Bolesti Periodoncijuma Def
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Transcript of Bolesti Periodoncijuma Def
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Bolesti periodoncijuma
Prof. dr Ivan Boričić
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Periodoncijum
• Tkiva u koja je zub usađen i koja podržavaju zub:– dentogingivalni spoj– cementum– periodontalni ligament– alveolarna kost
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Razvoj korena zuba i periodoncijuma
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Celularna diferencijacija u periodontalnom tkivu
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Dentogingivalni spoj
Funkcija JE
vezivanje za zub
barijera
brza obnova
antimikrobna odbrana
GCF tok
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Periodoncijum
AM – alveolarna mukoza
MGJ – mukoznogingivalna junkcija
AG – pričvršćena gingiva
FGM – slobodna gingivalna ivica
IP – interdentalna papila
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Periodoncijum dentogingivalni spoj
• epitel– gingivalni– sulkularni– junkcionalni
• vezivno tkivo
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JE – junkcionalni epitelES - enamelumBV – krvni sudoviCT – vezivno tkivoCEJ – cemento-enamelna junkcijaD - dentin
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Problemi na nivou JE
permeabilnost
degeneracija
odvajanje
lateralna i apikalna proliferacija
Problemi na nivou JE
braon – gingivalni plak
sivo – inflamatorni fokus
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Antimikrobni mehanizmiu junkcionalnom epitelu
1. eksfolijacija epitela2. deoba epitelnih ćelija3. bazalna membrana4. aktivne antimikrobne supstance
• defensini• lizozomalni enzimi
5. privlačenje limfocita i neutrofila
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Tečnost u gingivalnoj pukotini
gingival crevice fluid (GCF)directly attached to the tooth (DAT cells)connective tissue (CT)
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Gingivalni epitel
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Nekeratinociti u gingivalnom epitelu
A i B – Langerhansove ćelije CD1aC - melanocitiD – Merckelove ćelije – CD56
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periodontalni ligament
D – dentin
C – cement
PDL – periodontalni ligament
AB – alveolarna kost
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periodontalni ligament
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periodontalni ligament
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Oštećenje DAT ćelija
degeneracija i odvajanje DAT
ogoljuju površinu zuba i stvaraju subgingivalnu nišu pogodnu za kolonizaciju anaerobnim G- bakterijama i apikalni rast dentalnog plaka
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Supragingivalni plak
supragingivalni plak
toluidin blue-methilene blue
kruna zuba pljuvačka
biofilmovi bakterija
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Subgingivalni plak
površina zuba gingivalni epitel
subgingivalni plak
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uzorak plaka iz pukotinebakterije i neutrofili
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supragingivalni dentalni plak
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obojeni supragingivalni dentalni plak
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Periodontalne bolesti
• gingivitis
• periodontitis
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gingivitis
– zapaljenje mekih tkiva koja okružuju zub i direktni je imuni odgovor na dentalne mikrobne plakove koji se stvaraju na zubu
– hronični gingivitis 10-20 dana nepranja zuba– Modifikujući faktori
• pušenje• lekovi• hormonske promene u pubertetu i trudnoći
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periodontitis
• periodontitis nastaje posle gingivitisa i osim upale u tkivima koja okružuju zub postoji i destrukcijastruktura koje podržavaju zub:– periodontalnog ligamenta– mekih tkiva– kosti
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periodontitis
• Deo populacije sa gingivitisom– 35% odraslih uUSA– 13% laki ili teški oblik– 22% umereni oblik
– Svaki gingivitis se ne završava periodontitisom
– Najmanje 6 meseci potrebno za nastanak periodontitisa
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Mikrobiologija periodontalne bolesti
• Više od 500 tipova bakterija u ustima
• 10-20 važno za nastanak periodontitisa– Porphyromonas gingivalis – Prevotella intermedia– Bacteroides forsythus– Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans– Treponema denticola
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Rizični faktori
• tipovi bakterija
• uzrast
• socioekonomski status i pol
• pušenje
• sistemske bolesti
• genetske bolesti
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promene u epitelu tokom zapaljenja
A – gingiva B i C junkcionalni epitel
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promene u epitelu tokom zapaljenja
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Oštećenje epitela i periodontalnog ligamenta
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Promene u kolagenu u toku zapaljenja gingive
A i B HE AB
mastociti
