh gsew vkSj eqxy ckn'kkgvdcj ds chp gqbZA gsew ds ikl vdcj ls cMh lsuk Fkh fdUrq vdcj us mls ijkftr dj Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT;dks etcwr fd;kA bl yMkbZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i vxys rhu lkS o"kksaZ rd fnYyh dk r[r eqxyksa ds ikl jgkA

ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ 14 tuojh 1761 dks viQxku vkØe.kdkjh vgen'kkg vCnkyh vkSj eqxy ckn'kkgvkye f}rh; fd laj{kd ejkBksa ds chp gqbZA bl yMkbZ esa ejkBk lsukifr lnkf'kojko HkkÅ vius reke lsukifr;ksads lkFk ekjk x;k vkSj bl rjg Hkkjr esa ejkBk 'kfDr dk izHkko lekIr gks x;kA ;g ;q¼ blfy, Hkh egÙoiw.kZekuk tkrk gS fd blus u dsoy ejkBs cfYd eqxyksa dh 'kfDr Hkh [kRe dj nh ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr esafczfV'k 'kfDr ds mn; dk jkLrk lkiQ gqvkA

3- jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds bfrgkl esa Mk- vEcsMdj ds egÙo dk ewY;kadu dhft,AmÙkj%

jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds lefiZr dk;ZdrkZ] nfyrksa ds elhgk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds tud vkSj lkekftd ifjoZru ds iz[kjizoDrk ds :i esa Hkhejko vEcsMdj us jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA1920 ds n'kd esa vEcsMdj cSfjLVj cuus ds ckn lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkanksyu esa :fp ysuk vkjaHk djrs gS vkSjØe'k% mudh Hkwfedk vf/dkf/d lfØ; gksrh tkrh gSA tqykbZ 1924 esa mUgksusa eqEcbZ esa ,d la[;k cfg"d`rfgrdkfj.kh lHkk* cukbZ ftldk mís'; vLi`'; yksxks dh uSfrd rFkk HkkSfrd mUufr djuk FkkA mUgksusa vkUnksyudh uhfr viuk;h vkSj vNwrksa ds fy, eafnjksa esa izos'k rFkk tulk/kj.k ds dqvksa ls ikuh Hkjus ds ukxfjd vfèkdkjksadks izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA

1930 esa vEcssMdj us jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa izos'k fd;k mUgksus vNwrksa ds fy, vyx erkf/dkj O;oLFkk dh ek¡xdhA mUgsa yanu eas gq, rhuksa xksyest lEesyuksa esa vNwrksa ds izfrfuf/ ds :i esa cqyk;k x;kA 17 vxLr 1932 dkstc fczfV'k iz/kuea=kh us lkEiznkf;d fu.kZ; fn;k rks mlesa nfyr oxksZ ds fy, vyx fuokZpu eaMy dk izko/kufd;k x;kA blls xka/h th cgqr nq[kh gq, vkSj mUgksus bls gVkus ds fy, vkej.k vu'ku vkjaHk dj fn;kA vUresa ,d le>kSrk] ftls izk;% iwuk iSDV** ;k iwuk le>kSrk dgrs gS] fd;k x;k vkxs mUgksus vuqlwfpr tkrh; la?kdk ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; ny ds :i esa xBu fd;kA lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, ckck lkgc us /eZ ifjorZu dklgkjk fy;k vkSj vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk ckS¼ cu x,A vius ns'k ls xgjs yxko ds dkj.k gh ckck lkgc dks

3

bZlkbZ vkSj bLyke ls vf/d ckS¼ /eZ us vkd`"V fd;kALorU=krk dh iwoZ laè;k ij dkaxzsl us vEcsMdj dks lafo/ku lHkk dk lnL; euksuhr fd;kA mudk ;ksxnku Hkkjrh;lafo/ku dks cukus rFkk mldk lafo/ku lHkk esa ekxZn'kZu ds fy, rFkk fgUnq dksM fo/s;d ikfjr djkus esavfoLej.kh; gSA orZeku le; esa Hkh ckck lkgsc dks fuEu tkfr;ksa ds m¼kd ds :i eas ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA muesls lekt ds lcls vafre ik;nku ij [kMs+ nfyr oxZ dk usr`Ro ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj us fd;kA

Hkkjrh; x.krU=k ds u, lafo/ku esa leLr Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds fy, lekurk dk vf/dkj Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kgS vkSj vLi`';rk iw.kZ :i ls jksd nh xbZ gSA 1955 ds vLi`';rk vf/fu;e ds vuqlkj bldk mYya?ku djus ijn.M dk izko/ku gSA

bl rjg ge ikrs gS fd gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk tks ewyHkwr y{; Fkk ns'k ds lHkh /ekZs] tkrh; ,oa oxksZ ds yksxksdh lexz eqfDr] ckck lkgsc fuEu tkfr;ksa] nfyrks o vLi`';ksa ds mRFkku ,oa mUgsa lkekftd laoS/kfud vf/dkjfnykus ds fy, vkthou dk;Zjr jgsaA bl izdkj gekjs jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks mlds y{; rd iagqpkus esa ckck lkgscdk ;ksxnku fu%lansg vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ jgkA ckck lkgsc fuEu tkfr;ksa] nfyrksa o vLi`';ksa ds mRFkku ,oa mUgsalkekftd laoS/kfud vf/dkj fnykus ds fy, vkthou dk;Zjr jgsA bl izdkj gekjs jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks mldsy{; rd igq¡pkus esa ckck lkgsc dk ;ksxnku fu%lansg vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ jgk ckck lkgsc us nfyrksa esa tks psrukiSnk fd;k Fkk mlh dk izfriQy gS fd vkt nfyr jktuhfr lo.kZ jktuhfr ij Hkkjh iM+ jgh gSA

4- xka/kj ewfrZdyk jksefuokfl;ksa dh mruh gh ½.kh Fkh ftruh fd og ;wukfu;ksa dh FkhA Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj % xka/kj {ks=k fla/] dkcwy vkSj LOkkr ufn;ksa dh /kjkvksa ls f?kjk izns'k FkkA fldanj ds vkØe.k vkSj mlds i'pkr~Hkkjr ds bl lhekar {ks=k eas Hkkjrh; vkSj ;wukuh jkT;ksa ds eè; jktuhfrd] lkLdfrd o O;kifjd laca/ dk;e gq,vkxs pydj MsesfV~;l feuk.Mj vkfn ;wukuh 'kkld ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lkS o"kksZ rd jgsaA bl nkSjku lhekar {ks=k esaewfrZdyk dh ,d ubZ fo/k lkeus vkbZ] ftls xka/kj 'kSyh dgrs gSA xka/kj {ks=k ij yxHkx nks lkS o"kksZa rd iQkjlhlezkVksa dk vkf/iR; jgkA

xka/kj dyk ij fons'kh izHkkoksa dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA dqN fo}ku ;gk¡ dh ikjlh d`fr;ksa esa jkseu izHkkons[krs gSA tcfd dqN vU; dks ;wukuh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ilhZ czkmu tSls dqN fo}ku tgk¡ bls ;wukuh izHkkodh mÙifr ekurs gS] ogha castkfeu jksyS.M vkfn vusd fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ;g jkseu dyk ds vf/d fudVgSA buds vuqlkj izFke cq¼ izfrek jkseu lezkV vkxLVl dh ewfrZ dh udy djrs gq, fufeZr gqbZA ckotwn bl ijvf/la[; fo}kuksa dk ;gha fopkj gS fd xka/kj 'kSyh ;wukuh] jkseu vkSj Hkkjrh; dyk dh fefJr 'kSyh gSA bl dykdk le; bZlk iwoZ ls ik¡p lkS bZloha rd ekStwn jgkA bleas Hkxoku cq¼ dh ewfrZ dks viksyks ds leku cuk;k x;kAewfrZ;ksa ds diMs+ ;wukuh <ax ds gSA diMksa dh flyoVs] ikjn'kZd oL=k] fL=k;kssa ds cky ck/usa ds <ax vkfn ckS¼/kfeZd Hkkoukvksa ij fo'oklksa dh vfHkO;fDr Hkko Hkaxhek, ;wukuh 'kSyh esa gSA nwljh rjiQ /kfeZdrk ij fo'oklHkkjrh;rk fy, gq, gSaA xka/kj ds vklikl ls feyh ckS¼ ewfrZ;k¡] jkseu fHkfÙk LraHkks rFkk Hkkjrh; Lrwi ds LraHkks dschp dh tku iM+rh gSA is'kkoj ds vklikl ckS¼ la?kkjkeksa] Lrwiks] ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa ;wukuh ,oa jkseu nksuksa 'kSfy;ksadk izHkko fn[krk gSA ;wukuh izHkko ds dkj.k xka/kj 'kSyh dh izofÙk ekuo 'kjhj ds ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k dh vksj FkhAftlesa vax&izlax] ekalisf'k;ksa dh ,d gh gM~Mh&ilyh] ewNksa vkfn ds lw{e izn'kZu ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k Fkkukfldk,a ;wukuh rtZ ij lh/h vkSj mUur gSA bl 'kSyh esa cuh cq¼ dh dqN izfrek,a ;wukuh nsork viksyks dh Hkk¡fryxrh gSA

bl 'kSyh ds fo"k; eas vusd fo}kukas dk ekuuk gS fd bl rjg dh ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa ;wukuh ,oa jkseu lksp usdke fd;kA bu miyfC/;ksa esa vusd ;wjksih; fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ;wukuh o jkseu laLd`fr us Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dksvR;f/d izHkkfor fd;k gSA xka/kj {ks=k pwafd ;wuku] jkse vkSj Hkkjr ds eè; laxe ij fLFkr Fkk] blfy, ;gk¡ mRiUuewfrZdyk ij rhuksa laLd`fr;ksa dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

