Bolt Tightening Manual

ISO 9000

BOLT TIGHTENING MANUAL

FOR THAI OIL PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED

AU UDOM, SRIRACHA, CHOLBURI THAILAND

THIS DOCUMENT IS ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF

................................................................................

(SURACHAI SAENGSAMRAN) ENGINEERING TECHNICAL SERVICES MANAGER

Code No. ENTS-QQM-06 Issue Date 13th August 2010 Issue No. 03 Page No. 1 of 15 Manual Copy No. Original Authorised Holder MQOC Signature of Holder

Issue/Revision No: 03/00 Issue Date: 13/08/10 Page No: 2 of 15 Code No: ENTS-QQM-06 BOLT TIGHTENING MANUAL

ISO 9000

(Amendment Records)

Title: BOLT TIGHTENING MANUAL

Issue No./ Revision No. Date Corrected Part Reasons for Correction

01/00 04/06/04 Whole Document First Issue 02/00 15/02/05 Whole Document Because of

- Change company name from THAI OIL COMPANY LIMITED to THAI OIL PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED

- Thai Oil has registered its company as THAI OIL PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED as of 09/08/04

- Change the document format - Revised MQOC-QPR-01

- Change document code from ENTS-QPR-08 to ENTS-

QQM-06

- Add Item 7 Attachment 03/00 13/08/10

- RICHARD RAVESTEIN SURACHAI SAENGSAMRAN

- 01/10/09 -

- 3 1. Definitions Manual Tightening,

Standard Flange Hot service

- 4 2. Objective - 5 3. Scope - 6 4. Work Flow Diagram

- 7 14 5 12

- 15 14. Reference Document

-- 13/08/10 - Attachment A, B C


ISO 9000

PROCEDURE NAME : BOLT TIGHTENING MANUAL 1. DEFINITIONS

Manual Tightening : Tightening of a stud bolt using manual spanner.

Torque Tightening : Tightening of a stud bolt using hand or hydraulic tools in a turning motion of the nut against the flange to a predetermined torque setting.

Bolt Tensioning : Is the method of stretching a stud bolt axially to a pre-determined load using high pressure hydraulics. Tensioning tools can be used in combinations to allow simultaneous tensioning of a number of stud bolts for even loading of a flange. This leaves the stud bolts in a set and even tension.

Standard Flange : Flanges which are compliance with ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47 (series B).

Hot service : Service with temperature >300 C

Figure 1 Stress relaxation behaviour of various materials against temperature


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2. OBJECTIVE

Joint leakage due to improper installation and lack of preventive maintenance can greatly impact plant productivity and cause safety risks and environmental hazards. The installation process is as critical as the design and quality of the gasket itself. In fact, a study by the Application Engineering Department at Garlock Sealing Technologies (Palmyra, NY) found that 82 percent of gaskets returned for analysis (after the joint leaked) showed signs of problems with compression. Normally sufficient torque must be applied to create the compressive load that causes the gasket to consolidate and flow into and fill any irregularities in the sealed mating surfaces. Of the 100 failed gaskets in the study, 68 of the failures were attributed to under-compression (insufficient torque) and 14 to over-compression (excessive torque).

Figure 2 Chart indicates the failure mode of flange joint damage For a given nominal torque value, the deviation in the final tightening load of the bolt can vary between

+/-20% in good conditions, and +/-60% in bad conditions. This wide range is due to the combination of the following 2 factors;

- The tolerance in the applied torque and bolt stress, which can vary from +/-5% to +/-50% depending on the method

- Geometric defects and surface roughness (degree of lubrication) on the threads and the bearing surfaces of the fastened components


ISO 9000

The target of this procedure is to ensure zero flange leakage on start-up. This is being considered to be an achievable target and one which is cost-effective compared to the consequence of leaks both in terms of HSE impact and financial loss. The purposes of this document are;

2.1 To provide guideline for bolt tightening methodology selection based on service application and flange/bolt size. Also provide torque value which sufficient for minimum seating stress required and within bolt stress limit.

2.2 To control the geometric defects i.e. the flange assembly work steps included equipment basic inspection for quality assurance.

3. SCOPE

This manual covers stud bolt joints applied to both standard and non-standard flange included pipe-to-pipe joint, pipe-to-equipment joint, and all pressure container flange e.g. manhole, channel box cover, shell cover, etc. with all gasket type. The operating temperature is needed to be below 450 deg C (80% stress relaxation for B7 and B16). For higher service temperatures, more stringent controls e.g. hot bolting may need to be applied.

