BODY SYSTEMS Body Systems Is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks Perform...
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Transcript of BODY SYSTEMS Body Systems Is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks Perform...
BODY
SYSTEMS
Body Systems
• Is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks
• Perform things that no other system does
• Keep you healthy & alive
• Some organs belong to more than 1 system
Cells
• Smallest living part of the body
• Many different kinds in our body
• Muscle is made of muscle cells
• Bones are made of bone cells
TissuesTissues
• A group of like cells that work together
• Tissue cells are shaped for the task they perform.
• Ex.- Skin cells are flat & thin. They make up skin which has a flat & thin appearance!
• Bone cells have a tough outer coating…. They form________________________
OrgansOrgans• A group of
tissues that work together
• There are many organs in the body that perform specific tasks
• What are some examples of organs?
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
• The body system for control & communication
• Includes the brain, spinal cord, & nerves that branch off the spinal cord
NeuronNeuron• Is a mass of nerve cells
• Basic building block of the nervous system
• Carry nerve impulses to and from the body to the brain…
• Cannot divide & multiply like other body cells
• When neurons die, they are not replaced
BrainBrain
• Organ that is the control center of the body
• Has several key parts!
• Brain cells die after 5 min. without oxygen
CerebrumCerebrum• Part of the brain
where thinking takes place
• Divided into 4 parts or ‘lobes’
• Forms the bulk of the brain
CerebellumCerebellum•Part of the
brain that helps muscles work together
•Balance
Brain StemBrain Stem• Lowest part of brain• Messages are sent
between brain & body through it
• Controls inner organs, heartbeat, etc.
• Controls other critical life functions!
Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Thick band of nerve
cells through which messages enter & leave the brain
• Soft
• Protected by spine (column of bones in the back)
• Only about 2 cm thick
Spinal CordSpinal Cord• Connects the brain
w/ nerves in the body
• Nerves send messages to the brain via the spinal cord
• Sometimes the spinal cord works without the brain’s help---- this is called a ___________________
*An adult spinal cord =17 cm !
*Stops growing at age 4-5!
REFLEX ACTION! Involuntary response to
dfdfdfdfd something; requires no thought
Ex.- Removing your hand from a hot stove!
-To speed up the response, neurons bypass the brain
-The message goes straight to the spinal cord which processes
it-Your brain ‘feels’ the pain
milliseconds later
How to take care of How to take care of your Nervous Systemyour Nervous System
• Wear a seatbelt
• Wear a safety helmet for sports
• Follow safety rules at all times
• Avoid alcohol, drugs, & poisons
• Get plenty of rest & sleep
The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System
• The system that transport oxygen, nutrients, & waste (CO2) through the body
• Includes our blood, blood vessels, & heart
The Circulatory System The Circulatory System Fact!Fact!
• You have about 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body!!!!–
that’s enough to stretch around the world twice!
BloodBlood• We have about _____
of blood in our bodies
• All tissues receive a blood supply---even bones!
• 4 main parts to our blood
*There are 4 main blood groups: A, B, AB, & O
*Oxygen binds w/ hemoglobin in red blood cells to make blood red
Platelets
Red Blood Cell
White Blood Cell
(1) Plasma(1) Plasma
• Liquid part of blood
• Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
(2) Red Blood Cells(2) Red Blood Cells
• Carry oxygen & nutrients to body cells & carbon dioxide away
• Are shaped to fit through the narrowest blood vessel– the capillary
RED BLOOD CELLS SORT OF WORK LIKE THIS BUS IN THE CITY!!
(3) White Blood Cells(3) White Blood Cells
• Fight germs that cause infection & illness
FACT: 8 MILLION BLOOD CELLS DIE EVERY
SECOND! The same # are born every second
too!
(4) Platelets(4) Platelets• Blood cells that
help blood clot
• A ______ is a dried clot
• A- Damaged tissue release a chemical to attract platelets
B- These platlets stick together & form a type of ‘web’
C- Red blood cells get trapped in this ‘web’ & form a clot
HeartHeart• Muscular organ
that pumps blood to the body
• The average person’s heart beats 30,000,000 times a year!
• Beats about 70 times per minute
*In 70 years, the average heart is at rest for 40 of those years!
*About the size of your fist
ArteryArtery• A blood vessel
that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart & toward body cells
• Typically carry bright red blood
Shown in the red is
your system of arteries carrying
oxygenated blood to
your body cells…
Shown in the blue is
your system of
veins carrying
de-oxygenated blood back
to your lungs
You should not use your thumb when looking for a
pulse because
__________!
IMPORTANT!
CAPILLARIESCAPILLARIES
……are narrower than a human hair!are narrower than a human hair!
VeinVein• A blood vessel that
returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart
• Typically carry blood back to the heart
• Typically carries deoxygenated blood which appears _______
*Carry blood under lower pressure than arties
*Have thinner walls than arteries
DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
*Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters *Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters body cellsbody cells
*CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to *CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!be transported to the lungs to be exhaled!
THE CORONARY ARTERIESTHE CORONARY ARTERIES
-The heart itself needs a blood supply.
L & R Coronary Arteries feed the heart w/ blood & branch into capillaries all over the surface of the heart
*Includes conditions affecting the heart such as:
-Coronary heart disease
-Heart attack
-Congestive heart failure
-Congenital heart disease.
What is Heart Disease?
*Maintain a healthy weight
*Do not smoke
*Avoid high blood pressure
*Exercise!
