BPK 303 Kinanthropometry Fall 2015 Instructor: Dr. Richard Ward email: [email protected]@sfu.ca.
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Transcript of BPK 303 Kinanthropometry Fall 2015 Instructor: Dr. Richard Ward email: [email protected]@sfu.ca.
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Kinanthropometry The quantification of Body Size, Shape,
Proportion and Composition to describe or explain Function, Growth, Maturation and Performance.
Defined by William D. (Bill) Ross in the 1970’s to to bring together scientists who appeared to be working in quite disparate areas but whose studies had tremendous relevance to each other.
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International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
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(ISAK) website home page
www.isakonline.com
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AnthropometrySimple but expensive equipment
Anthropometer $1400
Harpenden Skinfold Caliper > $200
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AnthropometryInexpensive Alternatives
Woodworkers Tape with Pencil Holder $16
Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper$35
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Anthropometric Conventions I.S.A.K. - International Society for the
Advancement of Kinanthropometry I.B.P. - Internationl Biological Programme
Standardized Techniques
In House Standardization•Do not trust the name of the measurement•Check the original description
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Anthropometry
Standardized techniquesvalid
calibration
reliablemeasurement errorobjectivity
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Which Variables to Measure?
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Comprehensive Do not reduce the number of measures
just to save time
Specific Tailor the data collection to the
hypothesis
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Landmarking Reference to bone landmarks Skin moves relative to the bone so that the pose of the
subject is important
Horizontal linesNot crosses or dots
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Professional Approach
Informed Consent Training increases validity & confidence Honour subject’s personal space Take adequate measures to minimize error
Recorder Data Sheet Data Transmission Legible Recording
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Anthropometry
Fall 2015
BPK303
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Anthropometric Measures Fall 2015
12Spring 2008
Data Sheet 1 Data Sheet 2 Data Sheet 3
Stretch Stature (cm) Bone Widths (cm) Projected Heights (cm) Weight (kg) Humerus Sitting Height Femur Ilio-Spinale Skinfolds (mm) Trochanterion Triceps Girths (cm) Tibiale Laterale Subscapular Head Biceps Neck Direct Lengths (cm) Forearm Arm (relaxed) Upper Arm (Ac – Rad) Iliac Crest Arm (flexed) Forearm (Rad – Sty) Supraspinale Forearm (max.) Hand (MidSty – Dac) Abdominal Wrist Tibial (Tib Med – Sphy) Front Thigh Chest Foot Medial Calf Waist Gluteal Breadths (cm) Thigh A.P. Chest Depth Calf Transverse Chest Ankle Biacromial Breadth Biiliocristal Breadth
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Anthropometric Equipment
13Spring 2008
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14Spring 2008
Anthropometry
Landmarking necessary for repeatability of measures
Only a few landmarks are required for the measures used in this course
Standard Landmarking & Measurement Position
Landmarks must be short horizontal lines
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15Spring 2008
Stretch Stature (Height) Head held in Frankfort Plane Requires two people to measure Feet together Stretch justified as overcoming
diurnal variation Check for heel lifting (especially in
children)
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16Spring 2008
Variability of Height
Height can vary up to 2.5cm a day or more
Compression of the intervertebral discs occurs
Lost height can be restored with fetal curls
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17Spring 2008
Weight Fluctuation Calibrated scale Beam balances tend to hold calibration longer OMRON Scale and Body Composition Analyzer
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18Spring 2008
Skinfolds
Parallel fold of double thickness of skin plus subcutaneous adipose tissue
Caliper applied perpendicular to the fold
Fold held firmly by left hand while full pressure is applied by caliper
2 second timing until reading Skinfolds can be measured at any
site where there is a loose junction between subcutaneous adipose tissue and the underlying fascia.
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19Spring 2008
Skinfold Calipers
Slim Guide Caliper Pressure?
Spring Tension / Jaw Surface Area
Harpenden10 gm.mm-2
Lange35 gm.mm-2
Slim Guide11.4 gm.mm-2
Harpenden
Adipometer
Slim Guide
Fatometer
Lange
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20Spring 2008
Skinfold Calipers
Harpenden Lange SlimGuide FatoMeter Adipometer
Precision greater than necessary.
