TIS – Techno Innovation South Tyrol S.C.p.A. Via Siemens 19 | 39100 Bolzano | Italia T +39 0471 068 000 F +39 0471 068 100 info@tis.bz.it www.tis.bz.it Partita IVA e Codice Fiscale 01677580217 Capitale sociale 800.000 €

TIS – Techno Innovation South Tyrol K.A.G. Siemensstraße 19 | 39100 Bozen | Italien T +39 0471 068 000 F +39 0471 068 100 info@tis.bz.it www.tis.bz.it MwSt.-Nr. und Steuernummer 01677580217 Gesellschaftskapital 800.000 €

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Possible uses of South Tyrolean common

reed

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Customer

SAPITEC of Philipp Santer

Strengen 10

39052 Kaltern

Tel.: 349 75 82 363

Mail: philipp.santer@hotmail.de

Imprint

Media owner and editor:

TIS innovation park

Siemensstraße 19

39100 Bozen

Author:

Michael Stauder

State:

July 2015

Legal disclaimer

TIS innovation park researched and documented the content of the present publication with

the greatest accuracy. Nevertheless, it cannot bear any responsibility for its correctness,

completeness and actuality.

The Authors do not assume any responsibility and reserve the right to include new

knowledge.

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Contents

1 Introduction

2 Possible areas of application

2.1 Possible use in the construction sector

2.2 Use as bedding material

2.3 Thermal valorisation - Test runs in the district heating plant of

Sarentino

3 Summary and conclusions

4 Applied units and abbreviations

5 Communications from companies and Internet sources

6 Research projects about common reed in research institutes

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1 Introduction

Wetland areas - like the one around Lake Caldaro - are habitats for many marsh birds, as

well as for other animals and plants. Many migratory birds for instance find at Lake Caldaro

an important roosting place on their way from North to South and back. In order to keep the

wetland in its form also for the future, regular mowing and removal of the produced common

reed are necessary. Thanks to the regular mowing of common reed at Lake Caldaro, not only

a contribution to the preservation of biodiversity is provided, but also a sustainable raw

material is produced.

Upon request of Sapitec company for a rational and economical use of the common reed of

Lake Caldaro, the Cluster Wood & Technology of TIS innovation park researched into the

main existing possibilities. The results of this research are presented here.

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2 Possible areas of application

Produced quantity

The reed belt around Lake Caldaro covers a surface of approximately 50 hectares. A

regular harvest produces approximately 4 tons per hectare and year. If the whole

surface is harvested, the quantity adds up to 200 tons a year.

2.1 Possible use in the construction sector

For common reed of high quality, basically the following five possible uses may be

found in the construction sector:

1. Reed mats

2. Reed insulation boards

3. Reed panels

4. Reeds for plastering

5. Use as roof tiling material

Figure 1 illustrates different reed products that can be employed in the construction

of wooden houses.

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Figure 1: Employment of different common reed products in the construction of wooden houses

Source: http://www.hiss-reet.de/images/bauenmitreet/naturbau/architektur/wanddaemmung/wandaufbau-4_big.jpg

1. Reed mats

Reed mats (see Figure 2) are used for the most diverse purposes, for example as

privacy shields for garden, terrace or balcony, or as base for loam rendering on

wooden walls.

For the production of reed mats only good and strong culms can be used.

Wall structure 4: Wooden framework wall with external insulation 1. 20 mm priming clay plaster with jute

fabric and 3 mm skim clay plaster 2. Hiss Reet Reinforcement Extra 3. 140 mm x 140 mm framework beam 4. 134 mm cob with continuous woven

willow 5. 30 mm panel Hiss Reet Extra 6. 24 mm x 160 mm installation board 7. 80 mm panel Hiss Reet Extra 8. 80 mm x 60 mm installation beam 9. Hiss Reet Reinforcement 10. Metal lath with ribs 11. 30 mm four-ply lime external plaster

with GRP reinforcement

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Due to the high proportion of grasses - mainly in the external part of the reed belt -

the material of Lake Caldaro is not suitable for the production of reed mats.