5- 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fcgkj es tuHkkxhnkjh dk o.kZu dhft,AmÙkj

vxLr çLrko vkSj fØIl fe'ku ds çLrko esa vusdkusd nks"k gksus ds dkj.k dkaxzsl us bu çLrkoksa dks vLohdkj

4

dj fn;k FkkA cnys esa fØIl fe'ku us Hkh dkaxzsl dks Li"V ladsr ns fn;k Fkk fd ;fn mlds çLrko ij dkaxzslfopkj ugha djrh gS rks Hkkfo"; esa fczfV'k ljdkj Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd xfrjks/ nwj djus ds fy, dksbZ ç;kl ughadjsaxh vr% bu çLrkoksa dh vliQyrk ds i'pkr~ vkanksyu gh ,dek=k jkLrk cpk Fkk ftlls jktuSfrd xfrjks/nwj fd;k tk ldsA varr% foo'k gksdj dkaxzsl dk;Z lfefr us tqykbZ 1942 esa o/kZ esa ,d çLrko ikfjr fd;kftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk&Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu A 8 vxLr 1942 dks cEcbZ vf/os'ku esa dqN la'kks/uksa ds lkFk dk¡xzslus bl çLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;k rFkk blh vf/os'ku esa blh fnu ls bls ykxw djus dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZAbl vf/os'ku esa egkRek xk¡/h us dgk Fkk fd esjs thou dk ;g vkfre la?k"kZ gS vkSj mUgksaus vkanksyudkfj;ksa dkukjk vkÞoku djrs gq, djks ;k ejks dk ukjk fn;kA blds i'pkr vusd çe• usrkvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ds ckotwn ;gvkUnksyu leLr Hkkjr esa iQSy x;k A Lor%LiQwrZ usrRoghu bl vkUnksyu dk çHkko vU; çkUrksa dh vis{kk fcgkjesa lokZsifj jgkA vU; pksVh ds usrkvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ds lkFk jktsUæ çlkn lfgr fcgkj ds vU; dbZ usrkvksa dksHkh fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k] ckotwn blds fcgkj es ;g vkUnksyu Hk;adj :i /kj.k dj fy;kA fojks/ çn'kZu vkSjlHkkvksa dk Øe 'kq: gqvk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk Nk=kksa us cM+s iSekus ij cfg"dkj fd;k rFkk vusd ljdkjh laLFkkuij jk"Vªh; >.Ms iQgjkus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZA blh Øe esa 11 vxLr 1942 dks iVuk esa Nk=kksa ds ,d tywl uslfpoky; Hkou ij >.Mk iQgjkus dk ç;kl ftlls vkØksf'kr gks iVuk ftyk ds dyDVj W-G- vkpZj us mu ijxksyh pyk- vkns'k ns fn;k ifj.kkeLo:i jekdkUr] mekdkUr- lrh'k çlkn lfgr lkr Nk=k 'kknh gq,A bu 'kghnksadh dqckZuh ls lEiw.kZ fcgkj vkanksfyr gks mBkA 12 vxLr 1942 dks iVuk esa bl ccZj gR;kdk.M ds fo#¼ iw.kZgM+rky j•h xbZA fcgkj dkaxzsl }kjk xk¡/h eSnku esa txrukjk;.k yky dh vè;{krk esa ,d çLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kftlesa lapkj lqfo/kvksa dks BIi djus rFkk ljdkjh dk;ks± dks f'kfFky djus ij tksj fn;k x;kA ;g vkUnksyu 'kgjls gksrk gqvk vf/dka'k xk¡oksa rd iQSy x;kA txg&txg jsy&iVfj;k¡ m•kM+ nh xbZa] Mkd?kj ij geyk dj ljdkjh•tkus ywV fy, x,] vU; ;krk;kr ds lk/u vo#¼ dj fn, x,] rkj ds ykbu dkV fn, x,A vkanksyudkfj;ksaus bu fØ;kdykiksa ds vfrfjÙkQ fgalkRed lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djuk Hkh 'kq: fd;k x;kA iQrqgk ds fudVvkanksyudkfj;ksa }kjk fczfV'k lsuk ds dbZ vf/dkfj;ksa ,oa tokuksa dh gR;k dj nh xbZA bl rjg dh okjnkrsa vU;dbZ txgksa ij Hkh gqbZaA bl dkjZokbZ ls fryfeykdj fczfV'k ljdkj us vla[; yksxksa dks idM+dj mUgsa Hkh"k.k ltk,¡nh ,oa ;g Øe tkjh j•kAbl vkUnksyu esa yksduk;d t;çdk'k ljh•s vusd lektokfn;ksa us Hkh vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA t;çdk'k ds ghusr`Ro esa usiky esa ;qodksa dks Nkikekj ;q¼ dh f'k{kk nsus gsrq ,d dsUæ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;gha ij vktkn nLrkuked ,d l'kL=k ny Hkh cuk;k x;k ftlds vf•y Hkkjrh; dsUæ o fcgkj çkUrh; dk;kZy; laxfBr fd, x,Avktkn nLrs dk xBu fo'ks"k :i ls ljdkj ds fo#¼ rksM+&iQksM dh dkjZokb;ksa ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk rkfd ;q¼dk;ks± esa ljdkj dks ck/k igqapkbZ tk ldsA usiky esa vk;ksftr 'vknkt nLrk' ls çsfjr gksdj fcgkj esa HkkxyiqjrFkk iwf.kZ;k esa Hkh blh rjg ds laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1943 ds var esa vktkn nLrs dh lfØ;rk esa dehvk xbZA D;ksafd blls lacaf/r usrkvksa dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA

bl çdkj fcgkj esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu dk çHkko dkiQh mxz jgkA

6(A)ekS;Zdyk ij çdk'k Mkfy, rFkk fcgkj es blds dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,AmÙkj

fcgkj esa ekS;Zdky ls dyk dh çxfr ds fuf'pr vkSj Li"V lk{; feyus yxrs gSaA bl ;qx esa dyk ds nks :ies feyrs gSa & (i) jktdyk (ii) yksddykAjktdyk dk loZçFke mnkgj.k paæxqIr ekS;Z dk jktçlkn gS ftlds vo'ks"k iVuk ds fudV dqEgjkj xk¡o ds lehiçkIr gq, gSaA ;gk¡ LraHk ;qÙkQ lHkkHkou dk gkWy feyk gS ftlds LrEHk iRFkj ds cus Fks ftl ij pednkj ikWfy'kdh xbZ FkhA iQkg;ku rFkk ,fj;.k tSls fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ,oa bfrgkldkjksa us bl jktçlkn dks fo'o Hkj esa vuqie,oa vf}rh; crk;k ftlls ;g fl¼ gksrk gS fd jktkJ; esa fodflr LFkkiR;dyk fo'oLrjh; ,oa mRÑ"Vre FkhAjktçklkn ,oa ikVfyiq=k ds pkjksa vksj cuh ydMh dh çkphj dk"Bdyk ,oa çLrjf'kYi dk vuqie mnkgj.k çLrqrdjrk gS

jktdyk ds lokZsRÑ"V uewus pqukj ds cyqvk iRFkj ds cus v'kksd ds ,dk'ed LraHk gSa tks f'kYidyk rFkk

5

bathfu;jh dkS'ky dk vuks•k mnkgj.k gSA bu LraHkksa ds nks eq[; Hkkx gSa & LraHk ;f"V ;k xkonqe ykV vkSj 'kh"kZHkkxA buds 'kh"kZ ij i'kqvksa dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSa ftuds uhps mYVs gq, dey ds iQwy ds leku vklu gSA lkjukFk LraHkij fufeZr flag dh vkÑfr Hkkjrh; dyk dh vuqie dfr gSA bldh 'kkyhurk o ;FkkFkZrk v'kksd dh thou uhfrds vuq:i gSA ,sls LraHk ykSfj;k uanux<+] ykSfj;k vjsjkt] jkeiqjok ,oa clk<+ esa feys gSaA i'kq&ewfrZ;ksa esa uVqvk cSy]flag] gkFkh] ?kksM+k vkfn gSaALraHkksa dh pedhyh ikWfy'k] ?kaVkÑfr] rFkk 'kh"kZHkkx esa i'kq dh vkÑfr dks ik'pkR; fo}kuksa us bZjku dh çsj.kk ekuhgSA Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj egkHkkjr ,oa vkiLraHk lw=k ls irk pyrk gS fd pedhyh ikWfy'k dh dyk Hkkjresa igys ls Kkr Fkh] ?kaVkÑfr vokaxeq•h dey gS] i'kqvksa dh vkÑfr fla/q lH;rk ls çokgeku ijaijk ds vuqdwygSA

bZjkuh LraHk ukyhnkj ,oa vyx&vyx ik"kk.k&•aMksa ls cus gSa tcfd v'kksd LraHk likV ,oa ,dk'ed gSA

v'kksd us Lrwi] pkSR; ds fuekZ.k dks Hkh laj{k.k fn;k A lk¡ph ,oa Hkkjgwr ds Lrwi mYys•uh; gSaApêðkuksa dks dkVdj danjkvksa ds fuekZ.k ds }kjk ekS;Z lezkVksa us ,d uohu 'kSyh dk lw=kikr fd;kA cjkcj ,oa ukxktZquhigkfM+;ksa esa xqgk fogkj cuk, x, ftuds Hkhrj dh pedhyh ikWfy'k mYys•uh; gSA

foosP; dky esa fodflr yksddyk dk Kku ik"kk.k fufeZr ;{k&;f{k.kh dh efrZ;ksa }kjk gksrk gS A

iVuk flVh ds nhnkjxat ls çkIr pkejxzkfg.kh ;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ mYys•uh; gSaA bu ewfrZ;ksa dks lHkh vksj ls rjk'kdj rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA budk fuekZ.k gYds Hkwjs jax ds cyqvk iRFkj ls gqvk gSA ;s vfrekuoh; egkdk; ewfrZ;k•qys vkdk'k ds uhps LFkkfir dh tkrh Fkha A ekalisf'k;ksa dh cfy"Brk vkSj n`<+rk muesa thoar :i esa O;ÙkQ gqbZgSA muds n'kZu dk çHkko lEeq•hu gSA bl 'kSyh ds varxZr cuh dqN ewfrZ;k¡ tSls] yksgkuhiqj ls uXu tSu rhFkZadjdh ewfrZ] cqyanh ckx ls çkIr /kjh xfreku Me:/kjh Hkh mYys•uh; gSaA