Stud bolts which are able to applied bolt torque mentioned in this manual included A193 (B7/B7M, B16, B8/B8M/B8M2-Class2), A320 (L7/L7M), and A453 (660 Gr.C/D). Unless these studs, refer to equipment installation manual or advice discipline engineer prior to work. This manual does not cover AFC plug type, bolt fastener and other application not mentioned in the scope.


ISO 9000

4. WORK FLOW DIAGRAM

Stud bolt removal Para. 6

Flange, bolt and gasket Inspection Para. 7

Flange installation and Alignment Para. 8

Tightening Method

Manual Tightening Para. 9

Torque Tightening Para.10

Bolt Tensioning Para. 11

Quality Assurance Para. 12

Complete


ISO 9000

5. SAFETY PROCEDURE

Only properly trained personnel shall use any machinery or mechanical equipment for tightening stud bolts. Incorrectly using hydraulic bolt tightening/tensioning type equipment i.e. Hydratight could result in a crushing injury. Correct PPE must be worn at all time. When breaking flanges, the joint shall always be broken in the direction facing away from personnel.

6. STUD BOLT REMOVAL PROCEDURE

6.1 Remove stud bolts and nuts. Using the tightening sequence in Aappendix A for loosening the studs. Usually half of the load is removed from the bolt in the first pass. This ensures no overloading of the remaining few bolts left in the flange towards the end of the loosening procedure. Completely loosen all nuts on the second pass, but do not remove bolts until the seal has been broken.

6.2 Remove old gasket and dispose of correctly. Gaskets shall not be re-used under any circumstance. 6.3 Install flange face protection covers if applicable.

7. INSPECTION OF FLANGE, STUD BOLT AND GASKET BEFORE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 7.1 Remove flange covers (if in place) and clean flange face. Check flange face to ensure it is clear, clean

and undamaged. Report any damage to the supervisor. - Inspect the mating flanges for dirt, mechanical damage, paint and corrosion. Use a suitable solvent

to clean the surfaces. - The contact area of the flanges should be flat (not convex or concave), free from excessive pitting,

radial tool marks and scratches. - Tears or scratches on gasket face deeper than 0.2 mm and covering more than 30% width in

radius projected length (all flange type) shall be re-machined or replaced. - Inspect the back of the flange at the nut seating area. This area should be smooth finished and

parallel to the flange face (within the ASME requirements). - For less severe damage, depending on mechanical supervisor or inspector judgement, silicone

compound (e.g. Locktite 5920, etc.) can be used for fill the damage area.


ISO 9000

Figure 3 Radial Projected Length (RPL) serrated gasket face damage

7.2 Ensure the stud bolts being used are correct. Refer to the isometric or piping class for correct bolt and nut size and length. The diagram below shows how to identify the type of bolt and nut. - Inspect the studs and nuts. They should be free of dirt and corrosion. The studs should be straight

and the threads free from nicks, burrs, and chips. Recommend to compare with the new stud, threads of the used one and the new one should be mesh equally. Then, run the nut on the stud and shake them whether the nut can be loosen.

- Apply a suitable lubricant (Locktite Nickel Anti Seize or Molycote P-37) to the threads and the face of the nut that contacts the flange. Apply the lubricant in a consistent manner as a thin, uniform coating (avoid "lumps" of lubricant as this may reduce the efficiency). Ensure lubricant does not contaminate either flange or gasket faces.

- Run the nuts or bolts down by hand. This gives an indication that no thread defect.

955

2H

JS

Nut Material

Unique TraceableBatch Number

Nut ManufacturerIdentification

B7

Stud Bolt Material Grade B16 B8 (B8 Class 2) B8M (B8M Class 1) B8M (B8M Class 2)

NUT STUD BOLT

Figure 4 Stud bolt and nut marking


ISO 9000

7.3 Ensure gasket is correct to the isometric or piping class specifications. Inspect the gasket material for possible defects such as bonds and creases.

8. FLANGE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

8.1 Number each stud hole with the bolting sequence as outlined in Appendix A. Stud Tightening Pattern. 8.2 The flanges shall be lined up and aligned properly. The bolt holes should match so the studs can be

inserted freely (without force). - Before taking alignment measurement, a gasket and 25% of bolts (with at least four) shall be

inserted. - Use four studs in positions 1, 2, 3 and 4 as centering guides for the gasket. Careful centering of the

gasket and take care when bringing the flanges together to ensure that the gasket is not pinched or otherwise damage.