Moreover, in the area around Caldaro there are no purchasers interested in the

further processing of reed.

Figure 2: Reed mat for application as privacy shield

Source: http://bilder.dabag.ch/bilder/kataloge/steinemann/57205.jpg

2. Reed insulation boards

Reed insulation boards are reed culms bound together with wire to create boards of

different thickness and strength, used as insulation material in house construction.

Also for the production of insulation boards only good and strong culms can be used.

The common reed of Lake Caldaro is not suitable for this purpose, mainly because of

its high proportion of grasses.

Figure 3 shows reed insulation boards in different thickness and strength.

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Figure 3: Reed insulation boards in different thickness and strength

Source: http://www.schilfrohr.com/images/schilfrohrplatten_big.jpg

3. Reed panels

Reed panels are machine-pressed reed trunks, used as supporting plates for plaster

in the interior construction.

4. Reeds for plastering

Reeds for plastering are used for wall and ceiling plaster. In case of light clay wooden

walls and interior formwork, they remain in the building component as "lost

formwork".

5. Use as roof tiling material

Only hard reed material is suitable for the tiling of roofs, since it must withstand a light

bending. For roof tiling the common reed of Lake Caldaro is not suitable, due to its

poor silicon content compared to reed that grows in saline water. Figure 4 shows a

house with reed-tiled roof.

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Figure 4: Use of common reed as roof tiling material

Source: http://footage.framepool.com/shotimg/qf/764933141-reetdachhaus-hausbau-landhaus-wohnhaus-baumaterial.jpg

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2. 2 Use as bedding material

A very simple and low-priced possible use of the common reed that grows around

Lake Caldaro is the use as bedding material in agricultural farms (see Figure 5).

Whether the material can be employed for this use depends on its degree of

pesticide pollution from the spraying of neighbour fruit orchards and vineyards. This

aspect could be better analysed, for example by the Research Centre for Agriculture

and Forestry Laimburg.

Figure 5: Use of common reed as bedding material instead of straw

Source: http://www.bio-aus-bw.de/site/pbs-bw-new/get/1811961/Rinder%20im%20Stall_700x360px.jpg

The material - mainly from the outer part of the reed belt – might be more suitable as

bedding material as pure straw thanks to its high proportion of grasses. The

suitability as bedding material should be tested in field runs.

Compared to crop straw, a higher silicon content is assumed for reed, which requires

a longer decomposition time if applied as bedding material together with excrements

on the fields.

According to a statement of the Farm Cooperative Society of South Tyrol

(Landwirtschaftliche Hauptgenossenschaft Südtirol), in the local branches of South

Tyrol straw costs 100 € per square bale (straw bale in angular form). These square

bales weigh between 500 and 550 kg and come from the area around Verona.

Approximately 2 € per quintal (100 kg) must be added for transport costs. The

income per kilogram of straw amounts to 0.2 € for the Farm Cooperative Society,

against a price of approximately 0.1 €/kg (without transport) that can be found in

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Austria. If the common reed can be used as bedding material in agricultural firms, an

income of about 0,2 €/kg can be expected.

Since harvesting of reed in the conservation area of Lake Caldaro is publicly

supported, it does not cause any harvesting costs. The whole income coming from

the reed sale could therefore be considered as earning. Only the reasonable costs of

transport from Lake Caldaro to a sales facility should be calculated - for example to

local branches of the Farm Cooperative Society or directly to the agricultural farms.

According to Dr. Wendelin Wichtmann of the University Greifswald (Germany),the

use of common reed as bedding material is a reasonable purpose of use. For this,

the material should be mechanically shattered, so as to lose its brittleness.