6(B) Lokeh lgtkuan ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa fcgkj esa gq, Ñ"kd vkanksyuksa ij vkykspukRed fVIi.kh dhft,AmÙkj

fcgkj esa gq, Ñ"kd vkanksyu fczfV'k 'kklu ,oa mlds laj{k.k esa iy jg tehankjksa vkSj ns'kh jtokM+ksa ds vkfFkZd'kks"k.k latky ds fo#¼ dsfUær FkkA tehankjh O;oLFkk esa tehankjksa dks HkwLokeh cuk fn;k x;k lkFk gh yxku dhnj vf/dkf/d gksrh Fkh ,oa yxku olwyh ds rjhds Hkh dBksj gksrs FksA df"k&lq/kj esa tehankjksa ,oa ljdkj dh#fp ux.; gksrh FkhA vkikrdky esa jkgr ,oa NwV dh O;oLFkk Hkh ugha gksrh FkhA egktuh ½.k tky] Hkz"Viqfyl&ç'kklu] •phZyh o tfVy U;k;&ç.kkyh us fdlkuksa dk thou vkSj Hkh nwHkj cuk fn;k Fkk vkSj vkanksyugh ,d ek=k mik; 'ks"k FkkA buds vfrfjÙkQ vkSj Hkh dkj.kksa us le;&le; ij Ñ"kdksa dks vkanksyu ds fy, çsfjrfd;k tSls&Ñf"k dk vykHkdj okf.kT;hdj.k] vkfFkZd eanh] okeiaFk dk mHkkj vkfn A

fcgkj esa fdlku vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr 1917 ds pEikj.k Ñ"kd vkanksyu ls gqbZA ;gk¡ egkRek xk¡/h ds çFkelR;kxzg }kjk fdlkuksa dks fuygs xksjs tehankjksa dh voS/ olwyh ,oa frudfB;k i¼fr ls eqfÙkQ feyhA

pEikj.k dh liQyrk us fcgkj ds vU; {ks=kksa ds fdlkuksa dks Hkh 'kks"k.k ds fo#¼ yM+us dh çsj.kk feyhA 1919ds eè; esa Lokeh fo|kuan ds usr`Ro esa njHkaxk jkt ds fo#¼ vkanksyu laxfBr gq,A jkt }kjk dqN ek¡xksa dks ekufy, tkus ds dkj.k dkykarj esa ;g vkanksyu f'kfFky iM+ x;k Aeqaxsj esa 1922&23 bZ- esa fdlku lHkk* dk xBu 'kkg eksgEen tqcSj vksj JhÑ".k flag }kjk fd;k x;k] ijUrq fdlkuvkUnksyu dk fu.kkZ;d eksM+ fn;k Lokeh lgtkuUn ljLorh us] ftUgksaus 4 ekpZ] 1928 bZ- dks fdlku lHkk dhvkSipkfjd <ax ls LFkkiuk dhA 1929 bZ- esa bl lHkk dh xfrfof/;k¡ dkiQh cM+s iSekus ij vkjEHk gqbZA blh o"kZljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us Hkh fcgkj dh ;k=kk dj fdlkuksa esa psruk txkus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl vkanksyu dh c<+rhgqbZ yksdfç;rk ls ,d vksj tehankjksa dk oxZ fpafrr vkSj lrd gqvk rks nwljh vksj bldk neu djus ds fy, ljdkjij nokc Mkyus dh dksf'k'ksa Hkh vkjEHk gqbZA bl mís'; ls ,d jktuhfrd ny ';qukbVsM ikWfyfVdy ikVhZ' dsuke ls laxfBr gqvkA fdlku lHkk }kjk 1933 bZ- esa ,d tk¡p lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlus fdlkuksa dh n;uh;n'kk ds çfr è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dk dke fd;kA fdlku lHkk dh yksdfç;rk esa fu.kkZ;d of¼ blh dky esa gqbZA1936 bZ- esa bldh lnL;rk 250000 rd igq¡p x;h FkhA dqN le; ds fy, Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj fdlkulHkk ds chp rkyesy Hkh cuk jgkA 1937 bZ- ds pqukoksa ds iwoZ nksuksa esa le>kSrk gqvk vkSj dkaxzsl us vius ,d

6

pqukoh ?kks"kk.kk&i=k esa fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa ij ppkZ dhA exj pqukoksa ds ckn tc fcgkj esa dkaxzslh eaf=keaMydh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks fdlku lHkk ds lkFk erHksn çkjaHk gks x;s] dkj.k fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/ku djus esabl eaf=keaMy us dksbZ vfHk#fp ugha yhA ,d rks bl çkUrh; ljdkj dh 'kfÙkQ uke ek=k dh Fkh] nwljh ckr]dkaxzslh&usrRo dk ,d oxZ mu leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, mRlqd ugha FkkA bl ruko ds dkj.k pEikj.k] lkj.kvkSj eqaxsj dh ftyk dkaxzsl lfefr;ksa us vius lnL;ksa dks fdlku lHkk ds tqywlksa esa Hkkx ysus ls jksd fn;kAebZ] 1930 bZ- esa pkSdhnkjh fojks/h vfHk;ku iwjs fcgkj esa cM+k liQy jgkA 1931 bZ- esa tgkukckn esa fdlkuksa ds,d lEesyu esa tehankjksa }kjk fdlkuksa ds neu dh fuUnk dh xbZA fcgkj esa dkaxzsl us jktsUæ çlkn dh vè;{krkesa ,d Ñ"kd tk¡p lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlds vU; lnL; JhÑ".k flag] vCnqy ckjh] fofiu fcgkjh oekZ]cynso lgk;] jktsUæ feJ] jk/kxksfoUn çlkn vkSj Ñ".kk lgk; FksA 1932 bZ- esa lfou; voKk vkUnksyu ds Øeesa fdlku vf/d fgalkRed gks x, FksA

fdlku&lHkk ds laxBu dks fcgkj esa iQSykus esa Lokeh lgtkuUn ljLorh dks dk;kZuUn 'kekZ] jkgqy lkaLÑR;k;u]ipkuu 'kekZ vkSj ;nquanu 'kekZ tSls cgqr ls okeiaFkh usrkvksa dk lg;ksx feykA 1938 bZ- esa iVuk esa ,d cM+k çn'kZugqvk] ftlesa yxHkx ,d yk• fdlkuksa us fgLlk fy;kA 1935 bZ- esa fdlku lHkk tehankjh mUewyu dk çLrko ikfjrdj pqdh FkhA fdlkuksa dh nwljh ek¡x Fkh&xSjdkuwuh olwfy;ksa vkSj dk'rdkjh dh csn•yh dk var rFkk odk'rtehu dh okilh A odk'r tehu dk eqík fdlku lHkk vkSj dkaxzslh eaf=ke.My ds chp fookn dk eqík cukiQyLo:i cM+fg;k Vky ds bykds ds fdlkuksa }kjk tehankjh mUewyu dh ek¡x dks ysdj ,d cgr~ vkUnksyu vkjEHkfd;k x;kA blesa dk;kZuan 'kekZ dh Hkwfedk dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ jghA x;k ds ;nquUnu 'kekZ ,oa vUuokjh esa jkgqylkaÑR;k;u us fdlku vkUnksyu dks usr`Ro çnku fd;k A dkaxzsl ds mnklhu jgus ds dkj.k vc fdlkuksa dk >qdkolkE;oknh ny ds çfr gqvkA Lo;a Lokeh lgtkuan us Hkh lkE;okn esa vfHk#fp fn•k;hA odk'r tehu ds lokyij vkUnksyu 1938&39 bZ- rd vius 'kh"kZ ij igq¡p pqdk Fkk] ysfdu vxLr] 1939 bZ- esa ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr vusdlqfo/kvksa] u, dkuwuksa vkSj yxHkx 600 dk;ZdrkZvksa dh fxjÝrkjh ls ;g vkUnksyu Fke lk x;kA dqN bykdksa esa1945 bZ- fdlkuksa us fiQj vaxM+kbZ yh vkSj mudk vkUnksyu rc rd tkjh jgk tc rd tehankjh çFkk •Re ughagks x;hA

;|fi fdlku vkUnksyu vktknh iwoZ rd vius mís';ksa dk çkIr djus esa liQy ugha gks ldk] u rks tehankjh mUewyugks ldk vkSj u gh xzkeh.k ½.kxzLrrk dk LFkk;h lek/ku gh gks ldkA ysfdu blus Ñ"kdksa esa vius vfèkdkjksads çfr tkx#drk vkSj oxZ psruk dk lapkj fd;k lkFk gh vktknh ckn gksus okys tehankjh mUewyu lesr Ñf"klq/kjksa rFkk Hkwfe lq/kjksa dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZALokeh lgtkuan dh vkykspuk ;g dgdj dh tkrh gS fd os fczfV'k ljdkj ds lkFk&lkFk tehankjksa vkSj tehankjhçFkk dk Hkh fojks/ dj jgs Fks ysfdu jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds le; tehankjksa dks viuk nq'eu cukuk le; dh ek¡xugha Fkh ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd Ñ"kd fgr esa tehankjksa ds fo#¼ fdlh cM+s dne dks mBkus ls dkaxzsl ijgst djrhjgh iQyr% dkaxzsl vkSj fdlku lHkk esa erHksn gksrs jgsA dkaxzsl tehankj leFkZd ugha Fkh vxj gksrh rks vktknhckn tehankjh mUewyu ugha fd;k tkrkA

