Bones Cartilage Long – (long) femur, humerous Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal Flat –...
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Transcript of Bones Cartilage Long – (long) femur, humerous Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal Flat –...
Types of bones:
Long – (long) femur, humerous
Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal
Flat – (broad/thin) skull, scapulae
Irregular – (varies/groups) vertebrae› Sesamoid – single - patella
Parts of a long bone:
Diaphysis – shaft Epiphysis – end
› Metaphysis – between diaphysis and epiphysis
Articular cartilage – thin layer of hyline cartilage – shock
Medullary cavity – in diaphysis – yellow marrow
Endosteum – epithelial lining inside medullary canal of long bones
Bone tissue
Osseous Contains cells, fibers, extracellular
matrix, collagen Extracellular matrix is calcified and
more abundant in bones than any other tissue
Rigidity provides support and protection
Inorganic salts:
Calcium, phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
Process of deposition – calcification
Other variables detectable – › sodium› Sulfate› Fluoride› Magnesium
Organic matrix:
Collagen fibers, protein, and polysaccharides (ground substance)
Present for growth/ repair Connective tissue cells secrete gel-like
substance Chondroitin sulfate – (GAG –
glycosaminoglycan) repair and maintanance
These components allow for plastic-like resilience
Compact Bone
Many cylinder-shaped structures – osteons (Haversian systems)
Allows for delivery system of nutrition/waste
Osteon structures
Lamellae – calcified matrix
Lacunae – “little lakes” contains tissue fluid
Canaliculi – canals running all directions
Haversian canal – lengthwise – blood/lymph vessels
Transverse canal
Volkmann’s canals are for communication – nerves and vessels that carry blood/lymph to the bone surface
Cancellous bone
Spongy – not compact
Trabeculae – needle-like spikes which allows for cellular exchange of nutrients and waste
See diagram pg. 194 which refers to the sandwich effect of the compact / cancellous bone
Bone marrow transplantation
Harvested from vertebra/hip
Donation via I.V.
Without rejection, the pt. may begin new growth within the marrow
Regulation of calcium levels
98% of calcium in bones
Regulation due to new growth and breakdown/reabsorption
Essential for clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, thyroid hormone production
Hormone regulation
Parathyroid – bone remodeling, renal calcium absorption, stimulation of Vit D synthesis
Calcitonin – thyroid – decrease of circulating levels of calcium
Bone development
All structure in-utero begins as cartilage and fibrous structures
Cartilage is then replaced with calcified bone matrix
Osteogenesis Strength of bone comes from use Endochondral ossification – bone from
cartilage Intramembranous ossification – bone from
fibrous membrane
Epiphyseal plate
Between diaphysis and epiphysis
Continual osteoblast formation and matrix calcification until maturity
Repair of fratures
Considerations – blood vessels, nerves, type of fracture
Fracture hematoma
Immobilization
Vitos – synthetic calcium matrix
Cartilage - hyaline
Hyaline – glassy, grissle Most common
Covers artricular surface Chondral surface Tracheal rings Nose Bronchii
Fibrocartilage
Small matrix, abundant fibrous material
Strong, rigid
Symphysis pubis Intervertebral disks Tendonous articulations