Bonfils, Marc - Winter Wheat Physiology

8/10/2019 Bonfils, Marc - Winter Wheat Physiology

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WINTER WHEAT AND ITS PHYSIOLOGY ACCORDING TO

THE FUKUOKA - BONFILS METHOD

1. Remi nder of several requi r ement s of wheat2. The pr obl em of car bon st ar vat i on3. The pr obl em of ni t r ogen st ar vat i on4. Gr owi ng per i ods of wi nt er cer eal s5. Weed pr obl ems

THE BONFI LS METHOD1. Per manent cover cr op of whi t e cl over2. Sur f ace sowi ng3. Ear l y sowi ng: why and when?4. Open sowi ng: why and how much?5. What var i et i es?

6. Sever al pr obl ems

1. SEVERAL REMI NDERS

Wheat r equi r es 100C t o 150C T- sum t o r i se, sot he l at er one sows t he sl ower and mor e di f f i cul t i twi l l be f or i t t o ger mi nat e. The opt i mumt emperatur e f or germi nat i on l i es between 20C and25C, t he mi ni mum t emperatur e bei ng 1C and t hemaxi mum 35C.

Germi nat i on occur s wi t hi n 4 days i n August 7days i n Sept ember , and one month i n November .The opt i mum t emperat ure f or si de- shoot i ng i s

bet ween 20C and 25C, t emper at ur es mor e common i nsummer and ear l y aut umn i n our cl i mat e t han i nDecember or J anuary.

Pr i or t o si de- shoot i ng t he cer eal seedl i ng i s ati t s st age of mi ni mum r esi st ance t o col d. I n ef f ect ,bef or e si de- shoot i ng occur s, t he veget abl e t i ssueshave not yet har dened t o resi st col d.

WHEAT i s mor e resi st ant t han r ye t o damp

condi t i ons, but t oo much damp causes l osses at t her i si ng st age, f r om suf f ocat i on. Excessi ve moi st ur ei nhi bi t s r oot i ng, whi l e ver y sunny weat herencour ages i t . Wheat i s r el at i vel y t ol er ant of soi l st hat ar e onl y moder at el y r i ch, and of f ai r l y l ow pH( r oughl y pH 5. 5 and above) .

RYE i s ver y suscept i bl e t o r oot asphyxi a and t oi nundat i on. On t he ot her hand i t i s t ol er ant of l owpH ( opt i mum pH about 5. 5) and can be cul t i vat ed i nsoi l s of pH 5 and bel ow. I t s ver y gr eat vi gourenabl es i t t o ut i l i ze poor sandy soi l s, and i t s

powerf ul r oot s can expl ore t he mother r ock t odi ssol ve f er t i l i zi ng el ement s at dept h.Par t i cul ar l y rapi d and st r ong si de- shoot i ng makes i tver y compet i t i ve wi t h weeds.

BARLEY i s f ai r l y sensi t i ve t o l ow pH ( mi ni mum


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pH about 5. 5) and i s unsui t ed t o aci d soi l s. I t i sver y r esi st ant t o dr ought and pr ef er s l i mey soi l s,even r el at i vel y poor ones.

OATS t ol er at es poor , aci d soi l s, but i ssuscept i bl e to col d, t hough an ear l y sowi ng and

cover cr op i ncrease i t s r esi st ance. Despi t e t hi s i ti s r eser ved f or mi l d damp cl i mat es such as Br i t t any,I r el and, and Scot l and.

2. CARBON STARVATI ON: No Longer A Pr obl ema) I f one consi der s t he pl ant physi ol ogy of

wi nt er cer eal s ( ger mi nat i on, phot osynt hesi s, andsi de- shoot i ng, wi t h an opt i mum t emper at ur e ofar ound 25C) and t he nat ur al weal t h i n ni t r ogen oft he soi l dur i ng t he mont hs of August - Sept ember, t he

consequences wi l l be appr eci ated of Oct ober orNovember sowi ngs, at a per i od of shor t days ( 10hour s) , poor l i ght and sol ar i nt ensi t y, andmoderatel y l ow or l ow t emperatur es:

