Bomba atomica de la Hiroshima Avram Beatrice Raducan Gabriel Stroe Gabriela

Animated title moves behind picture(Intermediate)

To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3.17.In the Shape Width box, enter 9.5.Drag the rectangle slightly above the middle of the slide. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Left.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 0. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 50% (fifth row, 10th option from the left).Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fourth row, 10th option from the left).

To reproduce the heading text box on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, select Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter the heading text, and then select text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Calibri.In the Font Size box, enter 38.Click Bold.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fourth row, 10th option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.Drag the text box just above the rectangle, in the right half of the slide.

To reproduce the second text box on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter three lines of text with paragraph breaks, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Calibri.In the Font Size list, select 28.Click Bold.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, do the following:On the Indents and Spacing tab, under General, select Left in the Alignment box.Under Spacing, select 12 in the After box.Drag the second text box onto the rectangle, below the heading text box.

To reproduce the full-color picture on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 5.08 and the width is set to 2.61. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then click Blue, 5 pt glow Accent color 1 (first row, first option from the left).Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Drag the full-color picture on top of the rectangle, to the left of the text boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Top.

To reproduce the second picture on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select the same picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 2.44 and the width is set to 2.61. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.On the slide, drag the new picture directly below the first one, and then, in the Format Picture dialog box, in the Crop tab, under Picture Position, adjust the Offset X and Offset Y settings to align the content of the two images so that they appear continuous.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, and in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, do the following:In the Brightness box, enter 70%.In the Contrast box, enter -70%.Select the smaller picture. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Bottom. Press and hold CTRL, and then select both pictures. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Center.

To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 2. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Delay box, enter 1.5.On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Motion Paths click Lines.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 2. On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Left.On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Reverse Path Direction.On the slide, select the motion path for the heading text box, point to the starting point (green arrow) of the motion path until the cursor becomes a two-headed arrow. Press and hold SHIFT, and then drag the starting point about 1.5 off the left edge of the slide. (Note: If your lines of text are longer than in the example above, you may need to further increase the length of the motion path. ) On the slide, select the second text box. On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the Show Additional Effect Options dialog box launcher. In the Fade dialog box, do the following:On the Effect tab, in the Animate text list, select By Letter.In the % delay between letters box, enter 5.On the Timing tab, in the Start list, select After Previous.In the Duration list, select 0.5 seconds (Very Fast).On the Text Animation tab, in the Group text list, select By 1st Level Paragraphs.

To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following:One the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until three stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 40%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 232, Green: 227, and Blue: 216.

Ce sunt bombele atomice?...Nu exista nimic altceva decat atomi si vid DemocritConsecinele imediate, directe ale unei explozii nucleare sunt: oc mecanic, dizlocri mari de teren i crater, oc de cldur imens i incendii, radioactivitate mortal n zona central, otrvire i contaminare radioactiv a mediului, pe mari suprafee i de lung durat. ntr-o bomb atomic, o bucic de uraniu de mrimea unui cubule de zahr are aceeai putere de distrugere ca i un bloc de exploziv convenional de mrimea unei case.Armele nucleare s-au folosit mpotriva oamenilor doar de dou ori, i anume n jurul ncheierii celui de-al doilea rzboi mondial, cnd SUA au aruncat cte o singur bomb atomic cu fisiune asupra oraelor japoneze Hiroshima i Nagasaki. Primul eveniment a avut loc n dimineaa zilei de 6 august 1945, cnd Statele Unite ale Americii au aruncat un dispozitiv tip pistol, cu uraniu, cu codul "Little Boy" (Bieelul), asupra oraului Hiroima. Al doilea eveniment a avut loc dup trei zile, la 9 august 1945, cnd un dispozitiv tip implozie, cu plutoniu, cu codul "Fat Man" (Grasul), a fost aruncat asupra oraului Nagasaki. Norul "ciuperca" al acestei bombe s-a nlat mai mult de 18 kilometri deasupra hipocentrului exploziei.Folosirea acestor 2 bombe, din care a rezultat moartea imediat a aproximativ 100.000 200.000 de oameni (majoritatea civili) i chiar i mai muli cu trecerea timpului, a fost i rmne controversat. Criticii spun c a fost un act de omucidere n mas inutil, n timp ce alii sunt de prere c de fapt s-a limitat numrul de victime de ambele pri prin grbirea sfritului rzboiului i evitarea unor lupte sngeroase pe teritoriul Japoniei.