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2. 3 Thermal valorisation - Test runs in the district heating plant of Sarentino

A comprehensive research assessed that the common reed of Lake Caldaro is not

suitable for roof tiling, nor for the production of construction products like reed mats

or insulation boards. Therefore, beside the possible use as bedding material in

agricultural firms, only the possible energy-efficient valorisation in thermal power

stations remains.

For the thermal valorisation it is necessary at first to test whether it is possible to mix

small quantities of common reed with wood chips in the existing district heating

power stations. The municipality of Caldaro takes into consideration the construction

of a district heating plant and could plan to use common reed for it, if the thermal

valorisation of this material turns out to be cost-effective. A district heating power

station designed to use this fuel could, if necessary, consider to employ also material

coming from fruit- and wine-growing (tree and shrub cuttings).

The possibility of thermal valorisation was analyzed with many test runs in the district

heating station of Sarentino. Prior to this, a literature research on the combustion of

common reed was conducted. Following results were assessed: common reed is

better suitable than straw for thermal valorisation because its higher point of ashes

sintering. Reed ashes sinter only at a temperature of more than 1500 °C. Moreover,

the chlorine content of reed is significantly lower and the caloric value is significantly

higher than those of straw. This means that common reed presents better material

properties for combustion, if compared to straw.

According to Dr. Wendelin Wichtmann of the University Greifswald, within the project

ENIM (Energy-efficient biomass from low moor) combustion tests with common reed

and wood chips in conventional biomass heating power stations were performed.

Here, reed canary grass up to 50 % of the dry weight was added: this kind of reed,

however, presents a slightly higher Cl- and Na-content compared to the reef of Lake

Caldaro. For the combustion test reed was chopped to roundwood form together with

firewood. Dr. Wendelin Wichtmann says that the biomass boiler does not need

particular requirements for the execution of combustion tests. The only difference,

compared to wood, is that in this case some more ashes are produced. The

harvesting costs of common reed in peat bogs amount to approximately 80-100 € per

ton.

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Many other institutions deal with the valorisation of common reed:

The University of Applied Sciences of Burgenland, for example, deals with the

thermal valorisation of common reed from Lake Neusiedl (Austria). Also in this case

the purpose is to counteract the progressive silting of the shallow lake through

mowing and removal of the produced common reed, as well as to bring this material

to a reasonable valorisation. Since on the one side the use of common reed as

construction material is declining and on the other side energy wood is less and less

available, due to the already intense exploitation through district heating power

plants, it can be assumed that common reed will become more and more interesting

as renewable fuel.

Also at Lake Constance efforts were put into finding a possible use for the resource

common reed. The idea there was to build a biomass heating power station that

should have been operated only with common reed. The construction of the plant,

however, was stopped because of growing opposition by detractors suspecting a

dangerous dioxins emission. If the combustion temperature is sufficiently high,

however, this should not occur.

At the Free University of Bolzano Francesco Patuzzi, Tanja Mimmo, Stefano Cesco,

Andrea Gasparella and Marco Baratieri deal with the valorisation of common reed as

sustainable energy resource, analysing the pyrolysis process and the roasting of

common reeds.

The University of Greifswald is involved in a project that studies not only the thermal

valorisation but also the production of pellets of common reed.

Also in South Tyrol interesting ways could open up to a useful valorisation of the reed

material produced around Lake Caldaro. This is why the thermal valorisation is

analyzed more precisely.

Combustion tests at the district heating power station of Sarentino - main issue

The single phases of the planned combustion tests at the power station of Sarentino

were described step by step in a test layout. The aim of these combustion tests was

mainly to find a clear answer to the following main issue: up to which mix proportion

can common reed be added to wood chips, without problems arising from

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the insertion in the boiler, from the ashes removal and from the observance of the

emission limit values?

Test layout for the planned combustion tests at the district heating power station of

Sarentino

1. Source material: common reed from Lake Caldaro with added grasses

(chipped and pressed into round bales).

2. Harvest (consider the timing in order to obtain a material as dry as possible!).

3. Authorization from the Department for air and noise of the Province of Bolzano

for the execution of the planned combustion tests at the district heating power

station of Sarentino.