i ) f ol i ar el ongat i on t o compensat e f or l ack ofsunl i ght

i i ) expendi t ur e of ener gy on t he l eaves at t heexpense of t he r oot s

i i i ) whi ch f avour s:- Enf eebl ement of t he pl ant t o t he det r i ment

of t he sol i di t y of t he suppor t i ng t i ssues

- l ack of r esi st ance t o di sease and col d- sl owi ng down of t he met abol i sm on account

of l engt heni ng of t he sap canal si v) wast i ng of t he f er t i l i zi ng el ement s i n t he

soi l : ni t r ogen i s washed out by t he aut umn r ai nsor t aken up by weeds

v) t he accumul at ed ami no aci ds causei nt oxi cat i on t hat pr ovi des a f avour abl e t er r ai n f ordi seases and I nsect pest s Thus poor phot osynt hesi sr esul t s i n car bon st ar vat i on.


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b. Thanks t o ear l y sowi ng, t he cer eal empl oyst o maxi mum advant age t he condi t i ons of f er edat a per i od of l ong days ( 16 hour s) , st r ongsol ar act i vi t y, and maxi mum phot osynt hesi s.

Thi s phot osynt hesi s permi t s a r obust

devel opment of t he r oot syst em, t her e i s nocar bon st ar vat i on, and t he ni t r ogen i sr ecover ed and st or ed i n t he r oot s of t hecer eal .

3. NI TROGEN STARVATI ON:A Wel l - Known Probl em, Cr uci al To Cer eal Yi el ds

Remi nder s: we know t hat- maxi mum photosynt hesi s occur s at 25C- t he opt i mum t emper at ur e f or si de- shoot i ng

i s 20C t o 25C- t he si de- shoot i ng i s t he most cri t i cal

per i od f or t he ni t r ogen r equi r ement ofcer eal s

- t he l evel of soi l ni t r ogen i s t went y t i mesl ower i n March than i n August

a) Oct ober and November sowi ngs cause si de-shoot i ng t o coi nci de wi t h t he l ow l evel of ni t r ogeni n t he col d spr i ng soi l . Thus si de- shoot i ng wi l ll ast f r om one t o one- and- a- hal f mont hs at a t i me ofl ow t emperatur es and i s hal t ed by ni t r ogenst ar vat i on, whi ch r esul t s i n f ew secondar y ear s.

To counter act t hi s ni t r ogen shor t age, t he spreadi ngof sol ubl e ni t r ogen f er t i l i zer i s the onl y sol ut i ont hat avoi ds poor or der i sor y yi el ds.

b) Sowi ng i n t he l at t er par t of J une causessi de- shoot i ng t o coi nci de wi t h t he moment t he eart hi s war m, r i ch i n ni t r ogen, wher e t he bact er i alact i vi t y i s i nt ense, act i vat ed by t he aut umnr ai ns. Hence si de- shoot i ng l ast s 8 mont hs,wi t hout bei ng l i mi t ed by ni t r ogen st ar vat i on, andproduces ver y numerous secondar y ear s.

Summer/ aut umn l ate wi nt er / ear l y spr i ng


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4. GROWTH PERI ODS OF WI NTER CEREALS

Shor t eni ng Days: 21st J une - 21st DecemberVegetat i ve Phase

- war m r i ch soi l

- cl over r el eases r hyzobi um- si de- shoot i ng af t er seven l eaves no mount i ng- gr owt h not empl oyed by r epr oduct i ve syst em

i s st or ed i n r oot s

Lengt heni ng Days: 21st December - 2l st J uneRepr oduct i ve Phase

- f l or al i ni t i at i on- mount i ng- f or mi ng of ear s

- al l t he r oot r eser ves r i se i nt o t her epr oduct i ve system

Thus between t he 9t h Apr i l and t he 11t h J une ther epr oduct i ve syst em uses up 70% N, 80% CaO, and 95%K2O, empl oyed by t he cer eal i n t he whol e of i t s growt hcycl e.