Singurele ri recunoscute oficial ca puteri nucleare sunt Statele Unite ale Americii, Rusia, Marea Britanie, Frana, China, India i Pakistan. Rusia a motenit armele de la Uniunea Sovietic.Este posibil ca i alte ri s dein arme nucleare, dar ori nu au recunoscut aceasta n public, ori posesia lor nu este confirmat. Spre exemplu, Israelul are sisteme de aeropurtare moderne i pare s aib i un program nuclear extensiv; Coreea de Nord a declarat c are capabiliti nucleare (dei a fcut cteva declaraii schimbtoare n legtur cu prsirea programului su de armament nuclear, de multe ori in funcie de clima politic din acel moment), dar nu a realizat un test confirmat; de accea statutul armelor sale rmn neclar. De asemenea i Iranul este acuzat la momentul de fa (2008) de ctre un numr de guverne c ar vrea s dezvolte capabiliti nucleare; gurvenul iranian spune ns c activitile sale nucleare, cum ar fi imbogirea uraniului, urmresc numai scopuri panice.n martie 2010, Rusia i SUA au anunat c au semnat un nou tratat, prin care focoasele nucleare se reduc la 1.500 de fiecare parte (pe vremea Rzboiului Rece existau cte 10.000).De atunci pe Pmnt au fost detonate peste 2.000 de arme nucleare cu scop de testare i demonstrare a scopurilor lor. Pe lng folosirea lor ca arme, explozivele nucleare au fost testate i folosite i pentru diverse scopuri nemilitare. Astfel, n Uniunea Sovietic, ele au fost folosite n minerit i la construirea de canale, minimalizndu-se efectul lor nociv pe termen lung.

Bomba cu uraniuBaietelul ( Subtirelul )Detonarea bombei atomice la Hiroshima

In ziua de 6 august 1945, la trei luni de la capitularea neconditionata a Germaniei lui Hitler, Statele Unite porneau asaltul final pentru infrangerea ultimului inamic: Japonia. In acea zi, la 8:15 ora locala, un bombardier american B-29 lanseaza asupra orasului Hiroshima bomba supranumita Little Boy, cu o putere de 15 kilotone.Ultimatum:Aparitia avionului n-a speculat factorul surprindere. Dimpotriva, aliatii au procedat "fair play" cu inamicul, trimitandu-i la 26 iulie 1945 un ultimatum, conceput la conferinta de la Potsdam. Ultimatumul fusese redactat de Truman, Atlee si Jiang Jieshi, aprobat in secret si de Stalin. Textul era simplu, dar categoric:

"Somm guvernul sa ordone capitularea neconditionata a tuturor fortelor armate si sa ofere garantiile necesare ca actioneaza cu buna credinta. In caz contrar, intreaga Japonie va fi transformata in ruine".

Este putin pobabil ca cineva si-ar fi inchipuit ca Japonia va ceda la asemenea provocare, cu atat mai mult, cu cat informatiile pe care le-ar fi putut avea despre nimicitoarea arma secreta nu puteau fi decat foarte vagi. Japonia n-a reactionat.

Ca urmare, 11 zile mai tarziu, la ora 7,30 ora locala, in orasul Hiroshima a sunat alarma aeriana. Orasul nu prea cunoscuse bombardamente in timpul razboiului, iar populatia s-a indreptat relativ calma spre adaposturi, ca la un exercitiu de rutina.

