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Bonus #2 is due F 3/21 Today: Water Stress and Genetically Modifying Plants
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Transcript of Bonus #2 is due F 3/21 Today: Water Stress and Genetically Modifying Plants
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•Bonus #2 is due F 3/21
Today:
•Water Stress
and
•Genetically Modifying Plants
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CB 36.13
Water moves from the ground through roots into the shoot and out stomata in the leaves.
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CB 39.28
What happened to this root?
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CB 39.28
Flooding, constant submersion… Why would the plant respond like this?
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CB 36.7
Much of plant support comes from turgor pressure.
http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/vegetative/veg.html (wilting)
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CB 36.13
Water moves from the ground through roots into the shoot and out stomata in the leaves.
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Stomata control entry of CO2 and exit of H2O from plant leaves
Stomata
CB 36.12
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What about when water is scarce?
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CB 36.16
Structural adaptations of a plant that grows in an arid environment
Oleander
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CB 36.16
Structural adaptations of a plant that grows in an arid environment:
•Thick cuticle
•Thick epidermis
•Recessed stomata
Oleander
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Stomata density can change depending on the environment. Typically ~200-300/mm2
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Measurements of herbarium samples and present day samples have shown a 40% decrease in stomata over the last 200 years.
F. I. Woodward (18 June 1987) Nature 327, 617 - 618
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Individual plants can change stomata number to adjust for changes in the environment.
Only mature leaves exposed to high CO2
New leaves develop with fewer stomata
JA Lake et al (10 May 2001) Nature 411, 154
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CB 36.14
Stomata aperture is affected by many stimuli: light, water, temperature, sugar content, circadian rhythm, CO2 levels…
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Photosynthesis is only efficient over certain temperature range. Transpiration cools plants.
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CB 36.14
Stomata aperture is affected by many stimuli: light, water, temperature, sugar content, circadian rhythm, CO2 levels…
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CB 36.15
Plants must integrate these various signals to determine an appropriate response
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Human resource production and use
Worldwide Grain Production per Person
http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Grain/2006.htm
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http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Grain/2006.htm
World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption
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~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Grain/2006.htm
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from Teosinte MaizeBy artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.
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Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
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Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
CB 20.2
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We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of plants
CB 20.2
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Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
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Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
• Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics
– Drought or other stress resistance– Produce needed protein
– Insect resistance (Bt toxin)
– Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
– Chemical remediation
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Change is ever present…
precipitation changes
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Irrigating crops eventually leads to increased soil salinity
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Freshwater is not pure water. It contains many salts, such as: sodium 6mg/L; chloride 7mg/L; calcium 15mg/L; sulfate 11mg/L; silica 7mg/L; magnesium 4mg/L; and potassium 3mg/L
http://science.jrank.org/pages/2857/Freshwater.html
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Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
• Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics– Produce needed protein
– Insect resistance (Bt toxin)
– Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
– Drought or other stress resistance
– Chemical remediation
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% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
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Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
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Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Is genetically engineering plants a good idea?
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html