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Klinička i histopatološka progresija iz zdravog periodoncijuma u periodontitis
zdravo--------------------prvobitno stanje
inicijalna lezija–------------ klinički zdravo
rana lezija---------------------rani gingivitis
uspostavljena lezija---------hronični gingivitis
uznapredovala lezija---hronični periodontitis
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Zdrava gingiva
1. eksudacija tečnosti u tkiva i gingivalni sulkus
2. migracija leukocita u junkcioni epitel i gingivalni sulkus
retki neutrofili u JE i koronalnom sulkusu
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Inicijalna lezija
1. vaskulitis ispod JE
2. eksudacija tečnosti u tkiva i gingivalni sulkus
3. povećana migracija leukocita u junkcioni epitel i gingivalni sulkus
4. prisustvo serumskih proteina ekstravaskularno (fibrin)
5. oštećenje koronalnog dela JE
6. gubitak perivaskularnog kolagena
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Rana lezija
1. pojačavanje promena viđenih u inicijalnoj leziji
2. nakupljanje limfocita neposredno ispod JE
3. oštećenja fibroblasta u tkivu
4. dalji gubitak kolagena u maginalnoj gingivi
5. rana proliferacija bazalnih ćelija JE
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Uspostavljena lezija – hronični gingivitis
1. prisustvo inflamatornih promena
2. povećano prisustvo plazmocita bez gubitka kosti
3. prisustvo imunoglobulina u gingivi
4. kontinuirani gubitak kolagena i vezivnotkivnog matriksa
5. proligeracija, apikalna migracija i lateralna ekstenzija JE
6. stvaranje ranog čepa zbog otoka gingive (lažni džep)
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Uznapredovala lezija - periodontitis
1. prisustvo uspostavljene lezije
2. ekstenzija lezije u alveolarnu kost i periodontalni ligament sa značajnim gubitkom kosti
3. kontinuirani gubirak kolagena i tkivnog matriksa ispod epitelnog džepa i i prostoru periodontalnog ligamenta
4. stvaranje periodontalnog džepa i apikalna migracija JE
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Pie charts of the mean percentage DNA probe and disease was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Thecount of microbial groups in supragingival and subgingi- ‘‘red’’, ‘‘orange’’ and Actinomyces species were significantly
val plaque samples from 22 periodontally healthy and 23 different at P°0.001, and the ‘‘green’’ complex species difperiodontitissubjects. The species were grouped into fered at P°0.05 after adjusting for 7 comparisons. The
seven microbial groups based on the description of Soc- ‘‘other’’ category represents probes to species that did notransky et al. (174). The areas of the pies were adjusted to fall into a complex as well as probes to new species whose
reflect the mean total counts at each of the sample loca- relationships with other species have not yet been ascertions.The significance of differences in mean percentages tained. Reprinted with permission of the Journal of Clinof
the supragingival and subgingival complexes in health ical Periodontology (Ximenez-Fyvie et al. (217)).
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zdrava gingiva
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ispitivanje
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recesija ne prelazi MGJ; nema gubitka interdentalne kosti niti mekih tkiva
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recesija ide do MGJ ili je prelazi; nema gubitka interdentalne kosti niti mekih tkiva
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recesija ide do MGJ ili je prelazi; postoji gubitak interdentalne kosti i mekih tkiva ili postoji
malpozicija kosti
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uznapredovali gubitak interdentalne kosti i mekih tkiva ili postoji jaka malpozicija kosti
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• Pulpa i periodoncijum su blisko povezani
• Između njih postoje tri glavne komunikacije:
– dentinalni tubuli– lateralni i akcesorni kanali – apikalni foramen
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akutne lezije periodoncijuma
• nekrotišuća periodontalna bolest– gingivitis– periodontitis
• akutni periodontalni apsces– gingivalni apsces– perikoronalni apsces– periodontalni apsces
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NUG pušač stres na poslu
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NUG AIDS
mesto: interdentalna, marginalna papilaizgled: kratertemperatura: nemasimptomi: bolni desniishod: 1-3 dana uz terapiju
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gingivalni apsces
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periodontalni apsces
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hronični periodontitis
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generalizovani agresivni periodontitis
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periodontitis Down sindrom
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NUG
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NUP
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periodontalni apsces
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hipertrofija gingive zbog fenitoina
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zarastanje gingivalne raneFC fibrin; GT granulaciono tkivo