Delicate
Stays calibrated for a long time
Expensive
> $200
GOLD STANDARD
Small jaw surfaces that pivot
Calibration wanders
Expensive
> $150
ABS Plastic
Robust
Stays calibrated for a long time
Inexpensive
$35
Plastic
Fragile
Parallel jaw surfaces
Weak Springs
Inexpemsive
< $20
Single piece of molded plastic
Uses elastic properties of plastic to exert constant tension
It Works!
< $10
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Skinfold Descriptions
Technique
Subscapular Skinfold the caliper distance when applied one centimeter distally from the left thumb and index finger raising a fold beneath the inferior angle of the scapula in a direction running obliquely downwards at an angle determined by the natural lines of tension in the skin. The pick up can be made consistent by placing the little finger of the left hand on the angle of the scapula then placing the index finger just to the right of it and the thumb just below it. Site
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22Spring 2008
Girths
Circumference perpendicular to the long axis of the body segment
Tape should be touching but not indenting skin
Cross-handed technique
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Compressive Clothing Effect
23Spring 2008
GIRTHSSlim Top
Bra Nude Sports BraSwim Suit
Chest (meso) 97.6 98.0 - 99.3 98.2
Chest (max) 97.5 98.9 95.6 96.8 97.5
2 cm could be 10 – 15% point shift in percentile rating
GIRTHSYoga Pants
UnderwearFitted Shorts
Compression Shorts
Swim Suit
Loose Shorts
Gluteal 103.4 104.2 102.1 101.5 102.0 105.6
4 cm could be 20 – 30% point shift in percentile rating
Thigh 62.1 63.0 60.3 62.0 - -
2.5 cm could be 15 - 20% point shift in percentile rating
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24Spring 2008
Projected Heights Perpendicular
distance from floor to landmark
Tibiale Height usually measured standing although sometimes used seated for disabled populations.
Derived length = difference between two projected heights
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25Spring 2008
Direct Lengths From landmark to landmark
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26Spring 2008
Bone Widths & Breadths Caliper type and placement specific to measurement Press firmly while measurement is made Vernier Scale
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Validity & Reliability
27Spring 2008
UnreliableNot Valid
UnreliableValid?
ReliableNot Valid
ReliableValid
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28Spring 2008
Measurement Reliability
How do you quantify reliability? Is a correlation coefficient
adequate? Technical Error of Measurement?
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29Spring 2008
Correlation Coefficient: Poor indicator of reliability
A high correlation between trials does not necessarily indicate reliability unless slope is 1 and intercept is 0.
Means of trials 1 and 2 would be different. Paired t-test with no sig. diff. between means with a high correlation would show high reliability. But this would be clumsy analysis.
r = > 0.9
Line of Identity
Trial 1
Trial
2
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30Spring 2008
Technical Error of Measurement
I II d d2 7.5 8.0 +0.5 .25
15.0 15.5 +0.5 .25 12.5 12.5 0 0 13.0 12.9 -0.1 .01 32.0 35.0 +3.0 9 4.5 4.5 0 0
Sum d2 9.51 TEM 0.81mm
Measure of variability between two trials
TEMdiff
n
2
2
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31Spring 2008
% TEM
To compare the relative reliabilities of measures using different units such as height and weight, a %TEM is used.
%TEM is the absolute TEM divided by the mean of the measurements multiplied by 100.
A dimensionless score that can be compared across measurements.
Also for same measurement when size is an issue
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32Spring 2008
% Technical Error of Measurement
1 0 0)/(% M eanTEMTEM
I II d d2
7.5 8 0.5 0.25
15 15.5 0.5 0.25
12.5 12.5 0 0
13 12.9 -0.1 0.01
32 35 3 9
4.5 4.5 0 0
Sum d2 9.51
TEM 0.89
Mean 14.41 %TEM 6.18
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33Spring 2008
Typical Skinfold %TEMs
Skinfold Male FemaleTriceps 3.0 4.0Subscapular 3.6 3.6Biceps 2.3 2.9Iliac Crest 6.2 8.3Supraspinale 3.4 4.0Abdominal 6.2 8.7Front Thigh 4.7 6.4Medial Calf 2.8 4.5