The Phenomenon of Exponent i al Gr owt h i n Wi nt erCer eal s

The Bonf i l s Met hod gi ves 2500C T- sum at 21st

December ; accumul at i on of maj or r eserves i n t her oot s, whi ch per mi t r api d st ar t t o veget at i on i n t hespr i ng.Convent i onal method gi ves 250C T- sum at 21st Decemberend of accumul at i on of r eserves, or r at her noaccumul at i on of r eser ves: sl ow st ar t t o veget at i oni n t he spr i ng.

5. THE PROBLEM OF WEEDS

Cont r ar y t o popul ar bel i ef , cer eal s have a gr eatabi l i t y t o r esi st weeds. Thi s capaci t y ofr esi st ance, known as t he i ndex of compet i t i veness,depends upon t he T- sum necessary per unf ol ded l eaf .

Rye has t he gr eat est i ndex of compet i t i veness.Wheat r equi r es 80C of T- sum per l eaf ; I t al i an r yegr ass 120C of T- sum and Engl i sh rye gr ass 140C of

T- sum per l eaf .Consequent l y, pr i or t o mount i ng and i n par t i cul ar

dur i ng the summer and aut umn f ol l owi ng t he sowi ng,cut t i ng and gr azi ng of t he cer eal i s possi bl e, upunt i l t wo mont hs bef or e t he f i r st f r ost s.

Af t er t he mount i ng, no weed can compet e wi t hwi nt er cer eal s.


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METHOD OF MARC BONFI LS

1. WHY A PERMANENT COVER CROP OF WHI TE CLOVER?

Spr eadi ng whi t e cl over i s compl ement ary t o upward-gr owi ng cer eal s.I t i s a l egumi nous pl ant - i t f i xes ni t r ogen

f r om t he ai r i n i t s spr eadi ng and per enni al r ootnodes, i t f or ms a l i vi ng mul ch t hat r educesevapor at i on, f avour s soi l bact er i a, al l ows t hei nf i l t r at i on of r ai nwat er wi t hout r i sk ei t her ofdegr adat i on of soi l st r uct ur e or of washi ng out ,encour ages t he f ormat i on and r etent i on of moi st ur e asdew, and st ops er osi on.

Thi s soi l cover t hat conser ves moi st ur e, i n

associ at i on wi t h t he war mt h of t he hot season,encour ages bact er i al l i f e i n t he upper l ayer s of t hesoi l . Hence i t f ost er s al so t he devel opment of al gaeassoci at ed wi t h t he ni t r ogen- f i xi ng bact er i a known asazot obact er s.

These al gae can f i x 100- 200 kg of ni t r ogen perhect ar e and up t o 500- 600 kg of ni t r ogen per hectareunder cl over .

The maxi mum soi l cover r esul t s i n a maxi mumpr oduct i on of sugar s t o f eed t he bact er i a.

These bact er i a can yi el d 5- 6 t onnes of mi cr obi al

cor pses per hect are or as much as 140- 180 tonnes perhect ar e under cl over .

The cl over i s onl y competed wi t h i n i t sdevel opment bet ween the mount and the har vest t hat i st o say between Apr i l / May and August i n t he year ofhar vest i ng.

2. WHY SURFACE- SOWI NG OF THE CEREAL?

Sur f ace sowi ng i s possi bl e t hanks t o t he covercrop of whi t e cl over t hat shel t er s t he gr ai n.

Sur f ace sowi ng per mi t s more r api d r i si ng ( 80C T-sum t o r i se) and avoi ds usel ess el ongat i on of t hest ems.

I t r equi r es l ess ener gy f r om t he seed and per mi t si n t he event of nat ur al di sast er t he use of smal l ordr i ed- up seeds.

Each seed shoul d pr ef erabl y be pr essed i nt ocont act wi t h t he soi l .

3. WHY AN EARLY SOWI NG?

Ear l y sowi ng makes f or more r api d germi nat i on andabove al l a ver y i mpor t ant l engt heni ng of t heveget at i ve per i od.

Si de- shoot i ng, whi ch st ar t s at t he seven- l eaf


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st age - i n ear l y August - l ast s 6 t o 9 mont hs i npl ace of 1 t o 2 mont hs f or an Oct ober - Novembersowi ng.