- The bolts then shall be fastened by using manual spanners (without force) to take out the free slack for ensuring the real misalignment can be measured.

- Acceptance criteria for flange face misalignment are described as below;

Lateral alignment (offset of the aligned flange centerlines) The free insertion of the bolts is generally sufficient to demonstrate acceptable alignment.

It may also be measured (if necessary) at the locations 90 apart around the flange circumference. The measured lateral misalignment shall not exceed the following values;

Table 1 Lateral maximum misalignment for all flanges Flange Diameter Maximum Misalignment

Piping 4 2 mm Piping > 4 3 mm

Pipe to Rotating Equipment 0.3 mm/ 100mm of flange OD But not more than 1.5 mm


ISO 9000

Parallelism (flange faces alignment) should be measured at the outside rim of the flange by checking the distance between the mating faces of the pre-assembled joint using filler gauge. The difference between the measurements shall not exceed: a) Pipe mating flanges:

The allowable misalignment is defined as a ratio of distance between mating faces per flange outside diameter. The misalignment shall not exceed the table2. Table 3 gives these values computed for the flange rim outside diameter.

Table 2 Parallelism maximum misalignment of piping, accessory and static equipment flanges Flange Diameter Maximum Misalignment

24 See table 2 Right)

Table 3 Computed maximum misalignment for Left) flange 12-24 inches; Right) flange larger than 24 inches Pre-assembled joint (mm) Pre-assembled joint (mm)

size Rating size ASME B16.47, series B DN 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 DN 150 300 600 900 1/2 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.33 26 2.03 2.27 2.37 2.54 3/4 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.35 28 2.03 2.26 2.35 2.56 1 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.37 0.37 0.40 30 2.01 2.23 2.31 2.51

1 1/2 0.32 0.39 0.39 0.44 0.44 0.51 32 2.03 2.20 2.28 2.52 2 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.54 0.54 0.59 34 2.01 2.19 2.26 2.53

80 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.76 36 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 4 0.57 0.64 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.89 38 2.02 1.99 6 0.70 0.79 0.89 0.95 0.98 1.21 40 2.01 2.00 8 0.86 0.95 1.05 1.17 1.21 1.38 42 1.97 1.98

10 1.02 1.11 1.27 1.37 1.46 1.68 44 1.97 1.98 12 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.52 1.68 1.91 46 1.96 1.99 14 1.33 1.46 1.51 1.60 1.87 48 1.95 1.97 16 1.49 1.62 1.71 1.76 2.06 50 1.95 1.97 18 1.59 1.78 1.86 1.97 2.29 20 1.75 1.94 2.03 2.14 2.46 24 2.03 2.29 2.35 2.60


ISO 9000

b) Flanged accessories: Accessories are flanged items which are rigid in themselves e.g. valves, strainers, etc. The misalignment shall not exceed 2.5 mm/m or values in table3 in any flange size.

c) Pipe-Static Equipment & Cover Part on Static Equipment The misalignment shall not exceed 0.50 (8.7 mm/m) or values in table4 in any flange size.

Table 4 Computed maximum misalignment for static equipment Pre-assembled joint (mm)

size Rating DN 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 1/2 0.77 0.84 0.84 1.04 1.04 1.15 3/4 0.87 1.01 1.01 1.15 1.15 1.22 1 0.94 1.08 1.08 1.29 1.29 1.39

1 1/2 1.11 1.36 1.36 1.53 1.53 1.77 2 1.32 1.43 1.43 1.88 1.88 2.05

80 1.67 1.81 1.81 2.09 2.33 2.64 4 1.98 2.23 2.37 2.54 2.71 3.10 6 2.44 2.75 3.10 3.31 3.41 4.21 8 2.99 3.31 3.65 4.07 4.21 4.80

10 3.55 3.86 4.42 4.77 5.08 5.85 12 4.21 4.52 4.87 5.29 5.85 6.65 14 4.63 5.08 5.25 5.57 6.51 16 5.19 5.64 5.95 6.12 7.17 18 5.53 6.19 6.47 6.86 7.97 20 6.09 6.75 7.06 7.45 8.56 24 7.06 7.97 8.18 9.05 10.16


ISO 9000

d) Pipe-Rotating Equipment The misalignment shall not exceed the following table:

Table 5 Parallelism maximum misalignment for rotating equipment Flange Diameter Maximum Misalignment at OD of flange

< 12 0.2 mm 12 to 24 0.3 mm 24 0.5 mm

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of lateral alignment and parallelism

8.3 Insert the balance of the studs. 8.4 Finger tighten all studs and nuts. Centre studs between nuts so an equal number of threads project at each

end. Generally, 3 threads should be exposed beyond the end of the nut. The nut shall never be below flush with the end of the bolt. When tensioning is required, a threaded length of one (1) times bolt diameter should protrude at the end where the bolt tensioning machine is to be placed.