4. Calculation of the required amount of common reed for the execution of the

tests (material amount for each test and total amount). The total amount of

wood chip and common reed shall not exceed 60 srm!

5. Transport of the required reed to the district heating power station of

Sarentino.

6. Preparation of the fuel (in the defined mix proportion of common reed with

wood chips: 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, …). The mix proportion of reed and wood

chips is calculated over volume, energy content or dry weight (Dr. Wendelin

Wichtmann suggests to calculate the mix proportion over the dry weight).

7. Boiler requirements (combustion temperature; insertion way; the boiler should

be made of stainless steel; ashes should be removed from under the grate

before the test starts, so that ash samples can be extracted; the insertion of

the mixed fuel must take place through the insertion duct).

8. Measurement of the water content of reed and wood chip before the

combustion tests.

9. Possible treatment of the raw material (chopping to the required size).

10. Execution of the combustion tests.

11. Measurement of the harmful pollutant in the off-gas stream by the Free

University of Bolzano and Eco Research.

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Important points that have to be considered during the execution of the combustion

test at the district heating power station of Sarentino

Is the transport of the material into the boiler satisfying?

Is a complete combustion guaranteed?

Ashes properties (Do the ashes remain solid? Is it possible to remove the

higher ashes production (approximately double ashes production compared to

wood) in a satisfying way? Is the dust proportion in the off-gas stream not too

high?)

Flue gas composition (Can the emission limit value for the air pollution control

be satisfied? Are the flue gasses for conventional wood boilers not too

aggressive?)

Description of the test runs at the district heating power station of Sarentino

The first combustion test was performed with 34 % common reed and 66 % wood

chip, and lasted about four hours. In this test the mix proportion was calculated over

the dry weight. Just before the start of the test, the humidity of the combustion

material (wood chip, common reed) was calculated using samples. The wood and

reed mass for the planned mix proportion was calculated over the water content.

Already after a short time it was clear that the chopped reed material, that had an

average length of about 30 cm, caused problems when sliding into the boiler. Due to

the long culms, the whole combustion mix lost its flowability and could no longer slide

autonomously into the shaft that conveyed the fuel into the boiler. The pollutants, for

which emission limit values are required, were continuously measured in the off-gas

stream. The limit values were not exceeded.

For the second test run the reed material was chopped to a culm length of

approximately 3 - 5 cm with an agricultural chaff-cutting machine for fodder (see

Figure 6). Since the chopping took place in a farm, the roundballs had first to be

transported there from the power station, and then the chopped reed material had to

be brought back to the power station with a bulk good transporter (see Figure 7). The

same mix proportion of the first test run was maintained. The short culm pieces could

on the one hand facilitate the mixing of reed with wood chips (see Figure 8), and on

the other hand increased the flowability of the fuel. Figure 9 shows the supply of the

combustion mix through the shaft into the boiler. The combustion test lasted

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approximately four hours.

Figure 6: Chopping of the reed material with an agricultural chaff-cutting machine for fodder

Figure 7: Transport of the chopped reed material to the heating power station of Sarentino

Since in the second test run the supply of the combustion mix was performed without

any problem and the emission limit values for pollutants were satisfied, during the

third test run the common reed percentage was increased to 46 %. Also

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with this mix proportion, neither the fuel supply into the boiler, nor the observance of

the emission limit values created any problem. The combustion test lasted

approximately four hours.

Figure 8: Mixing of the chopped reed material with wood chips

Figure 9: Supply of the mixed fuel through the shaft into the boiler

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The fourth test run was performed with a fuel mix proportion similar to those of test 1

and 2 (31 % common reed, 69 % wood chips), but had a duration of about six hours.

This mix proportion was selected in order to obtain data for three test runs with

almost the same fuel mix proportion, thus to produce more representative results.