The f l or al i ni t i at i on - when t he secondar y earsst ar t t o f or m - begi ns wi t h t he l engt heni ng of t he

days ( 21st December , wi nt er sol st i ce) once t he pl anthas gone beyond seven l eaves, and wi l l occur at t he25 l eaf st age and over a per i od of 40 to 50 days( i nst ead of , as wi t h a sowi ng at t he convent i onalt i me, 15 t o 20 days wi t h t he pl ant havi ng onl y 7l eaves, whi ch r esul t s i n abor t i on of t he secondar year s) .

Ear l y sowi ng permi t s a ver y consi derabl e deepeni ngof t he r oot s. whi ch ut i l i ze t o t he maxi mum t heni t r i f i cat i on of t he hot mont hs ( August - Sept ember )and t he aut umn r ai ns; t hi s deep r oot i ng st ops al l

r i sk of washi ngout by the aut umn r ai ns and ofpol l ut i on of t he wat er - t abl e ( whi ch can occur eveni n t he case of or gani c or bi odynami c cul t i vat i on) .

These st r ong r oot s permi t t he st or i ng of al l t heenergy made avai l abl e by photosynt hesi s. I n t hemont h of August t he r hyzobi um of whi t e cl over i s ati t s most avai l abl e: a cer eal sown i n August , t hatwoul d not yet have devel oped i t s r oot s, woul d l eavet he r hi zobi um avai l abl e f or weeds, r yegr ass,f oxtai l , et c. On t he ot her hand a cer eal sown I n

J une put s t he r hi zobi um at t he ser vi ce of t he r oot s

of t he cereal at t he 7 t o 8 l eaf st age - t he momentof r api d gr owt h when t he root s are i n f ul l devel op-ment and capabl e of absorbi ng a gr eat deal .

St r ong r oot s - r esul t i ng f r om ear l y sowi ng -whi ch have st ocked up r eser ves, wi l l r el ease t hei rr i ches dur i ng t he cr i t i cal moment s of t her epr oduct i ve phase, when t he soi l i s col d and t hesoi l bact er i a l i t t l e act i ve or t ot al l y i nact i ve.

Thus t he f l or al i ni t i at i on wi l l be i nt ense, wi t h al ar ge number of wel l - f i l l ed t er mi nal buds.

The habi t ual ni t r ogenst ar vat i on of t he si de-

shoot i ng phase di sappear s. Ther e i s ver y act i ve si de-shoot i ng ( 100 ear - shoot s per pl ant ) . The begi nni ngsof t he secondar y ear s ar e not abor t ed. And t her e i sa r api d st ar t t o spr i ng gr owt h.

Thanks t o ear l y sowi ng, t he compet i t i ve abi l i t y ofcer eal s over weeds shows i t sel f by seei ng of f couch-gr ass, br ambl es, and br acken.

The dryi ng out of t he grai n bef or e mat ur i t y ( t hi sphenomenon i s due to t he br eak i n sap suppl y t o t hegr ai n caused by hi gh l evel s of evapor at i vet r anspi r at i on when cer eal pl ant s have onl y shal l ow

r oot s) i s no l onger encount er ed: t he gr ai n has ahi gher densi t y.

Af t er t he har vest , t he r oot s of t he har vest edcer eal r ot f r om t he t op downwar ds. The new r oot s of


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t he cer eal sown i n J une penet r at e the channel s l ef tby t he decayi ng r oot s and f eed on t he det r i t us oft hose r oot s, and f r om t he bact er i al cor pses and t her hi zospher e.

The soi l becomes r i cher year by year , and t he

yi el ds shoul d i ncrease.

When t o Sow?

For al l moder n var i et i es i t i s necessar y t o sow assoon as possi bl e af t er t he summer sol st i ce ( 21/ 6)when t he days begi n t o shor t en. Thi s i s becausemoder n var i et i es have wi t hi n t hei r her edi t ychar acter i st i cs of al t er nat i vi t y ( spr i ng var i et y)or of semi - al t er nat i vi t y ( semi - wi nt er var i et y)whi ch r i sks t hem goi ng t o seed i n t he year of sowi ng,

i f t hey wer e sown ear l i er .For t he t r ue non- al t er nat i ve var i et i es, a

sl i ght l y ear l i er sowi ng woul d be possi bl e ( f r om t hef i r st f or t ni ght i n J une) ; t hi s shoul d i ncrease t heyi el d st i l l f ur t her . I t woul d be necessar y t odi mi ni sh st i l l mor e t he densi t y of sowi ng.