;g lgh gS fd lgtkuan fczfV'k jkt ds lkFk&lkFk tehankjksa ds fo#¼ Hkh vkanksyu pyk jgs Fks tks jk"Vªh; vkanksyudh j.kuhfr ls esy ugha •krh Fkh ysfdu mudk ewyHkwr mís'; Fkk&'kksf"kr&ihfM+r fdlkuksa dh eqfÙkQA vr% mudsvkanksyu dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA fdlku vkanksyu esa mudh Hkwfedk bl vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gS fd mUgksaus Ñ"kdksads vkanksyu dks lkaxBfud ,oa vf•y Hkkjrh; :i çnku fd;kA

6(c) mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft, ftuds dkj.k Hkkjr dk ckaXykns'k ds mn; esafu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djuk iM+kA

mÙkjckaXykns'k] rRdkyhu iwohZ ikfdLrku] HkkSxksfyd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa Hkk"kkbZ n`f"V ls fcYdqy fHkUu ikfdLrku ds lkFktksM+ fn;k x;kA ikfdLrku ds 'kkldksa us iwohZ ikfdLrku ds yksxksa dks dHkh cjkcjh dk ntkZ ugha fn;kA bl çdkjif'pe }kjk iwohZ Hkkx ij uLyh neu vkSj 'kks"k.k /hjs&/hjs mtkxj gqvkA vfLerk vkSj lkaLÑfrd Lora=krk ds çfrtkx:drk laca/h la?k"kZ tks 1960 ds n'kd ds Nk=k vkanksyu ds lkFk 'kq: gqvk Fkk og 1969 ds vlg;ksx

7

vkanksyu ds tu vkanksyu ds le; rst gqvkA o"kZ 1970 ds pqukoksa esa tu usrk 'ks• eqthcqjZgeku dks lEiw.kZ thrgkfly gqbZA eqthc ds usr`Ro okyh vkokeh yhx iwohZ ikfdLrku dh 160 lhVksa esa ls iwjh 160 lhVsa thrhaA 'ks•eqthcqjZgeku ikfdLrkuh laln (Pakistan National Assembly) ds cgqer okys ny ds usrk pqus x,] ysfdu lSfud'kkldksa us vkokeh yhx dks ljdkj ugha cukus nh rFkk tqfYiQdkj vyh Hkqêðks ds lkFk feydj ,d "kMÔa=k jpkAestj tujy ft;kmjZgeku us ckaXykns'k dh Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA 'ks• eqthcqjZgeku dh rjiQ ls 26 ekpZ]1971 dks ckaXykns'k uked ,d u, jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gsrq ogka ds yksxksa us vius dks ,d •wuh tax esa >ksad fn;kAikfdLrkuh lsuk us eklwe ckaXyknsf'k;ksa ij vkØe.k dj dRysvke 'kq: dj fn;k rFkk iwohZ ikfdLrku Lora=krk {ks=kds yksxksa ds fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+ fn;kA ckaXykns'k dh ,d fuokZflr ljdkj LFkkfir dh xbZA ckaXykns'kh ukStokuksa us'eqÙkQokfguh' ds cSuj rys ,d lkgfld xqfjYyk ;q¼ çkjaHk fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us eqÙkQhokfguh* ds xqfjYykvksadks gh ugha] cfYd gtkjksa ckaXykns'kh 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh gj rjg dk uSfrd] foÙkh; ,oa vU; vko';d lgk;rkçnku dhA

mlh le; ikfdLrku us Hkkjr dh if'peh lhek ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA Hkkjr ds lkeus ikfdLrku dh lsuk ijtokch geyk cksyus ds flok dksbZ vkSj fodYi ugha cpk FkkA varr% 16 fnlEcj] 1971 dks 90]000 ls vf/dikfdLrkuh lSfudksa us gfFk;kj Mky fn, vkSj ckaXykns'k ,d Lora=k jk"Vª cu x;kA

7- ^/eZ ij ijksfgrksa dk vkf/iR; ,oa /kfeZd deZdkaMksa dh ç/kurk gh oSfndksÙkj dky dh igpku cuxbZ FkhA* bldh lekykspuk djsaA

mÙkjmÙkj&oSfnddky esa vk;ks± ds /kfeZd thou ,oa vkLFkkvksa esa Hkh egku ifjorZu n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA bl le; esa/kfeZd vkLFkk,a Hkh rRdkyhu HkSfrd thou ls çHkkfor FkhaA oSfnd dky dk lh/k&lknk /kfeZd thou vcvkaMcjiw.kZ] :f<+oknh vkSj deZdkaMç/ku cu x;kA /kfeZd thou ij iqjksfgrksa dk opZLo LFkkfir gks x;kA ,dvFkZ esa os gh /eZ ds ekfyd cu cSBsA mÙkj&oSfnddky ds vafre pj.k esa iqjksfgrksa dh çHkqrk ,oa deZdkaMksa dhfuLlkjrk ds fojks/ esa mufu"knksa us vkokt mBkbZA½Xosn esa ftu çeq• nsorkvksa (baæ] o:.k] vfXu] fe=k bR;kfn) dks ç/ku ekuk tkrk Fkk- mudk LFkku vc xkS.kgks x;kA mudh txg u, nsorkvksa ;Fkk f'ko ;k :æ] fo".kq ;k ukjk;.k] çtkifr ;k czkãk us ys fy;kA nsorkvksadh la[;k esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj muesa ls vusd fnXiky] xa/oZ] ;{k vkfn ds :i esa (nsorkvksa ds lgk;d) lkeusvk,A firlÙkkRed rRoksa ds lcy gksus ls m"kk ,oa vfnfr tSlh nsfo;ksa dk egRo Hkh de gks x;kA mudh txgvc fofHkUu ;f{kf.k;ksa ,oa vIljkvksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA nsorkvksa esa lcls çeq• LFkku çtkifr dks fn;k x;kAmls fo'o dk lf"VdrkZ ekuk x;kA çtkifr }kjk ojkg :i esa iFoh /kj.k djus rFkk dweZ cuus dh dYiuk çpfyrgqbZ ftlls vkxs vorkjokn dks c<+kok fn;kA :æ (i'kqvksa dk nsork) f'ko ;k i'kqifr dgykus yxsA fo".kqikyudrkZ ds :i esa çfrf"Br gq,A bl çdkj] mÙkj&oSfnddky esa f=kewfrZ dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA czãk] fo".kqvkSj egs'k gh çeq• nsork cu x,A lkekftd oxhZdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk dqN nsorkvksa dk laca/ o.kZfo'ks"k ls LFkkfirgks x;kA mnkgj.kLo:i iw"kU] tks igys eosf'k;ksa dk nsork Fkk] vc eq[;r;k 'kwæksa dk nsork cu x;kA çks- jke'kj.k'kekZ ds vuqlkj] mÙkj&oSfnddky esa ewfrZiwtk dh çFkk Hkh vkjaHk gks pqdh Fkh ijUrq ewfrZiwtk ds fuf'pr iqjkrkfRodçek.k miyC/ ugha gSaA lkfgfR;d lzksrksa esa Hkh ewfrZiwtk dk Li"V mYys• bl le; ugha feyrkA ;gka bl ckr dkmYys• fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi ewfrZiwtk ds iqjkrkfRod lk{; ugha feyrs gSa rFkkfi vrjath•sM+k ls çkIr dqNo`Ùkkdkj vfXudqaM vkSj dkS'kkach ls feyk ;K osnh bu deZdkaMksa dh iqf"V djrs gSaA

deZdk.Mh; tfVyrk esa o`f¼/kfeZd {ks=k esa tks lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;k] og Fkk iqjksfgrksa dk çHkko vkSj deZdk.Mksa dh tfVyrk esa o`f¼Alekt ds vuqRiknh oxkZs&czkã.kksa ,oa {kf=k;ksa us fcuk Je fd, gh mRiknu esa fgLlk ysus vkSj lekt ij viuhJs"Brk cuk, j•us ds fy, vkil esa le>kSrk dj fy;kA czkã.k viuh /kfeZd Js"Brk vkSj {kf=k;ksa ds çHkko dkscuk, j•us ds fy, u, gFkdaMksa dk lgkjk ysus yxsA blds cnys mUgsa /u ,oa çfr"Bk feyhA {kf=k; czkã.ksa dslaj{kd cu x,A czkã.kksa us Hkh /u çkIr djus ,oa jktk dh 'kfÙkQ dks LFkkfir vkSj lí djus ds fy, ;Kksa dkvk;kstu vko';d cuk fn;kA iQyLo:i] bl ;qx esa ri vkSj HkfÙkQ dh txg ;K ,oa cfy ij T;knk cy fn;k