During all test runs the emission limit values valid for the heating power station of

Sarentino were satisfied. The emission limit values that the heating power station of

Sarentino has to comply with are represented in Table 1. The average values

measured with a share of 31 % common reed and 69 % wood chips are represented

in Table 2.

Limit values [mg/Nm³] with 13 % O2

CO NOx O2 CO2 Dust TOC

150 500 - - 20 50

Table 1: Required emission limit values for the heating power station of Sarentino

Measured average values [mg/Nm³] with 13 % O2

CO NOx O2 CO2 Dust TOC

2 135 18 6 10,2 0

Table 2: Average values measured with a share of 31 % common reed and 69 % wood chips

The graphic representation of the measured pollutants nitrogen monoxide (NO) and

carbon monoxide (CO) is shown in Figure 10. The graphic representation of the

gasses carbon dioxide (CO2) and molecular oxygen (O2) is visible in Figure 11.

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

10:50:00 11:35:00 12:20:00 13:05:00 13:50:00 14:35:00 15:20:00 16:05:00 16:50:00

NO/mg/m3: CO/mg/m3:

Figure 10: Graphic representation of the measured pollutants NO and CO

17

17,5

18

18,5

19

19,5

20

20,5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

10:50:00 11:35:00 12:20:00 13:05:00 13:50:00 14:35:00 15:20:00 16:05:00 16:50:00

CO2/% O2/%

Figure 11: Graphic representation of the gasses CO2 and O2

According to the results of the combustion test runs performed at the heating power

station of Sarentino, up to 50 % of common reed can be added to the fuel wood chip,

without causing any problem to the supply into the boiler, to the ashes removal from

the boiler, as well as to the observance of the emission limit values. Due to the

slightly higher sulphur content and the higher chlorine content in common reed, it is

recommended to analyze the resistance to corrosion of the plant components if a

long-term employment is envisaged.

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3 Summary and conclusions

The use of common reed with grasses as bedding material is probably the most

economic option, since the farmer already owns the necessary machinery and tools.

This material could be sold and distributed through the already existing structures,

like for example the Farm Cooperative Society.

The production of reed mats or insulation boards probably generates the highest

added value. Since here some investments must be effected, the assured period of

exploitation is extremely important. Moreover, the quality of the raw material is crucial

for the economic success. The necessary machines and tools must be employed for

a certain period of time.

The thermal valorisation of common reed should be envisaged only as last option for

its socio-ecological aspect, because, in the interests of a high added value, common

reed should in the first instance be directed to its best use in terms of value.

The analyzed case example assessed that in the heating power station of Sarentino

chopped reed can be mixed to wood chip up to 50 % without causing any problem.

Both for the energy-related and the agricultural use of common reed, an elementary

analysis of the dry weight, as well as an analysis of the sprayed pesticide residue

would be useful. Dr. Werner Tirler from ECO-Research confirms that this could be

performed by Laimburg (contact person Dr. Johann Santer). The estimated costs of

these analyses account for approximately 200 – 300 €. Laimburg provides the

analysis of the sprayed pesticide residue at a cost of about 85 €. The research centre

can perform elementary analysis of common reed only for C-, H-, N-, S- and Cl-

content, but not for the oxygen content; this analysis could be made by the Free

University of Bolzano (contact person Dr. Tanja Mimmo).

If the Municipality of Caldaro builds a heating power station for the thermal

valorisation of the common reed produced around Lake Caldaro, it could supply

numerous apartments with sustainable heat through a district heating supply

network. Assuming that each apartment has an energy demand of 70 kWh/m²

(Climahouse C) and a surface of 110 m², around 80 habitations could be heated in

this way.