The l ast date f or sowi ng i s t wo months bef or e t hef i r st f r ost s, at t hi s st age t he cer eal shoul d have 7t o 8 l eaves and begi nni ng t he st age of si de- shoot i ngand of maxi mum r esi st ance t o col d. Al t hough wi t hsuch a l at e sowi ng i t wi l l be necessar y t o i ncr ease

sowi ng densi t y.However , Oct ober or even November sowi ngs ar e

possi bl e f or war m t emper at e, some Medi t er r anean andsub t r opi cal cl i mat es wher e sunshi ne i s not a pr obl embut r ai n i s, Al gi er s or Mar r akech f or exampl e wher ehi gh T- sums woul d be achi eved by t he t i me f l or ali ni t i at i on occur s. Seedi ng t he cer eal crop coi nci deswi t h aut umn r ai ns whereas an ear l i er sowi ng woul dr esul t i n wi t her i ng of t he pl ant s.


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4. WHY OPEN SOWI NG?

Fai r l y obvi ousl y t he f i r st r eason - per haps

of secondary I mpor t ance, but nonethel ess i ncer t ai n ci r cumst ances vi t al - i s economy ofseed. Her e ar e ext r eme exampl es, f r om Af r i ca,accor di ng t o r ai nf al l :

Annual rainfall 20mm 200mm 500mm

With 1 plant/m2 Seed recovered 100 ears/plant Upto 450 ears/plant

So t r y r ecover i ng the quant i t y of seed sown

at 150 kg/ ha wi t h onl y 20mm of r ai n!Open sowi ng al l ows t he devel opment and

sur vi val of t he whi t e cl over t hat i s t o be anessent i al f oodst uf f f or t he cer eal over t heyear s. Cl ose sowi ng woul d cut of f sunl i ght t ot he cl over , causi ng i t t o di sappear .

Above al l , open sowi ng saf eguar ds t hemaxi mum pot ent i al yi el ds of f er ed by ear l ysowi ng: i t avoi ds wheat - wheat compet i t i on. I tal l ows each pl ant t he t i ne and space t o devel opi t s r oot s t o t he gr eat est ext ent : r oot s t hat

cannot devel op cannot accumul at e r eserves. Ther oot syst em of wheat i s mat t ed and spr eadi ng:on t hi s depends t he pr oduct i on and qual i t y oft he har vest .

The number of ears i s propor t i onal t o t henumber of spr eadi ng si de- shoot s.

The number of grai ns per ear i s propor t i onalt o t he l engt h of t he r oot s.

The ear l i er t he sowi ng t he mor e open i tshoul d be When i n bygone t i mes ear l y sowi ng waspr act i sed ( f or exampl e, 22nd J ul y i n t he

Champagne) at hi gh densi t y ( 200kg/ ha) l ow orver y l ow yi el ds wer e obt ai ned: t he densi t y ofsowi ng shoul d not have exceeded 6kg/ ha.

When wheat i s associ at ed wi t h whi t e cl over i tt ends t o gr ow t al l and l odge on account of i t sr i chness i n ni t r ogen r el at i ve t o car bon. I t i snecessary on t hi s account t o reduce t he sowi ngdensi t y.

Open sowi ng r esul t s i n maxi mum sunl i ght and al ar ge l eaf sur f ace t o make f or bet t erphot osynt hesi s, t hus avoi di ng car bon

st ar vat i on. The r i sk of t he gr ai n dr yi ng outbef or e mat ur i t y, i ncr eased by t he gr eat er l eafsur f ace, i s l ar gel y compensated by t he ver yextensi ve r oot syst em.


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Open sowi ng, of f er i ng as i t does maxi mumsunl i ght , per mi t s t he devel opment ofconsi der abl e resi st ance t o di seases such asr ust s, hel mi nt ho- spor i osi s, et c.

