Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.
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Transcript of Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.
![Page 1: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bonus #2 due 11/25
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
![Page 2: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Is this the best I can do?Maybe I can find someone
with better genes or more genetic diversity.
Am I the only one? Am Ibetter off helping with these
kids or should I matewith someone else?
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extremely lowgenetic diversity
greater geneticdiversity
vs.Asexaul Reproduction
SexaulReproduction
How does sexual reproduction generate genetic diversity?
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Gene forblue eye pigment
Gene forbrown hair pigment
Gene forgrowth hormone
Haploidchromosomes
Gene forhemoglobin
Gene forDNA polymerase
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Gene forhemoglobin
Gene forhair color
Gene forgrowth hormone
Allele forblack hair
Allele forblack hair
Allele forlow express(short)
Allele forhigh express(tall)
Allele for normal Hb
Allele forsickle cell Hb
Diploidchromosomes
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Each pair of chromosomes is comprised of a paternal and maternal chromosome
Fig 1.5
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meiosisDiploid Haploid
Fig 1.11
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Fig 3.16
Meiosis splits apart the pairs of chromosomes.
X 23in humans
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haploid
diploid
X 23in humans X 23
in humans
X 23in humans
Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.
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Fig 3.12
sister chromatids= replicated DNA (chromosomes)tetrad= pair of sister chromatids
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Fig 3.16
Meiosis splits apart the pairs of chromosomes.
X 23in humans
![Page 12: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
extremely lowgenetic diversity
greater geneticdiversity
vs.Asexual Reproduction
SexualReproduction
How does sexual reproduction generate genetic diversity?
![Page 13: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig 3.10
DNA cut and religated
DNA cut and religated
Crossing-over(aka Recombination)
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Crossing-over:Proteins in the cell cut and religate the DNA, increasing the genetic diversity in gametes.
Fig 3.10
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Fig 3.10Crossing-over:Proteins in the cell cut and religate the DNA, increasing the genetic diversity in gametes.
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Crossing-over:Proteins in the cell cut and religate the DNA, increasing the genetic diversity in gametes.
Fig 3.10
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extremely lowgenetic diversity
greater geneticdiversity
vs.Asexual Reproduction
SexualReproduction
How does sexual reproduction generate genetic diversity?
![Page 18: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fig 3.17 Independent Assortment(aka Random Assortment)
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Independent Assortment
2 possibilities for each pair,
for 2 pairs22 = 4
combinations
Fig 3.17
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Independent Assortment
2 possibilities for each pair, for 23 pairs
223 = 8,388,608
combinations
Fig 3.17
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Crossing-Crossing-overover
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
4 Haploid cells, each unique
Meiosis:In humans, crossing-over and independent assortment lead to over 1 trillion possible unique gametes.(1,000,000,000,000)
(Ind. Assort.)(Ind. Assort.)
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Fig 3.12
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4 haploid cells
Fig 3.12
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Sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity by combining DNA from 2 individuals, but also by creating genetically unique gametes.
{Producing more cells}
{Producing gametes}
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haploid
diploid
X 23in humans X 23
in humans
X 23in humans
Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.
![Page 26: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Do parents’ genes/traits blend together in offspring?
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In many instances there is a unique pattern of inheritance.
Traits disappear and reappear in new ratios.
Fig 2.6
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from DNA to Protein:from gene to trait
Fig 1.6
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Cellular
Organism
Population
Molecular
from DNA to Protein:from gene to trait
Fig 1.7
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Genotype Phenotype
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Human blood types Fig 4.11
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One gene with three alleles controls carbohydrates that are found on Red Blood Cell membranes
RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
RBCRBC
B B
B
B
BB
BB
B
Allele A = A carbs Allele B = B carbs Allele O = no carbs
Fig 4.11
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Human blood types Fig 4.11
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RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
We each have two versions of each gene…
So
Genotype could be A and AORA and O
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RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
Recessive alleles do not show their phenotype when a dominant allele is present.
Genotype could be A and AORA and OSee Fig 4.2
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What about…
Genotype = ??
RBC
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What about…
Genotype = OO
RBC
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RBC
AA
A
B
A A
B
B
B
What about…
B
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RBC
AA
A
B
A A
B
B
B
What about…
B
Genotype = AB
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Human blood types
AA orAO
AB
BB orBO
OO
Fig 4.11
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If Frank has B blood type,
his Dad has A blood type,
And his Mom has B blood type…
Should Frank be worried?
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possible
genotypes
Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
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Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A / 50% A and50% O
possible
genotypes
Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
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Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A / 50% A and50% O
Possiblegenotypes
Frank can be BO= B blood …no worries
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Mom=B bloodBB or BO
Dad=A bloodAA
Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A
possible
genotypes
Frank can be BO or BB= B blood …Uh-Oh
GrandparentsAB and AB
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Pedigree, tracing the genetic past
Dom. Rec. Rec. Dom.
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Fig 2.11
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We can also predict the future
Fig 2.6
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Mom = AB Dad = AB
Inheritance of blood types
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Mom = AB Dad = AB
Gametes: A or B A or B
Inheritance of blood types
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Mom = AB Dad = AB
Gametes: A or B A or B
A or B
A or B
AA
AB BB
AB
Chance of each phenotype for each offspring25% AA50% AB25% BB
Mom
Dad
Inheritance of blood types
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Single genes controlling a single trait are unusual. Inheritance of most genes/traits is much more complex…
Dom. Rec. Rec. Dom.
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PhenotypeGenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
![Page 54: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Human blood types
AA orAO
AB
BB orBO
OO
Fig 4.11
![Page 55: Bonus #2 due 11/25 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83955/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
PhenotypeGenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
It is rarely this simple.
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Incomplete dominance
Fig 4.3
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Fig 4.4
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Bonus #2 due 11/25