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4 Applied units and abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

mm Millimetre

cm Centimetre

m Metre

m² Square metre

m³ Cubic metre

ha Hectare

€ Euro

€/kg Euro per Kilogramme

€/m² Euro per Square metre

% Percent

°C Degree Celsius

kg Kilogramme

kW Kilowatt

kWh Kilowatt hour

kWh/m² Kilowatt hour per square metre

C Carbon

H Hydrogen

N Nitrogen

S Sulphur

Cl Chlorine

Na Sodium

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

NO Nitrogen monoxide

O2 Molecular oxygen

TOC Total Organic Carbon

kg/m³ Kilogramme per cubic metre

W/mK Watt per metre and Kelvin

J/(kgK) Joule per Kilogramme and Kelvin

dB Decibel

N/cm² Newton per square centimetre

mg/Nm³ Milligram per normal cubic metre

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5 Communications from companies and Internet sources

Naturalia BAU

http://www.naturalia-bau.it/de

Roland Gabasch from Naturalia BAU considers reed mats for clay plaster as a niche

product in a niche that has poor prospects. Today the trend of natural constructions

goes in the direction of plaster supporting plates, that can bring additional mass (heat

and cold storage) into wooden houses. For the production of plaster supporting

plates also common reed is used. The company Naturalia BAU obtains the building

materials (reed mats, reed and clay plaster supporting plates, …) through German

distributors, who, in turn, produce or buy the materials in Hungary (around Lake

Balaton).

Leo Bodner – Ecological building materials

http://www.leobodner.it/portal/default.asp?id=896&lang=deu&sez=prodotti

Baubiologie South Tyrol

http://www.baubiologie.bz.it

According to the former president of the Association Baubiologie South Tyrol,

Bernhard Oberrauch, common reed has very well its validity in the ecological

construction sector and in future could reach a much higher demand - also in

combination with wood.

Naporo

http://www.naporo.com/index.php

The company Naporo employs for its products (insulation materials) cattail-reed. This

one has a spongy structure inside and has therefore excellent insulation properties.

For this product the company pays 200 € per ton of delivered material (chopped and

pressed). Naporo is not interested in processing common reed.

Rohrwolf

http://www.rohrwolf.com/

According to Mag. Rudolf Denk, former director of a commercial-technical school,

quality is crucial for the processing of common reed. For reed used in roof

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tiling a very high quality is prerequisite (diameter 4 mm, height 1,8 m with panicle,

one year old). Common reed used for roof tiling costs approximately 1,5 € per 4 - 5

kg. High quality common reed grows around salt lakes. Thanks to a higher

concentration of silicic acid, this common reed is harder and consequently more

expensive. In nutrient-rich lakes poorer qualities are expected.

Common reed is perfectly suitable for wooden constructions in combination with

wood and clay, because it is breathable. A very good and economic version is

insulation with chopped reed (loose common reed), particularly suited for the frame

construction.

Further use options of common reed could be the production of decomposed reed for

horse bedding (FLEX = decomposed straw for horse bedding), the production of

plats, compost soil or pellets. Insulation plats could be commercialized at a price of 5

- 6 €/m².

Dravitsch Schilfrohrprodukte

http://schilfdravitsch.wordpress.com/

The company does not buy any additional material, since it finds enough of it locally.

The material is accounted in metre bunches (bunches with a one-metre

circumference) that cost approximately 5 € each. The price depends on the length of

the bunch.

Reed belt, Lake Neusiedl (from Wikipedia)

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neusiedler_See

In winter, ten to fifteen percent of the reed belt are machine-harvested and partially

processed by farmers and some professional reed cutter. To this purpose, one-year-

old reed would be the best suitable, but the national park requires a multi-annual

rotation cultivation of the common reed belt. In the past, this led to frequent cases of

arson to old reed stocks, in order to free surfaces for young common reed. The Land

government of Burgenland is now planning the construction of a biomass power

station at Lake Neusiedl, that should valorise the old common reed and also

counteract the threatening invasion of the lake by common reed.

Common reed is an old product of the lake that has been used as construction

material, although the implementation nowadays has broadened. Like in the past, it is

used today for stucco works and roof tiling, because it has stored silicic acid, which

makes it particularly resistant. Moreover, today common reed is used for thermal

insulation products and privacy shields. It is much appreciated and is

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exported in big quantities.