Dezastrul: La putin dupa ora 8,00, deasupra orasului a aparut un bombardier B-29, singur. Cine a trait anii razboiului, stie ca bombardamentele nu erau opera unui avion izolat. Nici faptul ca, de la o oarecare distanta, mai zburau inca doua bombardiere identice, nu spunea mare lucru. Rolul lor nu era de a bombarda. Era sa repereze si sa inregistreze efectele primului bombardament atomic din lume. Toate trei se gaseau la 9.000 metri inaltime - foarte mare pentru acele timpuri.

Pentru comparatie, putem retine ca bombardamentele asupra Romaniei se faceau de la o inaltime de 4.000 - 4.500 metri, suficienta pentru a nu se gasi in campul de actiune al artelieriei antiaeriene.

Lansata in cadere libera de la cei 9.000 metri, bomba a explodat la o inaltime de 600 metri, conform calculelor, deasupra centrului orasului. Efectul a fost apocaliptic, orasul fiind practic ras de pe suprafata pamantului.

Peste 75.000 persoane au murit pe loc, alte 50.000 in zilele care au urmat si inca circa 125.000 in perioada urmatoare, indeosebi ca rezultat al radiatiilor. Numarul exact al victimelor nu s-a identificat nici pana astazi, dar se stie ca, din cele 90.000 de cladiri au fost total distruse 62.000, iar pe o raza de 500 metri de sub locul exploziie, n-a ramas nici o fiinta vie.

Efecte:

Explozia nuclear are efecte imediate i ntrziate.Unda de oc,radiaia termic,radiaia ionizant prompt produc distrugeri mari n cteva secunde sau minute de la detonare. Efectele ntrziate precum cderile radioactive acioneaz pe perioade mari de timp, de la ore la ani. Unda de oc produce modificarea brusc a presiunii aerului i vnturi puternice. Construciile mari sunt distruse de modificarea presiunii aerului n timp ce vnturile puternice distrug vegetaia i omoar oamenii. Dac explozia are loc la suprafaa sau n apropierea solului se produce un crater din care materialul este ridicat n atmosfer, de unde revine sub forma de depuneri radioactive. Circa 35% din energia exploziei este sub forma de radiaie luminoas i termic (cldur). Radiaia luminoas produce orbirea prin arderea retinei. Radiaia termic produce arsuri fiinelor vii i incendierea materialelor combustibile. Efectele radiaiilor nucleare directe sunt n general mai mici dect cele ale undei de oc sau radiaiei termice. La armele cu neutroni spre exemplu efectul radiaiei directe (neutroni) este cel mai puternic. Iradierea direct cu radiaii nucleare duce la deces sau n cazul dozelor mai mici la boala de iradiere. Particulele radioactive ridicate n atmosfer (norul n form de ciuperc) revin pe pmnt n apropierea locului exploziei. Ele nu produc multe decese deoarece afecteaz zona unde oamenii au fost deja ucii de celelalte efecte. n funcie de condiiile meteorologice,norul radioactivpoate fi deplasat la distane mari iar depunerile pe sol pot afecta zonele mai ndeprtate.