I n convent i onal sowi ng as matur i t y appr oaches

onl y t he l ast l eaf i s al i ve. I f i t i s at t ackedby di sease, t he consequences can be ser i ous.However , open sowi ng al l ows f or a l ar ge act i vel eaf sur f ace, even i f sever al of t he l eaves ar eat t acked, t he ot her s cont i nue t o pl ay thei rrol e.

Open Sowi ng: What Densi t y?

The sowi ng densi t y shoul d var y accor di ng t ot he veget at i ve vi gour of t he chosen var i et y:

-

moder n, ear l y, shor t - st r awedvar i et y, of f eebl e vi gour : 4pl ant s/ m2

- 50cm i n bot h di rect i ons, whi chcor r esponds t o appr ox 2kg ofseed/ hect ar e

- l ong- st r awed, l at e var i et y, pr e-dat i ng 1826, of st r ong vi gour : 1. 5pl ant s/ m2 - 80cm i n ei t her di r ect i on,cor r esponds t o appr ox 0. 7kg/ ha.

N. B. The veget at i ve vi gour of r ye i s gener al l y

gr eat er t han t hat of wheat .As a r ul e- of - t humb t he maxi mum quant i t y of

seed i s hal ved f or each mont h of ear 1i ness.

Nov Oct Sept Aug J ul y J uneQuant i t y kg/ ha 180 90 45 20 10 5

Sever al exampl es of r esul t s

Convent i onal I NRA Tri al Pl ot Bonf i l s MethodSowi ng l ate Ear l y Oct ober Late J uneOct ober

no. of plants/m2 350 80-100 3-4 1.5-2

qty. of seed/ha 160-180kg 40-50kg 1.5-2kg 0.7-1.5kg

ears/plant 0-3 5-7 100-150 200-300earlets/ear 12-15 18-20 35

grains/earlet 1-3 2-5 7

quality of grain low unit weight ofrain

relatively high

unit wei ht

high unit weight of

rain


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5. WHI CH VARI ETI ES OF CEREALS?

Al l t he var i et i es cur r ent l y shown i n t he seedcatal ogues ar e descendant s of Noah var i et y( 1826)

Noah comes f r om Russi a, but i t s f or ebear scame f r om Nor t h Af r i ca. I t i s the r esul t ofcr oss- br eedi ng wi t h an al t er nat i ve spr i ngvar i et y sui t ed t o t he Medi t er r anean r egi on.

These var i et i es i ssued f r om Noah have mut at edaccor di ng t o t he r egi on, but have as a commonchar acteri st i c: shor t st r aw, spr i ngdevel opment , and sensi t i vi t y t o col d, r ootexposur e, and r ust .

Al l of whi ch i ncr eases t he r i sk of dr yi ng outof t he i mmat ur e gr ai n, despi t e t he or i gi nal

pr ecur sor s bei ng var i et i es r esi st ant t o dr yi ngout .

Why such cr oss- br eedi ng?

Essent i al l y as r esul t of t he quest f orear l i ness t o compensat e f or l at e sowi ng af t ersugar beet i n t he cer eal - pr oduci ng r egi ons.

Shor t st r aw i s al so an advant age f ormechani zat i on i n the regi ons where st r aw i s mor eof a handi cap t han an asset .

Moder n obj ect i ve of sel ect i on: shor t st r awand ear l i ness, whi ch r esul t i n:- l ower i ng of si de- shoot i ng capaci t y- r educt i on of compet i t i veness wi t h

weeds- decr ease i n r oot i ng vi gourAl l t hese handi caps ar e, cer t ai nl y,

compensat ed by chemi cal means: t r eatment of t heseed, pr e- and post - ger mi nat i on her bi ci des,measur ed doses of sol ubl e f er t i l i zer s, gr owt hr egul at i ng hor mones, and pest i ci des.

How t o r ecogni ze anci ent and modern var i et i es?

