Designing qualitative research and Data Collection

Prepared for:Dr. Mardzelah binti Makhsin

Prepared by:Sri fatihah binti mahmud

(816986)

BOOK 1 (QUALITATIVE METHODS)– According to Richards and Morse (2013), research design is created

by researcher, is model (rather than dictated) by the method, and is responsive and the participants.

– Creating RD involve seeing the project at different levels.– The level of design : 1. Planning design – where to start, what the scope of project.2. Doing design – establishing design, thinking ahead.3. Designing for validity – general rule guide4. Project pacing – conceptualizing stage, analysis.

(Richards & Morse, pp 88-98, 2013)

BOOK 2 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN FOR SOFTWARE USERS)– Design in qualitative research 1. Research topic – identifying the topic, researcher need to

examine their motivation or purpose for exploring the topic. Including personal, political, intellectual and practical reason for the choice behind the subject area.

2. Research question – having identified the topic and the purpose and motivation behind the chosen area, the researcher needs to decide on the research question they wish to explore

Continue….3. Data collection – decision need to be made as to what kind of data-primary, secondary or tertiary- whether quantitative as well as qualitative data- will be relevant to answer the research question.

4. Data handling and analysis – researcher also need to think ahead of how they will handle and analyze the data.

(Gregovia & Davidson, pp. 16-22, 2008)

Qualitative research design and the technology of tradition

– Topic typically examined in texts on qualitative research design include :

Identifying a question for inquiry.Formulating the research question and objectives.Choosing a research strategy.Identifying the site and participants.Determining what kind of data can be collected.

Continue…

Working through the potential ethical question.Determining how the data will be organized, managed and analysed. Considering how the research plan support validity.Locating oneself as a researcher.

(Gregovia & Davidson, p. 12, 2008)

DESIGN FRAMEWORK– Step 1 : review the research protocol

– Step 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit observation and attribute variables

– Step 3: The types of data collected

– Step 4: Setting up the analytical files

Step 1 : Review the research protocol

– In this method section is the information on the structure of the research which will need to review when setting up a project in software package.

– The element include :The units of analysisThe units of observationThe attribute variablesConceptual frameworkTypes of data collectedSequence of data collectionThe time frame.

Step 2 : The unit of analysis, the unit observation and attribute variables

– The units of analysis can be :IndividualsGrouping of individualsOrganizationsDepartments within organizationsProgrammesEvents

Step 3: The types of data collected

1. Primary data

Interview transcriptResponses to open-ended survey questionsFocus group transcriptObservation/field notesDiaries

2. Secondary dataNewspaper/magazine articlesProfessional recordCompany annual reportsMinutes of meetingsThe literature on a subjectCorrespondenceGovernment reports

3. Tertiary data Published research reports Summarized tables of data Any data that has already been manipulated in some way.

Step 4: Setting up the analytical files

– The analytical files or codes in a qualitative study usually but not always develop in an emergent way over the life of the project.

– There are exceptions because studies which are based on earlier work can simply import the analytical filling system that was used before.

– Different package have different ways of organizing the analytical files.

(Gregovia & Davidson, pp. 28-31, 2008)

RESEARCH DESIGN

– Important question to consider are : Are units of analysis and their attributes properly

established? How has the data collected been organized? Does the organization of these features make best use of

the function of the software in which the E-project is housed?

Interpretive system

– Refer to the analytic files or coding system established within the E-project.

– The critical themes and designation of units of meaning should jump out at the reader making it immediately clear what the important ideas are that have emerged for the researcher.

Iterative process– Refer to the ways the researchers builds the deepest levels of

meaning related to the experience of research and the materials representing that experience.

– Every E-project should contain documentation that performs the function of the following memos :

Coding Methodology Subjectively/role Access/ethics.

(Gregovia & Davidson, pp. 51-53, 2008)

BOOK 3 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN)– 5 components of interactive approach in research design1. Goals – what study doing?, what issues want to clarify?2. Conceptual frameworks – what do you think is going on

with the issues?3. Research question – what specifically do you want to better

understand about the setting or participants.4. Methods – what will you actually do in conducting this study?5. Validity – how might your result and conclusion be wrong?

(Maxwell, pp. 3 - 4, 2013)

(Maxwell, p. 5, 2013)

(Maxwell, p. 6, 2013)

BOOK 4 ( RESEARCH DESIGN – QUALITATIVE, QUANTIATATIVE AND MIXED METHODS )– Qualitative research design :

1. Narrative research is a design of inquiry from humanities in which the researcher studies the lines

of individual and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives.

2. Phenomenological research Is a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the

researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomena as described by participants.

3. Grounded theory is a design of inquiry from sociology in which researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action or interaction grounded in the views of participants.

4. EthnographyIs a design of inquiry coming from anthropology and sociology in which the researcher studies the shared patterns on behaviors, language and action.

5. Case studies Are a design of inquiry found in many fields especially evaluation in which the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case, often a program, event, activity, process or one or more individuals.

(Creswell, pp. 13 - 14, 2014)

BOOK 5 (DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS)

1. Observational research2. Interview 3. Questionnaire

(Sapsford & Jupp, PP.60 - 64 , 2006).

Approaches of observational research1. More structured observationAlso call as systematic observationThe purpose is to produce the accurate and objective measurement of

observable human behavior Example : to record aspects of teacher-pupil interaction in classrooms.

2. Less structured observationThe aims to produce detailed, qualitative descriptions of human behavior that

illuminates social meanings and shared culture. Is characterized by flexibility and a minimum of prestructuring.

Interview – Technique of interviews :1. Face-to-face interviews employing an interview schedule2. The telephone interviews3. Face-to-face interviews in a free format

– As interviewers should have training or experiences, are encouraged to adopt a positive tone of voice and to smile or nod as a way of encouraging the respondent

Questionnaire – Both closed and open-ended questions may be used in

questionnaires.– Different sorts of bias may arise in the use of self-completed

questionnaires– Example of questionnaire by online are survey monkey and

survey planet apps.– A good questionnaire designer will also think carefully about

what is essential to ask as well as the order in which to ask questions.

REFERENCES1. Creswell, J. W, (2014). Research design – qualitative,

quantitative and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publication LTD

2. Gregovia, S. D., & Davidson, J., (2008). Qualitative Research Design for software user. Berkshire, England: The McGraw-Hill companies.

3. Maxwell, J.A., (2013), Qualitative research design-aninteractive approach. USA: SAGE publication LTD

Continue…4. Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V., (2006). Data collection and

Analysis (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication Ltd.

5. Richards , L., & Morse , J.M., (2013). Qualitative methods (3rd). US : America