Bores During IHOP_2002 and Speculation on Nocturnal Convection
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Bores During IHOP_2002 and Speculation on Nocturnal
Convection
David B. Parsons, Crystal Pettet and June WangNCAR/ATD
Acknowledgements to Tammy Weckwerth, Ed Browell et al., Cyrille Flamant et al., and Steve Koch and the bore working group
Or Things that go Bump in the Night
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Primary Motivation for this Study
Some long known facts…….
• The Southern Great Plains region has a nocturnal maximum in warm season precipitation.
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Diurnal variation of hourly thunderstorm frequency over the United States. Normalized amplitude of the diurnal cycle is given by the length of the arrows in relation to the scale at bottom left. (Amplitudes are normalized by dividing by the mean hourly thunderstorm frequency averaged over the 24 hr of the day at each station.) Phase (time of maximum thunderstorm frequency) is indicated by the orientation of the arrows. Arrows directed from north to south denote a midnight maximum, arrows directed from east to west denote a 6 a.m. maximum, those from south to north denote a midday maximum, etc. [Based on data in Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 409 (1975).]
(From J.M. Wallace & P.V. Hobbs, “Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey”, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1977, pp.43)
Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall
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Sounding-based Schematic of Nocturnal Convection Initiation
From Trier and Parsons 1993
Cases of this type were few during IHOP_2002 and
not yet analyzed.
Futuretalk.
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US Warm Season Precipitation
• Eastward propagation of mountain-generated systems from the previous afternoon (Riley et al. 1987, Carbone et al. 2002)
Speculation: Since there are no strong signals in the mean CAPEs and CINS, perhaps convection itself may hold the key to propagation.
How do nocturnal convective systems
behave?
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•Question #1
How do nocturnal convective systems “behave”?
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20 June Case
• Undular-bore like structure present in radar and profiler data (actually 3 events were present)
• Net effect of the bore is a (~200 hPa) deepening of moisture and a reduction in convective inhibition
• Now examining additional cases
• Caveat:Caveat: Additional changes present, low-level moisture content increases with SE flow
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Nocturnal MCS 20 June
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An example of a nocturnal undular bore
20 June
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20 June – Surface Data
Arrival of wave train in pressure field
No correspondingtemperaturechange
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Example of a Nocturnal Undular Bore20 June Doppler Velocity Doppler Velocity
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20 June (MAPR)
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Water Vapor: 20 June
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20 June Event (cont.)
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20 June Case
• Undular-bore like structure present in radar and profiler data (actually 3 events were present)
• Net effect of the bore is a (~200 hPa) deepening of moisture and a reduction in convective inhibition
• Now examining additional cases
• Caveat:Caveat: Additional changes present, low-level moisture content increases with SE flow
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4 June
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S-Pol Bore/Wave Events27 MAY 11 June
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18 June 2002
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21 June Bore/Wave Event
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2 June Bore/Wave Event
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12 June Bore/Wave Event
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13 June Bore/Wave Event
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25 June Bore/Wave Event
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BOREExample From MAPR4 June
Pre-bore height Post height
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BORESTATS
Bore/Wave Passage at MAPR
0
1
2
3
18:3019:3020:3021:3022:3023:300:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30
CST (h)
# of Events End Time of Bore/waves Event
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
18:3019:3020:3021:3022:3023:30 0:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30
CST (h)
# of Events
Time of Generation (S-Pol)
0
1
2
3
4
5
18:3019:3020:3021:3022:3023:30 0:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30
Local Time (h)
# of Wave/Bore Events
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Approximate Spatial Dimension of S-Pol Bore/Wave Events
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
50 150 250 350 450 550Along line length (km)
# of Events
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-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 m s-1
Composite MAPR hodograph before bore passage
800 m 1000 m
1300 m
Pre-bore Winds: Composite
2700 km
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Bore Height Displacements
Time (mins)
ScatteringLayerHeight(km)
Reference slope of .5 m/s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 65 75
• Motivated by Belay Demoz’s excellent (yet unpublished case study)
Reference slope of .5 m/s
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IHOP_2002 Sounding Western OK1730 pm LST
CAPE
CIN
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20 June: 3 am Sounding
Dramatic moisture increase
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Day-time: Surface-based convection is preferred but
high CIN
Post-bore: Elevated convection is preferred (high CAPE, low CIN)
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CAPE vs. CIN
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
CAPE (J kg-1)
CIN (J kg-1)
1730 pm
0301 am
“Surface”-based Parcel
expected due to radiational cooling !expected due to radiational cooling !
Dramatic stabilization,Dramatic stabilization,
Unstable, capped envUnstable, capped env.
Very stableVery stable
20TH June
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CAPE vs. Convective Inhibition
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
CAPE (J kg-1)
CIN (J kg-1)
1730 pm
0301 am
“Surface” and Inversion Parcels
1730 pm
0301 am
Opposite trendsOpposite trends
Instability increases during the nightIn fact the parcels are easier to convect than
during the day!!!!
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Question #3: Why are bores important?
• Bores provide extremely strong lifting that leaves an environment in their wake that can be unstable to convective lifting aloft.
• Since this wake air feeds nocturnal convection, bores are a possible mechanism for maintaining deep convection in the presence of unstable surface conditions.
• Large stability and moisture variations are found during the subsequent day. SPC forecaster feel bores likely explain these variations.
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Findings•Bore/wave disturbances are ubiquitous over this region at night when convection is present. ~26 event. Most events occur at the end of LLJ moisture return periods (when convection is present)
•These disturbances can promote intense lifting with net displacements of up to ~1-2 km. They creating a deeper moist inflow and favorably impact stability. Peak vertical motions are >1-2 m/s.
• Surface radars undercount bore/wave events (at a fixed location), since the lifting can be limited to heights above the PBL. Thus, ~26 events is likely a severe undercount!
•These disturbances are (almost) always initiated by convection (slight evidence for both a secondary evening and larger nocturnal initiation). Later in the program and initiation is not by dry fronts.
• Typical spacings of waves ~10-14 km, surface evidence (pressure disturbances (.25 – 1.5 hpa) with some closed circulations, typical duration is ~3-6 hrs with mesoscale to synoptic coverage areas.