What t o l ook f or :

- var i et i es pr e- dat i ng 1826- l ong st r aw- st r ong veget at i ve vi gour- br oad ar ea of si de- shoot i ng- hi gh r esi st ance t o col d- ver y l at e mat ur i t y- wi nt er or har d- wi nt er t ype- f l or al i ni t i at i on r equi r i ng at l east

600- 700C T- sum ( 800C Poul ard wheat )


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- l ar ge l eaf ar ea f or :- bet t er phot osynt hesi s- absence of car bon st ar vat i on- hi ghl y devel oped r oot - syst em t o of f set

r i sk of dr yi ng out of i mmat ur e gr ai n

1 par t above ground

2 par t s bel ow gr ound

What t o avoi d:

- exot i c moder n var i et i es- shor t st r aw- poor veget at i ve vi gour- r est r i cted ar ea of si de-

shoot i ng- poor r esi st ance t o col d- ear l i ness, al t er nat i ve or semi -

al t er nat i ve t ype- f l or al I ni t i at i on occur r i ng at 400C T- sum- smal l l eaf ar ea t o l i mi t evapor at i ve

t r anspi r at i on and t he r i sk of dr yi ng outof t he I mmat ur e gr ai n, wi t h t he f ol l owi ngconsequences:

- car bon st ar vat i on- l ar ge r equi r ement of sol ubl e f er t i l i zer s- good r esi st ance t o dr yi ng out , when

I r r i gat ed ( wher eas t he f or ebear s wer er esi st ant t o dr ought )

- 12 par t s above gr ound/ 1 par t bel ow gr ound

Sever al Var i et i es t o Look For

1. Bl Sei gl e ( bl ed sei gl e, Ral et , wheat - r ye)2. Aut umn Vi ct or i a3. Pr i nce Al ber t


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4. Aut umn Chi ddam5. Dat t el6. Gol den Top7. Sher i f f Squar e Head8. Poul ard d' Auver gne wheat

9. Gi ant whi t e square- headed hybr i d wheat( t r i t i cal [ 1907] cross of 7x9)10. Schl anst edt r ye11.Var i et i es 2 t o 7 or i gi nat e i n Gr eat Br i t ai n.

Wheat i s a sel f - pol l i nat i ng pl ant , andhybr i di sat i on must t her ef or e be pr ovoked. Howeveri n cases of ext r eme heat at t he t i me off er t i l i zat i on t he gl umes can open and t he wi nd causecross- pol l i nat i on of cer eal s. Hence nat ur al

t r i t i cal s ar e t o be f ound i n t he Sovi et Uni on.Moder n t r i t i cal s, whi ch ar e f or med f r om r ye

( st r ong veget at i ve vi gour ) and spr i ng wheat s ( poorveget at i ve vi gour i n our cl i mat e) ar e t o be avoi ded.

Pr oper t i es of Sever al Var i et i es

A) Wi nt er Poul ar d wheat s; numer ous var i et i es- semi - hard wheat , can be used f or noodl es- good r esi st ance t o dr yi ng out- st r aw ver y r esi st ant t o l odgi ng- hi gh st em/ r oot r at i o- ver y f er t i l e ear s, havi ng t endency t o

br anch ( e. g. Osi r i s)- ver y st r ong si de- shoot i ng despi t e

r el at i vel y r estr i cted ar ea of s i de-shoot i ng

Var i et i es: Nonnet t e do LausanneB1anc du Gat i nai sAust r al i an

AuvergneOsi r i s ( t o be avoi ded: al t er nat i ve)

B) Champl an equal s Vi ct or i a x Autumn Chi ddamBor di er : ver y st r ong si de- shoot i ng, gr eatr esi st ance t o col d and t o r ust s, ver y l at e.C) Rouge de Champagne, Rouge d' Al sace, Al saceBl - Roseau/ r eed- wheat ( nor t her n Fr ance) :enormous st al ks and ear s.D) Var i et i es cont ami nat ed by spr i ng t ypes:cer t ai n of t hese have r et ai ned t hei r wi nt er

char act er , e. g. Vi l mor i n 27, and Cer es( Vi ct or i a x Pr i nce Al ber t x Noah) .Leave asi de al l t he var i et i es i n t he cat al ogue

t hat ar e not "wi nt er " al t hough "semi - wi nt er " woul dbe t ol er abl e i f t her e i s no ot her choi ce.


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Bonfils, Marc - Winter Wheat Physiology

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