BONES OF LOWER EXTREMITY
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BONES OF LOWER BONES OF LOWER EXTREMITYEXTREMITY
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PelvisPelvisThe pelvis is composed of three bones:The pelvis is composed of three bones:
IliumIliumIschiumIschiumPubisPubis
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Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral SurfaceAcetabular fossa:Acetabular fossa:
For articulation with head of femur.For articulation with head of femur.Lunate surface.Lunate surface.
Acetabular notch.Acetabular notch.Acetabular labrum:Acetabular labrum:
Fibrocartilage rim around edge of Fibrocartilage rim around edge of acetabulum.acetabulum.
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Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral SurfaceObturator foramen:Obturator foramen:
Covered by membrane.Covered by membrane.Passage for obturator nerve Passage for obturator nerve and vessels.and vessels.
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Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral Surface Ischial ramus.Ischial ramus.Pubic rami:Pubic rami:
Superior.Superior.Inferior.Inferior.
Pubic tubercle:Pubic tubercle:Attachment for inguinal ligament.Attachment for inguinal ligament.
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Pelvis: Anterior EdgePelvis: Anterior EdgeAnterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Attachment of inguinal Attachment of inguinal ligament.ligament.
Proximal attachment for:Proximal attachment for:Sartorius muscle.Sartorius muscle.
Figure 3.3.Figure 3.3.
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Pelvis: Anterior EdgePelvis: Anterior EdgeAnterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS):Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS):
Proximal attachment for:Proximal attachment for:Straight head of rectus femoris.Straight head of rectus femoris.
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Pelvis: Posterior EdgePelvis: Posterior EdgePosterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).Greater sciatic notch:Greater sciatic notch:
Converted into superior and inferior Converted into superior and inferior parts by piriformis muscle.parts by piriformis muscle.
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Pelvis: Posterior EdgePelvis: Posterior EdgeLesser sciatic notch.Lesser sciatic notch. Ischial spine.Ischial spine. Ischial tuberosity.Ischial tuberosity.
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Pelvis: Posterior LigamentsPelvis: Posterior LigamentsPosterior sacrospinous ligaments.Posterior sacrospinous ligaments.Sacrotuberous ligaments.Sacrotuberous ligaments.Sacrospinous ligaments.Sacrospinous ligaments.Figure 3.3.Figure 3.3.
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Pelvis: Medial SurfacePelvis: Medial Surface Iliac fossa:Iliac fossa:
Attachment surface for iliacus muscle.Attachment surface for iliacus muscle.Arcuate line.Arcuate line.Auricular surface:Auricular surface:
Articulates with auricular surface of Articulates with auricular surface of sacrum.sacrum.
Pubic symphysis.Pubic symphysis.
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SacrumSacrumConsists of 5 fused vertebrae.Consists of 5 fused vertebrae.Wing-like processes of each vertebra = Wing-like processes of each vertebra =
alae:alae:For attachment to ilium.For attachment to ilium.
Lip of body of first sacral vertebra = sacral Lip of body of first sacral vertebra = sacral promontory.promontory.
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SacrumSacrumPosterior crests (Fig. 4.5):Posterior crests (Fig. 4.5):
Median crest:Median crest:Fused spinous processes.Fused spinous processes.
Intermediate crests:Intermediate crests:Fused articular (zygopophyseal) Fused articular (zygopophyseal)
processes.processes.
Lateral crests:Lateral crests:Fused transverse processes.Fused transverse processes.
Sacral hiatus.Sacral hiatus.
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Lateral Pelvic Attachments
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Medial Pelvic Attachments
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Femur: Proximal AnteriorFemur: Proximal AnteriorHead.Head.Neck.Neck.Greater trochanter.Greater trochanter.Lesser trochanter.Lesser trochanter. Intertrochanteric line:Intertrochanteric line:
Low ridge connecting two trochanters.Low ridge connecting two trochanters.
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Proximal Femur
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Femur: Proximal PosteriorFemur: Proximal PosteriorHead.Head.Neck.Neck.Greater trochanter.Greater trochanter.Lesser trochanter:Lesser trochanter:
Projects backwards and medially.Projects backwards and medially.
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Femur: Proximal PosteriorFemur: Proximal Posterior Intertrochanteric ridge:Intertrochanteric ridge:
High ridge connecting two trochanters.High ridge connecting two trochanters.Has quadrate tubercle:Has quadrate tubercle:Partial site of attachment for quadratus Partial site of attachment for quadratus
femoris muscle.femoris muscle.
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Proximal Femur
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Femur: Distal AnteriorFemur: Distal Anterior Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles. Medial and lateral epicondyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles. Patellar surface:Patellar surface:
Smooth, crescent surface between condyles.Smooth, crescent surface between condyles. Adductor tubercle:Adductor tubercle:
Small bump on medial epicondyle.Small bump on medial epicondyle.Site of partial attachment of adductor Site of partial attachment of adductor magnus.magnus.
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Femur: Distal PosteriorFemur: Distal PosteriorMedial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles.Popliteal surface:Popliteal surface:
Smooth, triangular surface superior to Smooth, triangular surface superior to condyles.condyles.
Intercondylar fossa:Intercondylar fossa:Forms part of posterior boundary of Forms part of posterior boundary of
popliteal popliteal fossa.fossa.
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Distal Femur
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Femur: Posterior SurfaceFemur: Posterior Surface Linea asperaLinea aspera
Lateral boundary:Lateral boundary:Is a continuation of:Is a continuation of:
Gluteal tuberosity.Gluteal tuberosity.Inferiorly becomes:Inferiorly becomes:
Lateral supracondylar line.Lateral supracondylar line.Medial boundary:Medial boundary:
Is a continuation of:Is a continuation of:Pectineal line.Pectineal line.
Inferiorly becomes:Inferiorly becomes:Medial supracondylar line.Medial supracondylar line.
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Tibia: Anterior ProximalTibia: Anterior ProximalMedial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Tuberosity.Tuberosity.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.
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Tibia: Posterior ProximalTibia: Posterior ProximalMedial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Articular facet for fibula:Articular facet for fibula:
On inferior surface of lateral condyle.On inferior surface of lateral condyle.Soleal line:Soleal line:Shallow, rough ridge curving down from Shallow, rough ridge curving down from
lateral condyle.lateral condyle.
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Tibia: DistalTibia: DistalAnterior distal surface:Anterior distal surface:
Medial malleolus.Medial malleolus.Lateral distal surface:Lateral distal surface:
Fibular notch.Fibular notch.
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FibulaFibulaLies lateral to tibia.Lies lateral to tibia.Function:Function:
Involved in ankle joint.Involved in ankle joint.Muscle attachment.Muscle attachment.
Proximal end:Proximal end:Head.Head.Apex (styloid process).Apex (styloid process).Articular surface (facet) for lateral condyle Articular surface (facet) for lateral condyle
of of tibia.tibia.
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FibulaFibulaDistal end:Distal end:
Lateral malleolus:Lateral malleolus:With articular surface for talus.With articular surface for talus.
Note:Note:Both tibia and fibula have interosseous Both tibia and fibula have interosseous
borders:borders:Face each other when the two bones are Face each other when the two bones are articulated.articulated.Site of attachment of interosseous Site of attachment of interosseous membrane.membrane.