8

tkus yxkA ;|fi nsorkvksa dh iwtk vc Hkh mlh mís'; ls dh tkrh Fkh] ftl mís'; ls ½XoSfnd dky esa] rFkkfivc iwtk dh fof/ cny xbZA ;|fi nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr esa vc Hkh ea=kksPpkj.k gksrs Fks] rFkkfi vc ea=kksa dh 'kfÙkQls vf/d ;K vkSj cfy dh 'kfÙkQ ij egRo fn;k x;kA ;Kksa ds laiknu ds fy, vc iqjksfgrksa dk lg;ksx vko';dcu x;kA pkgs ;K NksVs gksa ;k cM+s] iqjksfgrksa dh lgk;rk ds fcuk bUgsa iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk ;s ;K cfyçèkkuvkSj •phZys FksA bu ;Kksa dks laikfnr djokus ds fufeÙk iqjksfgrksa dks cgqr vf/d nku&nf{k.kk çkIr gksrk FkkAmnkgj.kLo:i] jktlw;k ;K (vfHk"ksd) djokus okys ç/ku iqjksfgr dks 2 40]000 xk,a nku esa nh tkrh FkhaA bldslkFk&lkFk mUgsa lksuk] oL=k ,oa lkeku (laHkor% tehu) Hkh nku esa fn, tkrs FksA bl nku ds cy ij iqjksfgr lektds lfo/kHkksxh vkSj laiUu oxZ esa vk x,A lkfgR;d xzaFkksa esa bl le; ftu çeq• ;Kksa dk mYys• feyrk gS osgSa oktis;] jktlw; vkSj v'oes/A ;s lkjs ;K jktkvksa ({kf=k;ksa) ds fy, gh lqjf{kr j•s x,A ;|fi bu ;Kksa dkmís'; jktk dh 'kfÙkQ vkSj mldh çfr"Bk esa o`f¼ djuk Fkk] rFkkfi lkFk&lkFk budk mís'; Ñf"k mRiknu dks Hkhc<+kuk FkkA vr% czkã.kksa vkSj {kf=k;ksa nksuksa us deZdkaMksa dks c<+kok fn;kA {kf=k;ksa }kjk deZdkaMksa dks c<+kok nsus dk,d vU; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd 'buds ekè;e ls os vk;Z lH;rk dh lhek ij jgus okys vuk;Z çeq•ksa ds chp viukçHkqRo c<+k ikrs FksA' bldh iqf"V vFkoZosn rFkk iapfoa'kczkã.k ls gksrh gS tgka ex/ ds ozkR; eqf•;k dks oSfndlekt esa ços'k nsus ds fy, deZdkaM dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA ;s ;K cgr vf/d •phZys Fks rFkk yacs le;rd pyrs jgrs FksA ;Kksa ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu laLdkjksa ds ikyu ij Hkh cy fn;k x;kA ;s laLdkj xHkkZ/ku lse`R;qi;ZUr gksrs jgrs FksA bu lHkh us iqjksfgrksa dk çHkko lekt ij LFkkfir dj fn;kA mudh la[;k vkSj Jsf.k;ksa esaHkh o`f¼ gqbZA vc muesa ls dqN gksr`] mn~xkrk] v?kkZ;q ds uke ls fo[;kr gq,A os jktk ds çeq• lykgdkj Hkh cux,AubZ fopkj/kjk dk mn;mÙkj&oSfnd dky ;qx esa tgka ,d rjiQ ;K] cfy ,oa deZdkaMksa dh ç/kurk c<+rh tk jgh Fkh] ogha ,d ubZnk'kZfud fopkj/kjk dk Hkh mn; gqvk] ftlus ;Kksa vkSj cfy;ksa dks fujFkZd crkdj ri ,oa Kku dk ekxZ lq>k;kAbl fopkj/kjk us czkã.kksa ds deZdkaM ij xgjk vk?kkr dj NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ds /eZlq/kj vkanksyu dh i`"BHkwferS;kj dj nhA vj.;dksa esa ;K cfy dh vis{kk ri ds egRo dks crk;k x;kA blds vuqlkj 'kjhj dks riL;k }kjkd"V nsdj gh ijeczã ;k eks{k dh çkfIr gks ldrh FkhA riekxZ ds Bhd foijhr mifu"knksa us KkuekxZ dk jkLrkfn•k;kA mifu"knh; fopkjdksa us ;K vkfn vuq"Bkuksa dks ,slh detksj ukSdk crk;k gS] ftlds }kjk ;g Hkolkxjikj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mUgksaus bl mís'; ds fy, balku dks thou ds pØ ls eks{k fnykus ds fy, KkuekxZdk çfriknu fd;kA mifu"knksa us v}Srokn dk fl¼kUr çfrikfnr fd;kA

vkReKku }kjk gh ijeczã ;k eks{k dh çkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA "kM~n'kZu dk chtkjksi.k Hkh blh dky esa gqvkAbu u, fopkjksa us /kfeZd {ks=k esa Økafr yk nhA vxj ge ½Xosfnd dky vkSj mÙkj&oSfnddky dk rqyukRedvè;;u djsa] rks ;g ckr fcydqy Li"V gks tkrh gS fd vk;ks± dh çkjafHkd lH;rk esa ftu ewy rRoksa dh LFkkiukgqbZ Fkh] mÙkj&oSfnd dky esa muesa ifjorZu] lao/Zu ,oa la'kks/u gq,A ;s u, rRo çkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLÑfrds vk/kjHkwr rRo cu x,A

8- fgUnqRo vo/kj.kk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A D;k ;g /eZfujis{kokn dk fojks/h gS\mÙkj

fgUnqRo ,d iaFk] ,d igpku vkSj fliQZ vo/kj.kk ij vk/kfjr ,d fopkj gSA fgUnqRo fgUnw /eZ ds jktuhfrdvuq;kf;;ksa dh n`f"V esa Hkkjr dks fliQZ fgUnw jk"Vª ds :i esa ns•us dh ,d uohu vo/kj.kk gSA fgUnqokfn;ksa dsvuqlkj fgUnqRo dksbZ mikluk i¼fr ugha] cfYd ,d thou 'kSyh gSA ohj lkojdj dgrs gSa fd fgUnqokn ,d oknds rkSj ij /eZ'kkL=k gS] vkSj fgUnqRo ek=k ,d 'kCn ugha] cfYd vius esa ,d lEiw.kZ bfrgkl gSA fgUnw ,d tkfrgS] ftldk lkeqnkf;d uke gh fgUnw jk"Vª gSA tcfd Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vuqlkj fgUnqRo dk ewyea=k gS&^ftvksvkSj thus nks* rFkk clq/So dqVqEcde*A muds fy, fgUnqRo ,d lkxj gS] ftlesa fofo/ ekxks± ls cgus okyh gtkjksaufn;ka vkdj ,d:ih gks tkrh gSaA

fgUnqRo vkUnksyu ds çeq• fopkjfgUnqRooknh dgrs gSa fd fgUnw 'kCn ds lkFk ftruh Hkh Hkkouk,a vkSj i¼fr;ka] ,sfrgkfld rF;] lkekftd

9

vkpkj&fopkj oSKkfud o vkè;kfRed vUos"k.k tqM+s gSa] os lHkh fgUnqRo esa lekfgr gSaAfgUnwokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] fgUnqRo fdlh Hkh /eZ o mikluk i¼fr ds f•ykiQ ugha gSA

os Hkkjr esa lqn`<+ jk"Vªokn vkSj uotkxj.k ykuk pkgrs gSaA mlds fy, fgUnw laLÑfr ykuk t:jh gSA fgUnqRo dkc<+uk t:jh gSA

vxj le`¼ fgUnw laLÑfr dk laj{k.k u fd;k x;k rks fo'o ls ;s /jksgjsa feV tk,axhA vkt Hkksxoknh if'pehlaLÑfr ls fgUnw laLÑfr dks cpkus dh vko';drk gSAfgUnqRo xk; i'kq dk laj{k.k djrk gSA og blkbZ ,oa bLykfed laLÑfr dks buds laj{k.k ds f•ykiQ ekurk gSA

Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vuqlkj] fgUnqRo dksbZ /eZ ugha gS ;g ,d ,slk fl¼kUr gS tks lHkh /eks± dks leHkko ls ns•rkgSA

vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj] dksbZ Hkh nsork nfyrksa ds dkj.k Hkz"V ugha gksrk gS] vNwrksa ds fy, vyx ls eafnj dh dksbZvko';drk ugha gSA fgUnqRo dh ifjHkk"kk tks lo.kks± ds fy, gS ogh nfyrksa ds fy, Hkh gSA nfyr] fgUnw /eZ dk,d vfHkUu fgLlk gSA ysfdu NÁ fgUnwoknh ns'k vkSj nfyr nksuksa ds fy, •rjk gSAfgUnqRo ds ckjs esa vU; /eZ@iUFkksa ds fopkjeqlyekuksa ds vuqlkj] fgUnqRo ,d ,slh dêðj fopkj/kjk gS] ftlds ewy esa eqlyekuksa dk fojks/h gksuk gh mldhigpku gSA

bZlkbZ;ksa ds vuqlkj fgUnqRo ,d ,slh fopkj/kjk gS tks nwljs iaFk ds yksxksa dks fgUnw /eZesa /ekZUrfjr djus dk ç;kldjrk gSAfgUnqRo ,d iQkalhoknh fopkj gS tks ;gwfn;ksa ds fopkjksa ij vk/kfjr gS vkSj teZuh ds ukthokn dk leFkZu djrkgSA

la{ksi esa fgUnqRo fliQZ ,d jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk gS tks Hkkjr ds vk/qfud yksdrkaf=kd /eZfujis{k ewY;ksa ds f•ykiQgSA vk/qfud Hkkjr Hkh iqjkru /eZfujis{k Hkkjr dk gh lukruh; :i gS vkSj bl ij fookn ogh yksx dj ldrsgSa tks Hkkjr dks ,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k ds :i esa fodflr ugha gksus nsuk pkgrs gSaA ;g Hkh Li"V gksuk pkfg, fdvkt tks fgUnqRo dh rkdrsa c<+h gSa mldh otg fgUnqLrku esa /eZfujis{krk dh vo/kj.kk dks ;gka okLrfod vFkZesa ykxw u djuk gSA /eZ vkSj /eZfujis{krk dh vo/kj.kk fHkUu&fHkUu gSa] vkSj mls vkil esa feyk;k ugha tkukpkfg,A /eZfujis{krk dk eryc fliQZ vkSj fliQZ /eZ dk jkT; ls iw.kZ vyxko gSA uSfrd vkè;kfRed ewY;ksa dsfy, /eZfujis{k jktuhfr dks /eZ ij fuHkZj ugha gksuk iM+rk gSA