8.5 Then, the bolt-gasket-flange assembly are ready for be tightened. See appendix B to evaluate the applicable tightening method for that equipment.

Parallelism Lateral Alignment


ISO 9000

9. MANUAL TIGHTENING PROCEDURE 9.1 The bolts should be tightened in accordance with the star pattern in Appendix A, developing the load in

two stages. 9.2 1st Stage, apply approximately 50% of final tightening. 9.3 2nd Stage, final pass, apply torque to 100% of final tightening. 9.4 Make a second final pass but this time, change the sequence by doing the nuts right next to each other

either in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction

10. STUD BOLT TORQUE TIGHTENING 10.1 Generally, bolt stresses to be applied for most applications in refinery involving A193 (B7/B7M, B16,

B8/B8M/B8M2-Class2), A320 (L7/L7M), and A453 (660 Gr.C/D) bolts should be higher than minimum require seating stress of gasket to ensure NO LEAK condition. Bolt torque values for the above stresses are tabulated in Appendix C. Unless using these studs, refer to equipment installation manual or advice discipline engineer prior to work.

10.2 Before inserting stud bolts ensure they are lubricated where the nuts run on the threads and also on the face of the flange where the flange and nut mate to minimize friction effect.

10.3 Where applicable; for bolt sizes 1 inch and smaller, a manual torque wrench may be used. For larger bolts, a suitable hydraulic torque wrench should be used.

10.4 Tighten the stud in 3 passes. Make the 1st, 2nd and final pass respectively following the tightening sequence from Appendix A. Find the appropriate torque value of each pass in Appendix C.

10.5 Make a second final pass to ensure the tightness but this time, change the sequence by doing the nuts right next to each other either in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction.


ISO 9000

11. STUD BOLT TENSIOINING 11.1 Generally, bolt stresses to be applied for most applications involving A193 (B7/B7M, B16,

B8/B8M/B8M2-Class2), A320 (L7/L7M), and A453 (660 Gr.C/D) bolts should be higher than minimum require seating stress of gasket to ensure NO LEAK condition (see Appendix C). The applied pressure shall be in accordance with the machine manufacturers pressure setting chart which is depended on the size of tensioning head used. Unless these studs, refer to equipment installation manual or advice discipline engineer prior to work.

11.2 The responsibility for Quality Control during bolt tensioning lies on the bolt tensioning contractor and Thaioil supervisor. Only contractors with a QA system approved by Thaioil Mechanical Maintenance Manager shall be used.

12. QUALITY ASSURANCE 12.1 Manual torque wrenches and the pressure gauges of hydraulic torque equipment shall be calibrated at

least every six (6) months (sooner if required by the equipment manufacturer) and shall be appropriately tagged to indicate when the calibration expires.

12.2 The responsible mechanical supervisor is responsible for all bolt tightening methodology quality assurance.

13. TRAINING/COMPETENCE All supervisors and tradesman tightening flange joints shall be trained in the content of this procedure

and their competence shall be verified by Thaioil mechanical supervisor prior to work execution.


ISO 9000

14. REFERENCE DOCUMENT The following Codes, Standards, and Specifications apply to this specification. When an edition date is not indicated for a code or standard. The latest edition and addendum in force at time of issue of this specification shall apply.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ASME/ANSI B1.1 Unified Screw Threads ASME/ANSI B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 ASME/ANSI B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 Through NPS 60 (series B) ASME/ANSI B31.3 Pressure Piping ASME/ANSI B31.1 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B & PV Code Section VIII Div1 Pressure Vessels Code for Pressure Piping

TEMA STANDARD TEMA TEMA 8th Edition STD of The Tubular Exchanger

DEP STANDARD DEP 31.29.00.10 Installation of Rotating Equipment DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen Piping General Requirements DEP 70.08.10.11-Gen Mechanical Maintenance Equipments, Tools and Bolt Tensioning

THAIOIL DOCUMENT ENSD-QFR-08 Inspection Duty Certificate

15. ATTACHMENT

15.1 Appendix A Stud Tightening Pattern 15.2 Appendix B Bolt Torque Tightening/Tensioning Selection Matrix 15.3 Appendix C Torque Settings Per Bolt Size and Pass No.

Bolt Tightening Manual

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