Insulation boards in common reed (from Wikipedia)

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilfrohrplatten

The minimal energy input necessary for the production of insulation boards in

common reed as well as their easy and sustainable disposal spare resources and

protect the environment. Insulation boards in common reed are a good ecological

alternative to other insulation materials and are the only natural insulation material

made of vegetal raw materials that can be employed entirely unprocessed - i.e. they

do not contain borates or other chemical additives. Insulation boards in common reed

are relatively heavy, with a weight of approximately 190 kg/m³; the thermal

conductivity of this construction material, considered a normal fuel, usually accounts

for 0,055 W/mK, thus a little bit higher than traditional insulation materials. Therefore,

for a comparable insulation effect a slightly thicker insulating layer is necessary. The

resistance coefficient to vapour diffusion is 2 and thus is an average value for natural

insulation materials. Boards in common reed allow room humidity that penetrated the

insulation to dry off and are suitable for any subfloors able to take a load, up to max 2

entire floors.

Their specific heat storage capacity accounts for 1.200 J/(kgK), which is therefore

higher than rock wool but lower than the majority of other natural insulation materials.

Together with the high dead load of the insulation, a good heat protection in summer

is provided. The sound reduction index is given in 23 dB with 5 cm, the bending

tension strength is approximately 750 N/cm².

Claytec

http://www.claytec.de/

Egginger Naturbaustoffe

http://www.egginger-naturbaustoffe.de/aktuelles/willkommen/

Thermo Hanf

http://www.thermo-natur.de/

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Bausep

http://www.bausep.de/Rohinnenausbau/Lehmbau/Claytec/Claytec-

Schilfrohrprodukte/

Sano-Bau

http://lehmbau-kalkputz.swisswebs.ch/

Arundo Italia

http://www.arundo.it/

Enea

http://biotec.casaccia.enea.it

Organoids

http://www.organoids.com/de/

Sicilcanne Sinatra

http://www.sicilcanne.com/home.htm

Procrea http://procrea.de/wordpress/?project=5414 Baushop 24 https://baushop24.com/schilfrohrprodukte--procrea-_404_6517_index.html

HISS REET Schilfrohrhandel

http://www.schilfrohr.com/

Energie Burgenland

http://www.energieburgenland.at/

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District heating power station Neusiedl am See

http://www.zodl.co.at/referenzen/hochbau/biomasse-fernheizwerk-neusiedlsee/

According to Mag. Rudolf Denk the district heating power station was indeed

conceived for the operation with common reed, nevertheless at present it runs only

with forest wood chips and natural gas. There are two reasons for this: forest wood

chip is more economic than common reed (very expensive harvest in water) and,

since the district heating power station is owned by BEGAS (Natural gas supplier

company of Burgenland), the latter is very much interested in the sale of natural gas.

For the thermal valorisation, common reed can be added to wood chip up to one

quarter, confirms Mag. Rudolf Denk. The silicic acid content of the fuel common reed

is not a problem for stainless steel boilers or high combustion temperatures.

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6 Research projects about common reed in research institutes

DUENE e.V. Institute of sustainable development of landscapes of the earth

(German: Institut für Dauerhafte Umweltgerechte Entwicklung von Naturräumen der

Erde)

http://www.duene-greifswald.de/de/index.php

Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald

http://www.paludiculture.uni-greifswald.de/de/index.php

Fachhochschule Burgenland

http://www.fh-burgenland.at/forschung/projekte/enereed/

Joanneum Research

http://www.joanneum.at/

Technische Universität Wien

http://www.tuwien.ac.at/aktuelles/news_detail/article/7040/

Universität für Bodenkultur Wien

https://forschung.boku.ac.at/fis/suchen.publikationen_uni_autoren?sprache_in=de&m

enue_id_in=400&id_in=&publikation_id_in=75569

Wood K plus

http://www.wood-kplus.at/