/eZfujis{k jkT; vrhr ds lHkh ldkjkRed ewY;ksa dks lesVs jgrs gSa vkSj og turk dh HkkSfrd] lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd]vkè;kfRed t:jrksa dks iwjk djrk gSA turk dh çxfr vkSj fodkl ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd /eZfujis{k]yksdrkfU=kd ewY;ksa dh n`<+rk ls j{kk dh tk,A tgka rd /eZ dh ckr gS og yksxksa dk O;fÙkQxr ekeyk gS] mlesajkT; }kjk vuko';d gLr{ksi ugha gksuk pkfg,A yksxksa dks vius fo'okl ds fglkc ls /kfeZd O;ogkj djus dhNwV gksuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh iaFk ;k lEçnk; dks nwljs iaFk ;k lEçnk; ij vius fo'okl ugha Fkksiuk pkfg,A fgUnw/eZ esa Hkh blh çdkj dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS tks fd vk/qfud fgUnqRo dh jktuhfr esa dgha ugha 'kkfey gSA bl çdkjge dg ldrs gSa fd fgUnqRo dh vo/kj.kk /eZfujis{kokn ugha gSAmPpre U;k;ky; us 1995 esa vius ,d fu.kZ; esa dgk Fkk fd fgUnqRo /eZ ugha gS] oks thus dk ,d rjhdk gS*vFkkZr~ mPpre U;k;ky; us fgUnqRo ds /eZfujis{kokn dh vo/kj.kk ds i{k esa eqgj yxk;kA ysfdu orZeku le;esa fgUnqRo dks ysdj tks udkjkRed jktuhfr vkSj Nfo cu jgh gS] txg&txg fgUnqRo ds uke ij yksxksa dh gR;k]xk; dh j{kk ds uke ij HkhM }kjk bUlkuksa dh gR;k rFkk jktuhfrd ykHk ds fy, /kfeZd fgUnw&v/kfeZd fgUnesa foHkktu dks fo?kVudkjh fopkjksa esa o`f¼ dks ns•rs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us gky gh esa dgk Fkk fd fgUnRo'kCn ij ,d ckj iqu% iqufoZpkj djus dh vko';drk gSA

9- lfg".kqrk ,oa çse dh Hkkouk u dsoy vfr çkphu le; ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt dk ,d jkspd vfHky{k.kjgh gS] vfirq orZeku esa Hkh ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA lfoLrkj Li"V dhft,A

mÙkjçkphudky ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkaLÑfrd rFkk /kfeZd fofo/rk rFkk fHkUurk,a fo|eku jgh gSa] fdarq bruh

10

fofHkUurkvksa ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt esa çkjaHk ls gh ,drk LFkkfir jgh gSA ,slk Hkkjrh; lekt esa lfg".kqrk ,oaçse dh Hkkouk ds mifLFkr gksus ds dkj.k dh lEHko gks ik;k gSAxkSjryc gS fd vfr çkphu dky esa LFkkfir oSfnd /eZ] ckS¼ ,oa tSu /eks±] fofHkUu laçnk;ksa rFkk çkphu Hkkjrh;n'kZu esa lfg".kqrk ,d vko';d vfHky{k.k ds :i esa fo|eku jgh gSA çkphudky esa v'kksd tSls 'kkldksa us Hkh'lHkh /eks± esa lkj of¼' dh ckr dh vkSj turk dh ,d&nwljs ds /eks± dks lEeku nsus dk vkxzg fd;k vkSj vkilesa çse iwoZd jgus dh lykg nhA eè;dky esa HkfÙkQ vkSj lwiQh larksa us Hkh lfg".kqrk vkSj çse Hkko dk mins'k fn;kA;gh ugha] eqxy 'kkld vdcj us Hkh 'lqyg&,&dky' dh uhfr dk ikyu fd;k vkSj mlds dky esa /kfeZd vkSjlkekftd lfg".kqrk ds fl¼kar jps x,A

Lora=krk la?k"kZ ds le; lHkh /eks± rFkk {ks=kksa ds yksxksa us leku :i ls ,d lkFk fey&tqydj vktknh dh yM+kbZesa Hkkx fy;kA orZeku esa Hkh Hkkjr esa lHkh /eks± vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekU;rkvksa ds yksx lfg".kqrk] çse] HkkbZpkjs] 'kkafrvkSj ln~Hkko ds lkFk jg jgs gSa] ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr vkt Hkh fo'o esa vusdrk esa ,drk' ds vf}rh; xq.k dsfy;s tkuk tkrk gS vkSj blh xq.k us Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSj v•aMrk dks vHkh rd v{kq..k cuk, j•k gSA orZekuesa vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa esa uLyh; fgalk] if'pe ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa ,dy /eZ gksus ds ckotwn mRiUu la?k"kZ vkSjv'kkafr bl ckr ds mnkgj.k gSa fd fo'o ds vU; {ks=kksa esa lfg".kqrk vkSj çse Hkkouk Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa de gSAHkkjr vkt Hkh 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj ihfM+rksa dh vkxs c<+dj lgk;rk dj jgk gSA

gkyk¡fd] xr o"kks± esa ns'k esa mRiUu gq, dqN lkaçnkf;d rukoks] mÙkj&iwoZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj] HkhM+ }kjkfgalk vkfn dh ?kVukvksa us Hkkjrh; lekt ds lfg".kqrk vkSj çse ds vkn'kZ dks vkgr djus dk ç;kl vo'; fd;kgS] fdarq Hkkjrh; lafo/ku vkSj dkuwu bu lHkh ls fuiVus esa l{ke lkfcr gq, gSaA

10- fcgkj esa iky dyk dh ç/ku fo'ks"krkvksa dk fooj.k çLrqr djsaAmÙkj

fcgkj esa iwoZ eè;dky esa ikyoa'kh; 'kkldksa ds laj{k.k dyk ds fofo/ vk;keksa dh fo'ks"k çxfr gqbZ ftUgsalfEefyr :i ls ikydyk dh laKk nh tkrh gS A bl dyk dh ç/ku fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu:is.k gSa %

LFkkiR; dyk&fcgkj esa okLrqdyk ds fodkl esa fof'k"V çxfr ikydky esa gqbZA ikydkyhu LFkkiR; ds lk{; vksnariqjh] ukyankvkSj foØe'khyk egkfogkj gSA bu fogkjksa dk fuekZ.k ,d fof'k"V ;kstuk ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA foØef'kykls b±V fufeZr ,d eafnj vkSj Lrwi dk lk{; Hkh feyk gSA nhokjksa ds ckgjh fgLls ij feêðh ds rf[r;ksa ls ltkoVdk dke fd;k x;k gSAewfrZdyk&iky dky dh iRFkj vkSj dkaL; çfrek,¡ lk¡ps esa fufeZr gSa ftuds lk{; ukyank] dqfØgkj varpd bR;kfn LFkkuksals çkIr gq, gSaA dkaL; çfrekvksa dh fuekZ.k 'kSyh esa /heku vkSj ohfFkiky dk fu.kk;Zd ;ksxnku FkkA iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡dkys cSlkYV dh cuh gSaA buesa 'kjhj ds vxz Hkkx dks fn•kus ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k x;k gSA ewfrZ;ksa esa vyadkj dhç/kurk gSA lHkh ewfrZ;k¡ lqUnj gS vkSj dyk dh ifjiDork dks n'kkZrh gSA

fp=kdyk&ikydky esa ikaMqfyfi;ksa ds fp=k.k ds lkFk nhokjksa ij Hkh fp=k cukus ds mnkgj.k feys gSaA iky fp=k'kSyh ds çeq•fp=kdkj /heku vkSj ohfFkiky FksA fpf=kr ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ rkj i=k ij fy•h xbZ gSa ftuds Js"B mnkgj.kv"Vlgflzdk] çKkikjferk vkSj iapj{k gS A buesa vf/drj ckS¼ /eZ ls lacaf/r fp=k gSa] ftu ij rkaf=kd dykdk çHkko Hkh Li"V gSA bu fp=kksa dks cukus esa çkFkfed :i ls yky] uhyk vkSj dkyk ,oa liQsn jaxksa dk ç;ksxgqvk gSA

fHkfÙkfp=k ds mnkgj.k ukyank ds ljk;Vhys ls çkIr gq, gSaA xzsukbV iRFkj ds ,d cM+s pcwrjs ds uhps iQwy] euq";,oa i'kqvksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA buesa gkFkh] ?kksMk] urZdh] cksf/lRo vkSj tEHkyk çeq• gSaA bu fp=kksa dh 'kSyhij vtark vkSj ck?k xqiQk fp=kksa dh 'kSyh dk çHkko ns•k tk ldrk gSA