*Low Fat / Low Cholesterol Diet
Steps to Avoiding Heart Disease
Heart disease is
the #1 killer of
Americans
How to take care of How to take care of your Circulatory your Circulatory
SystemSystem
• Keep arteries clear by choosing fewer fatty foods
• Do not smoke to keep your heart from working too hard
• Maintain a healthful weight
• Exercise regularly
• Keep stress low to keep blood pressure normal
The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System
•Body system that allows us to use oxygen inhaled & get rid of carbon dioxide
TracheaTrachea• Windpipe through
which air travels to the lungs
• Divides into the 2 bronchial tubes
• Bronchial Tubes- Short tubes where air enters lungs
AlveoliAlveoli• Inside the lungs
the bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes
• Small air sacs that allow oxygen to enter capillaries & CO2 to enter the lungs
*Then red blood cells carry the oxygen to body cells & pick up carbon dioxide
CiliaCilia
• The quality of the air you breathe is vital!
• The hairs in your nose help to trap particles
• Mucus in your nasal passages traps germs & particles
*Cilia= Tiny hairs that line the nasal passages
GAS EXCHANGEGAS EXCHANGE
*Oxygen enters through the alveoli to the blood stream
*CO2 exits the body from the bloodstream through the alveoli to be exhaled
SHORT VIDEO ON GAS EXCHANGE!!
How to take care of How to take care of your Respiratory your Respiratory
SystemSystem
• Avoid polluted air
• Do not smoke or breathe tobacco smoke
• Maintain a healthful weight
• Exercise to strengthen the muscles used in breathing
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System• Body system
that is the support framework of the body & helps us to move
• This includes bones, joints, & connective tissue
BonesBones
• Bones help the body move because they are almost all connected to another bone
-Living structures that function as storage centers for minerals such as calcium.
-Produce blood cells in MARROW (Soft tissue that is the center of some bones)
Bones & JointsBones & Joints
• Different types of joints allow different amounts of movement….
• There are 4 types of joints!
*Joint= Point where 2 bones meet
CartilageCartilage• Soft material at the end of bones• Protects them by keeping them from rubbing together
Healthy
Bone
Osteoporosis
What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?• It is an area of
developing tissue near the ends of long bones.
• They are found between the widened part of the shaft & the end of the bone.
• It is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones.
• Growth plates help regulate the shape & length of the bone.
• Long bones grow from ends by the growth plates, not from the middle.
What is a bone growth What is a bone growth plate?plate?
• Growth plates are prone to fractures because they are the last part of the bone to ossify (harden)
How to take care of How to take care of your Skeletal Systemyour Skeletal System
• Exercise to make bones thicker & stronger
• Wear comfortable shoes w/ good arches
• Use good posture to support the spinal column
• Eat foods w/ calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D
The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
•Body system that helps you move & keep posture
The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
• 3 types of muscles:
A- Voluntary- Those you control
Ex.- Those in your back when you lift something & all skeletal muscles
•B- Involuntary-
Those you do not control
-Also called smooth muscles
Ex.- Internal muscle organs, blood vessels
These move w/o you being aware of it!
C- CARDIAC
The Heart Muscle
Ex.- Heartbeat
These move w/o you being aware of it!
HERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN OUR
BODIES!
•Some muscles stretch across joints.
•Tendons- Tough tissues that connect muscles to joints/bones
-Ligament- Hold bones together at joints
Ex.- Knees & ankles
How Muscles Work
•Work in pairs to move bones
•When one contracts (works), it’s partner muscle relaxes (stretches out)
Taking Care of Your Muscular System
• Lift objects by bending your knees &
keeping back straight to prevent injury
• Choose exercises to work different muscle groups
• Warm-up before hard exercise
• Protein in diet
The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem
•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body
Hair / Skin / Nails
The Integumentary The Integumentary SystemSystem
•Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body
Introductory Video!
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF OUR SKIN
•Protects us from injury
•Protects us from infection
•Regulates temperature through sweat glands
MELANIN- A substance that protects
skin & gives it color.
The more melanin it contains, the darker the skin
It protects the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet rays
Caring for the Integumentary System
*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil
*Keep hair clean
*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen
Caring for the Integumentary System
*Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil
*Keep hair clean
*Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
•Body system that breaks down food so that it can be used by the body
Steps to DigestionSteps to Digestion
1- Begins in the mouth.
Salivary glands soften food for swallowing
2- Food then passes to the esophagus (tube which leads food to the stomach
3- Once in the stomach, digestive juices break down food & slowly empties the liquidy mixture into the ????_____
4- It then passes into the small intestine. Most digestion occurs here w/ a little help from its 3 friends (liver, pancreas, & gall bladder
It spends up to 4 hrs. in the S.I>. Now the nutrients can pass into the blood!
Villi- Fingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine.
Peristalsis- Involuntary wave-like contractions of the digestive system that move ‘food’ through it
5- Digestive juices from glands help w/ digestion
Pancreas- Organ that secretes insulin & juices to help break down food
Insulin- Chemical that helps your body use sugar
6- The liver produces bile which helps to break down fats
Gall Bladder- Organ that stores bile, which helps to break down fats
Liver- Organ that performs many functions—including making bile & filtering toxins from blood.
7- Food that is broken down enters the blood through the capillaries in small intestine
Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine
8- Large intestine stores food until it leaves the body.
Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine
Here the wastes are solidified
9- The colon is the part of the large intestine where most of the water left in the waste is absorbed into the blood.
It gets harder & harder as it makes its way to the end of the L.I.
The wastes stay here until you are ready to go to the bathroom…
How to care for the digestive system:
1- Chew food thoroughly before swallowing
2- Eat fresh fruits & vegetables daily
What To Know About Diabetes
*What is the difference between Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes?
*How can a person reduce their risk of Type 2 diabetes?