Impactul asupra mediului

Producerea i testarea armelor nucleare nRusia (fosta URSS) a condus la contaminarea excesiv a anumitor regiuni, peste limitele admisibileNumai suprafaa contaminat de activitile Minatom depete 480 km2. O problem grav privete stocarea necorespunztoare a deeurilor nucleare. Circa 650 milioane m3 de deeuri stocate de Minatom conin o activitate de 2 miliarde de Ci. Alte organizaii dein 12 000 tone de combustibil ars cu o activitate de 8,2 miliarde de Ci. n plus, cantiti foarte mari de ape puternic contaminate (1,5 miliarde Ci) au fost injectate n subteran sau pur i simplu aruncate n lacurile sau rurile din apropiere. Din cele 184 submarine nucleare scoase din uz acum 10-15 ani 104 au rmas cu combustibilul ars la bord, iar starea lor precar reprezint un mare pericol pentru mediu.ncepnd din 1989 SUA a nfiinat la Departamentul Energiei un oficiu dedicate eliminrii riscurilor asociate moteniriiRzboiului Rece.Cea mai mare parte din aceast motenire radioactiv provine din instalaiile de producere a uraniului mbogit i a plutoniului (minele de uraniu, prelucrarea chimic a uraniului, mbogirea, fabricarea combustibilului i a intelor, iradierea n reactor, separarea chimic a plutoniului). Deeurile generate la extragerea plutoniului reprezint 85% din radioactivitatea asociat producerii armamentului nuclear, 71% din apele contaminate i 33% din terenurile contaminate.Activitile de producere a armamentului nuclear au lsat o motenire de 1500 milioane metri cubi de ape contaminate (inclusive ape subterane) i 73 milioane metri cubi de solide contaminate.

Bomba cu uraniuBaietelul ( Subtirelul )Detonarea bombei atomice la Hiroshima

Oraul Hiroshima dupa aruncarea bombei atomice

Sticla topitabinoclufrunzele au lasat o urma pe aceasta bucata de pod (Podul Meiji ) din cauza radiatiilor

Animated title moves behind picture(Intermediate)

To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3.17.In the Shape Width box, enter 9.5.Drag the rectangle slightly above the middle of the slide. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Left.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 0. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 50% (fifth row, 10th option from the left).Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fourth row, 10th option from the left).

To reproduce the heading text box on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, select Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter the heading text, and then select text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Calibri.In the Font Size box, enter 38.Click Bold.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click Orange, Accent 6, Darker 25% (fourth row, 10th option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.Drag the text box just above the rectangle, in the right half of the slide.

To reproduce the second text box on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter three lines of text with paragraph breaks, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Calibri.In the Font Size list, select 28.Click Bold.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, do the following:On the Indents and Spacing tab, under General, select Left in the Alignment box.Under Spacing, select 12 in the After box.Drag the second text box onto the rectangle, below the heading text box.

To reproduce the full-color picture on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 5.08 and the width is set to 2.61. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then click Blue, 5 pt glow Accent color 1 (first row, first option from the left).Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Drag the full-color picture on top of the rectangle, to the left of the text boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Top.

To reproduce the second picture on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select the same picture, and then click Insert. On the slide, select the picture. On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 2.44 and the width is set to 2.61. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.On the slide, drag the new picture directly below the first one, and then, in the Format Picture dialog box, in the Crop tab, under Picture Position, adjust the Offset X and Offset Y settings to align the content of the two images so that they appear continuous.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, and in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, do the following:In the Brightness box, enter 70%.In the Contrast box, enter -70%.Select the smaller picture. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Bottom. Press and hold CTRL, and then select both pictures. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Center.

To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 2. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Delay box, enter 1.5.On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Motion Paths click Lines.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 2. On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Left.On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Reverse Path Direction.On the slide, select the motion path for the heading text box, point to the starting point (green arrow) of the motion path until the cursor becomes a two-headed arrow. Press and hold SHIFT, and then drag the starting point about 1.5 off the left edge of the slide. (Note: If your lines of text are longer than in the example above, you may need to further increase the length of the motion path. ) On the slide, select the second text box. On the slide, select the heading text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the Show Additional Effect Options dialog box launcher. In the Fade dialog box, do the following:On the Effect tab, in the Animate text list, select By Letter.In the % delay between letters box, enter 5.On the Timing tab, in the Start list, select After Previous.In the Duration list, select 0.5 seconds (Very Fast).On the Text Animation tab, in the Group text list, select By 1st Level Paragraphs.

To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following:One the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until three stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 40%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 232, Green: 227, and Blue: 216.