11 D;k vki ds fopkj esa f•ykiQr vkanksyu dks egkRek xka/h ds leFkZu us mudh /eZ fujis{k lk• ij

11

cêðk yxk fn;k FkkA ?kVukvksa ds vkdyu dks vk/kj cukrs gq, viuk rdZ çLrqr dhft,AmÙkj

f•ykiQr vkanksyu eqlyekuksa ds oSf'od /eZxq: •yhiQk ds çfr fczVsu ds nqO;Zogkj ds fojks/ rFkk •yhiQk dsleFkZu ds fy, Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa us fd;k FkkA rqdhZ ds •yhiQk ls Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk laca/ dsoy /kfeZd,oa HkkoukRed FkkA bl rjg bldk Lo:i ewy :i ls /kfeZd FkkA egkRek xka/h us bldk u dsoy lfØ; leFkZufd;k vfirq bls vlg;ksx vkanksyu ls tksM+ fn;k tks fd ,d jktuhfrd vkanksyu FkkA dbZ vkykspdksa us bls muds/eZ fujis{krk ds ?kksf"kr fl¼kar ds foijhr ekuk gSAmudk rdZ gS fd&

xka/hth us jktuhfrd mís'; ls /kfeZd Hkkouk dk ç;ksx fd;k tks fd /eZfujis{krk ds fl¼kar ds fo:¼ gSAmUgksaus leFkZu ds cnys eqlyekuksa ls xkso/ jksdus dh ekax dh FkhAblls /kfeZd Hkkouk dks c<+kok feykA vlg;ksxvkanksyu dh okilh ds ckn ;g Hkkouk /kfeZd dêðjrk dh rjiQ c<+us yxh ftl dkj.k dbZ lkEçnkf;d naxs Hkhgq,A

bUgha rdks± ds vk/kj ij vkykspd xka/hth ds /eZfujis{k lk• ij cêðk ekurs gSaA ysfdu ;g fopkj lgh ugha gSD;ksafd&

xka/hth us f•ykiQr vkanksyu dks leFkZu jktuhfrd ykHk ds fy, ugha vfirq fgUnw eqfLye ,drk ds fy, fn;kFkkAleFkZu dk ,d dkj.k ;g Fkk fd os eqlyekuksa ds i{k dks U;k;laxr ekurs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lekt esa jgusokys çR;sd oxZ dks vko';drk gksus ij ,d&nwljs dk lkFk nsuk pkfg,A vr% eqlyekuksa ds U;k;laxr ekax esa lkFknsuk fgUnqvksa dk dÙkZO; gSA

eqfLye yhx Lo;a dks eqlyekuksa dk rFkk dkaxzsl dks lo.kZ fgUnqvksa dh ikVhZ dgrh FkhA bl fopkj dk •.Mudj dkaxzsl dks leLr ns'k dk çfrfuf/ fl¼ djus ds fy, xka/hth us bls ,d volj le>kA

ckn esa ;|fi lkEçnkf;drk c<+h ysfdu vkjaHk esa fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dk ljkguh; çn'kZu gqvkA blls fl¼ gksrkgS fd lkEçnkf;d ,drk dk xka/hth dk vuqeku iw.kZr% xyr ugha FkkAnksuksa i{kksa ds mi;ZqÙkQ rdks± ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xka/hth dh /eZfujis{krk ij fdlh rjg dk cêðkugha yxkA

12- vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds Hkwnku o xzkenku vkanksyuksa ds mís';ksa dh lekykspukRed foospuk dhft, vkSjmudh liQyrk dk vkdyu dhft,A

mÙkjfouksck Hkkos us xka/hth ds vkfFkZd fopkjksa dks O;ogkfjd :i esa fodflr fd;k ftldk vFkZ Fkk Hkwfe dsoy dqNgh yksxksa ds gkFk esa u jgsA fouksck Hkkos pkgrs Fks fd xzkeh.k /uk<Ô viuh tehu dk dqN fgLlk Hkwfeghuksa dksLosPNk ls ns nsaA Hkwnku vkanksyu o"kZ 1951 esa rRdkyhu vka/z çns'k ds rsyaxkuk {ks=k esa fdlku foæksg ds rqjar cknçkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk dqN o"kZ ckn 1957 esa xzkenku* ds uke ls ;g vkanksyu çkjaHk gqvkA bldk mís'; FkkçR;sd xkao esa Hkw&Lokeh rFkk iêðsnkj viuh Hkwfe ds vf/dkj dks R;kx nsa] rnqijkar lEiw.kZ Hkwfe ,d xkao lHkk dhlEifÙk gks tkrh ftlls mlds lcds chp rFkk la;qÙkQ :i ls •srh djus dk mís'; çkIr fd;k tk ldsA fouksckHkkos dks vk'kk Fkh fd Hknku rFkk xzkenku }kjk Hkwfe dk futh LokfeRo lekIr fd;k tk ldsxk rFkk mudk vkanksyuHkwfe ds U;k;iw.kZ caVokjs] •srksa dks la;qÙkQ djus rFkk mu ij la;qÙkQ •srh djus dh çfØ;k dks lqfuf'pr djsxkAfouksck Hkkos us ;g vkanksyu tehankjksa ds fo#¼ fdlkuksa ds Øks/ dks 'kkar djus ds fy, çkjaHk fd;k FkkA og Øks/rks rsyaxkuk vkanksyu esa eq•j gqvk FkkA

fouksck Hkkos rFkk t;çdk'k ukjk;.k (tsih) ds erHksn gksus ds dkj.k 1970 ds n'kd ds 'kq: esa ;g vkanksyufc•j x;kA ;g vkanksyu xkaoksa esa yksdrkaf=kd ewY; ugha mRiUu dj ldk] cfYd mlls iqjkus lkearoknh ewY;ksa dksgh cy feykA ijarq ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl vkanksyu us xka/hoknh lksp ds rgr~ lkekftd ifjorZu ykusds çfr yksxksa dks tkx`r fd;kA

12

13 ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk* rFkk çlkn ;kstuk* fdl çdkj i;ZVu fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh;lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks lajf{kr djus esa ;ksxnku ns ldrh gS\ ppkZ dhft,A

mÙkjHkkjr esa i;ZVu {ks=k dk ns'k dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa yxHkx 6-8 çfr'kr fgLlk gS i;ZVu ls ns'k esa jkstxkj dkl`tu gksrk gS] fons'kh eqæk dh çkfIr gksrh gS rFkk ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA ns'k&fons'k ds i;ZVdksa dksHkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks tkuus dk Hkh volj çkIr gksrk gS rFkk lkFk gh blls lkaLÑfrd] çkÑfrd ,oaèkkfeZd fojklrksa dk laj{k.k Hkh gksrk gSA bu rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, ljdkj us i;ZVu {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus dsfy, 'Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk' rFkk 'çlkn ;kstuk' lapkfyr dh gSA Fkhe vk/kfjr Hkkjr dk bfrgkl i;ZVd ifjiFkksads ,dhÑr fodkl ds fy, 'Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk' dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k x;k gSA tcfd i;ZVu LFkyksa ij vk/kjHkwrlqfo/k,a fodflr ,oa miyC/ djkus ds mís'; ls çlkn ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr dh x;h gSA

Lons'k n'kZu ;kstukLons'k n'kZu ;kstuk dk 2014&15 esa i;ZVu ea=kky; }kjk ns'k esa fo"k; (Fkhe) vk/kfjr i;ZVu lfdZV fodflrdjus ds mís'; ds lkFk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;k x;kA Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk dks ,d lefUor rjhds ls mPp i;ZVu ewY;]çfrLi/kZ vkSj fLFkjrk ds fl¼karksa ij fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA ;kstuk lHkh fgr/kjdksa dh fparkvksa] i;ZVu dsvuqHko dks le`¼ djus vkSj jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus ij dsafær gSA

mís';i;ZVu dks vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa jkstxkj l`tu ds ,d cM+s okgd ds :i esa LFkkfir djukA &Hkkjr dks ,d oSf'od czkaM rFkk ,d fo'oLrjh; i;ZVu xarO; ds :i esa c<+kok nsukA >

fofo/ Fkhe vk/kfjr ifjiFkksa ,oa rhFkZLFkyksa esa fo'oLrjh; vk/kjHkwr lajpuk dk fodkl djukA i;ZVu vkd"kZ.kc<+kus ds ekè;e ls lexz i;ZVu vuqHko miyC/ djkukA

Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk,abl ;kstuk ds rgr 13 Fkhe vk/kfjr ifjiFkksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA

;s ifjiFk gSa&iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ifjiFk] ckS¼ ifjiFk] fgeky; ifjiFk] rVh; ifjiFk] Ñ".k ifjiFk] e#LFkyh; ifjiFk]tutkrh; ifjiFk] oU;tho ifjiFk] xzkeh.k ifjiFk] vkè;kfRed ifjiFk] jkek;.k ifjiFk] /jksgj ifjiFk ,oa bZdksifjiFkA

;kstuk dh çxfrLons'k n'kZu ;kstuk ds rgr jkek;.k lfdZV vkSj Ñ".kk lfdZV ij jk"Vªh; lfefr dh igyh cSBd twu 2016 dksvk;ksftr dh xbZ Fkh] ftlesa AA jkek;.k lfdZV vkSj 12 Ñ".kk lfdZV LFkkfir djus ds çLrko dks vuqeksfnr fd;kx;kA

jkek;.k lfdZV ds rgr LFkyi;ZVu ea=kky; ds rgr fodkl gsrq fpfÉr 15 Fkhe vk/kfjr lfdZV~l esa ls ,d gS jkek;.k lfdZVAxarO; LFkyksa ds :i esa iwjs ns'k esa mu LFkkuksa dks pquk x;k gS ftu LFkkuksa ij Hkxoku jke x, FksA

jke ds 15 xarO; LFkku gSa& v;ksè;k] 'kaxosjiqj ,oa fp=kdwV (;wih)] lhrke<+h] cDlj ,oa njHkaxk (fcgkj)] uanhxzke(if'pe caxky)] egsaæfxfj (vksfM'kk)] txnyiqj (NÙkhlx<+)] Hkækpye (rsyaxkuk)] jkes'oje~ (rfeyukMq)]gEih (dukZVd)] ukfld ,oa ukxiqj (egkjk"Vª)A

çlkn ;kstuk (PRASAAD Yojana) ds rgr i;ZVu foHkkx ls tqMh lHkh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ij è;kufn;k tk;sxkA cqfu;knh <kapk ds foLrkj] lMd ,oa ifjogu lqfo/kvksa] jsyos] ukxfjd mîó;u vkSj dkS'ky fodklçf'k{k.k ds tfj, ns'k esa i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsuk bl ;kstuk dk çeq• mís'; gSAokjk.klh tSls ckS¼ lfdZV ds egRoiw.kZ LFkyksa dks gsfydkWIVj lsokvksa ls tksM+uk] egRoiw.kZ i;ZVd LFkyksa dhjsyxkfM+;ksa esa i;ZVdksa ds fy, fo'ks"k fMCcs] jkstxkj c<+kus ds fy, LFkkuh; yksxksa fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa dks i;ZVdxkbM ds :i esa çf'kf{kr djuk] i;ZVu {ks=kksa dyk ,oa laLÑfr esa ifjogu vkSj Bgjus tSlh vk/kHkwr cqfu;knhlqfoèkkvksa esa lq/kj djuk 'kkfey gSA çlkn ;kstuk ds vuqlkj rhFkZ LFkyksa ij Bgjko] is;ty] Lukukxkj] 'kkSpky;]lkiQ&liQkbZ] fctyh] lqj{kk vkfn dh csgrj lqfo/k miyC/ jgsxhA lHkh dkWEiySDlksa esa lqfo/kvksa dks cgky j•us

13

gsr~ ds;j Vsdj Hkh rSukr jgsaxsA i;ZVu ls gekjs ns'k esa fons'kksa ls jktLo vkrk gS blls ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dksxfr feyrh gSA vr% i;ZVd ,oa /kfeZd LFkyksa ij cqfu;knh lqfo/k,a miyC/ djkuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA ,slhfLFkfr esa çlkn ;kstuk le; dh ekax ds vuqlkj çklafxd gSAfu"d"kZ %Hkkjr dh le¼ lkaLÑfrd] ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd vkSj çkÑfrd fojklr ns'k esa i;ZVu vkSj jkstxkj fuekZ.k ds fodklds fy, ,d cM+h laHkkouk çnku djrh gSA ;g i;ZVu vkSj fofHkUu çdkj ds i;ZVdksa ds fy, vkd"kZd vuqHkoçnku djds ,d ,dhÑr n`f"Vdks.k ds ekè;e ls gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA ljdkj }kjk i;ZVu {ks=k ds fodklgsrq lapkfyr Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk rFkk çlkn ;kstuk ds }kjk fons'kh jktLo dh çkfIr rFkk jkstxkj ds u;s voljmiyC/ gksaxsA Fkhe vk/kfjr i;ZVu lfdZV rFkk i;ZVu LFkyksa ds vk/kjHkwr fodkl ls ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esaLFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr gksxhA bu ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls ns'kh ,oa fons'kh i;ZVdksa dks Hkkjrh;lkaLÑfrd /jksgjksa ,oa fojklrksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feysxhA blls lkaLÑfrd ,oa /kfeZd fojklrks dk laj{k.k gksxkrFkk Hkkjrh;ksa dks vius lkaLÑfrd fojklrksa ds egÙo ij xkSjokfUor gksu dk Hkh volj çkIr gksxkA bu ;kstukvksadk fØ;kUo;u djrs le; gesa i;kZoj.kh; fpUrkvksa dks è;ku esa j•uk gksxk rFkk bu LFkyksa ij ikWfyFkhu] •k|inkFkks±ds iSfdax doj ,oa IykfLVd fufeZr oLrqvksa ds iQsdusa ij jksd yxkuh gksxhA ikfjfLFkfrd i;ZVu (Eco &

Tourism) dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk rFkk i;ZVdksa dh lqj{kk Hkh lqfuf'pr djuh gksxhA bu ;kstukvksa dks ukSdjh fuekZ.kvkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ,d çeq• batu ds :i esa i;ZVu {ks=kksa dks c<+kok nsus ,oa LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku]dkS'ky Hkkjr] esd bu bafM;k vkfn tSlh vU; ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds lkFk feykdj lesfdr djus dh dYiuk dhxbZ gSA

14- mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, ftuds dkj.k o"kZ 1966 rk'kdan le>kSrk gqvkA le>kSrs dsfof'k"Vrkvksa dh foospuk dhft,A

mÙkjHkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp 23 flrEcj] 1965 dks ;q¼ fojke dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckotn lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa ijs'kkfu;kacuh jghaA bl lanHkZ esa lksfo;r la?k us fo'ks"k #fp yh rFkk nksuksa i{kksa dks okrkZ gsrq vkeaf=kr fd;kA4 tuojh] 1966 dks ikfdLrku ds jk"Vªifr v;wc •ku rFkk Hkkjr ds ç/kuea=kh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh ds chp okrkZ'kq: gqbZA varr% 19 tuojh] 1966 dks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ,sfrgkfld rk'kdan le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj gq,A bl le>kSrsds egRoiw.kZ fcUnq fuEufyf•r gSa

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku lger gSa fd nksuksa i{k la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k ds pkVZj ds vuqlkj vPNs iM+kslh laca/ cukus gsrqlHkh çdkj ds ç;kl djsaxsA la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k pkVZj ds rgr~ nksuksa vius drZO; dks n`<+rk ls fuHkkus dk opu nsrsgSa fd os cy dk ç;ksx ugha djsaxs rFkk vius fooknksa dks gy 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls djsaxsA

nksuksa ns'k vius lHkh gfFk;kjcUn tokuksa dks 25 iQjojh] 1966 rd okil ml LFkku rd dj ysa] tgka os 5 vxLr]1965 ls igys rd Fks rFkk nksuksa i{k ;q¼&fojke js•k ij ;q¼&fojke Vhesa j•saxsAHkkjr&ikd laca/ ,d&nwljs ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djus ds fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gksaxsA

nksuksa i{k vU; ns'k ds fo#¼ gksus okys fdlh Hkh nq"çpkj dks grksRlkfgr djsaxs rFkk ftl çdkj ds çpkj ls nksuksans'kksa ds chp fe=kor~ lEcU/ c<+s oSls çpkj dks çksRlkfgr djsaxsA

nksuksa ns'kksa ds gkbZ dfe'uj vius&vius dk;ZLFkkuksa ij ykSV tk,axs rFkk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp dwVuhfrdlaca/ fiQj ls LFkkfir fd, tk,axsA;q¼dky ds cafn;ksa ds gLrkarj.k (Repartiation) dh çfØ;k iwjh djus ds fy, nksuksa ns'k vius&vius vf/dkfj;ksadks funZs'k nsaxsA

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ,oa voS/ çokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls lacaf/r ç'u ij ckrphr tkjh djsaxsA bldsvfrfjÙkQ os >xM+s ds le; çR;sd i{k }kjk yh xbZ /ulEifÙk dks ykSVkus ds ckjs esa ckrphr djus dks lger gksaxsA

15- vk;q] fyax rFkk /eZ ds ca/uksa ls eqÙkQ gksdj] Hkkjrh; efgyk,a Hkkjr ds Lok/hurk laxzke esa vxz.kh cuhjghaA foospuk dhft,A

14

mÙkjLora=krk laxzke esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA bUgksaus vaxzstksa ds fo#¼ iq#"kksa ds lkFk da/s lsda/k feykdj viuk dÙkZO; fuHkk;kA 1857 ds foæksg ds le; jkt?kjkuksa dh efgyk,a Lora=k Hkkjr dk LoIu iwjkdjus ds fy, iq#"kksa ds lkFk ,dtqV gqbZA buesa çeq• Fkha& bankSj dh egkjkuh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj rFkk >kalh dhjkuh y{ehckbZA 19oha lnh ds var esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds lkFk efgykvksa dh ?kfu"Brk c<+h vkSj Hkkjr dhjk"Vªh; xfrfof/;ksa esa mudk ;ksxnku çkjaHk gqvkA caxky foHkktu (1905) ds le; efgykvksa us fons'kh lekuksa dkcfg"dkj fd;kA blesa ljksftuh uk;Mw] mfeZyk nsoh] nqxkZckbZ nsleq•] clarhnsoh] Ñ".kkckbZ jke vkfn çeq• FkhaAxkaèkhth ds vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us lfØ; :i ls fgLlk fy;kA bl vkanksyu esa jktdqekjh ve`rdkSj]lqpsrk Ñiykuh] ljyknsoh] pkS/jkuh eqFkqy{eh jsîóh] lq'khyk uk;j] v#.kk vkliQ vyh vkfn us egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZA dLrwjck xka/h] deyk usg:] fot;y{eh iafMr us jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa çeq•rk ls fgLlk fy;kA fot;y{ehiafMr us fons'kksa esa Hkkjr dk usr`Ro fd;kA

fofHkUu leqnk;ksa vkSj oxks± dh efgyk,a Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke ds la?k"kks±] tqywlksa] çn'kZuksa esa jpukRed dk;ZdrkZvksads :i esa tMh vkSj xzkeh.k iqufuZekZ.k ;kstukvksa esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj ftEesnkjh fuHkkbZA mPp ls ysdj fuEu f'kf{krlHkh rjg dh efgykvksa us da/s ls da/k feykdj yksxksa esa lk{kjrk dks c<+kus rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk fodflr djus dkdke fd;kA inkZ çFkk ls ckgj fudydj efgyk,a #f<+;ka] va/fo'okl vkSj lkEçnkf;d vyxkookn ls yM+haA Ñ"kdefgykvksa us cksjlkn rFkk ckjnksyh tSls xzkeh.k lR;kxzgksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk,a fuHkkbZA efgykvksa us ued lR;kxzg]lfou; voKk vkanksyu] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu rFkk lHkh xka/hoknh lR;kxzgksa esa Hkkx fy;kA mUgksaus lHkk,a dh] tqywlfudkys] fons'kh diM+s vkSj efnjk cspus okyh nqdkuksa dks can djok;k rFkk tsy xbZA