Body Systems

Chapter 15

THE SKELETAL SYSTEMChapter 15.1

Your Body’s Framework

• Skeletal System – is an internal system made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue.

• Made up of 3 parts– Bones– Joints – Connective Tissues

Bones

• There are 206 Bones in the Body• Funtions of Bones– Allow Movement– Provide Support– Protect other parts of your body– Form new blood cells– Store minerals

Joints

• Joints – the points at which bones meet. • Types of Joints– Hinge Joints – move in one direction only– Gliding Joints – enable bones to slide over one

another. – Pivot Joint – moves from side to side and up and

down and allows for limited rotation. – Ball and socket joint – move in all direction,

allowing rotation.

Connective Tissues

• Cartilage – Strong, flexible tissue that provides cushioning at your joints.

• Ligaments – Strong cords of tissue that connect the bones in each joint.

• Tendons – Tough bands of tissue that attach your muscles to bones.

Problems of the Skeletal System

• Fracture – a break in a bone caused by an injury.

• Dislocation – Occurs when a bone is pushed out of its joint.

• Sprain – stretching of twisting of ligaments in a joint

• Osteoarthritis – a breakdown of cartilage that causes swelling and stiffness of joints.

Problems Continued…

• Scoliosis – a sideways curvature of the spine. • Osteoporosis – a condition characterized by

brittle and porous bones.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMChapter 15.2

Muscular System

• Your muscular system is the group of structures that make your body parts move.

• Muscles are all throughout your body. • Muscles are located in your intestines, heart,

and on your skeletal system.

Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscles – muscle attached to bones that enables you to move your body.

• Smooth muscle – muscle found in organs and in blood vessels and glands.

• Cardiac muscle – muscle only found in the walls of your heart.

Muscles of the Body

Problems with the Muscular System

• Pulled of torn muscle – Muscle has been torn away from the bone or has been damaged within itself.

• Muscle strain – any type of soreness that develops in a muscle because of overuse. Caused by small tears in the muscle.

• Cramped muscle – muscle remains contracted rather than extending. Usually a sign of dehydration.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMChapter 15.3

What is the Circulatory System?

• The Circulatory System consists of organs and tissues that transport essential materials to body cells and remove their waste products.

Blood

• Plasma – made up of 92% water. Transports blood solids, nutrients, hormones, and other minerals.

• Red blood cells – carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from them.

• White blood cells – help fight disease and infection.

• Platelets – help blood form a clot at the site of a wound.

Problems of the Circulatory System

• Hypertension – a condition in which blood pressure is consistently higher than normal.

• Stroke – usually results from blood clots that block vessels in the brain.

• Heart Attack – is blockage of the flow of blood to the heart.

• Arteriosclerosis – a condition in which arteries harden.

Care of the Circulatory System

• Limit fat in your food• Get regular exercise• Avoid tobacco• Manage stress

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMChapter 15.4

What is the Respiratory System?• The organs that provide the body with a continuous

supply of oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide.

Problems with the Respiratory System

• Influenza – colds caused by viruses• Bronchitis – Swelling of the bronchi• Allergies – immune responses to foreign

substances• Asthma – inflammatory disease that causes

the bronchi to become blocked or narrowed• Pnumonia – lung infection caused by viruses

or bacteria

• Emphysema – disease in which the alveoli are damaged or destroyed

• Tuberculosis – bacterial lung infection that causes a dry cough in early stages.

• Lung Cancer – a disease in which tissues of the lung are destroyed by the growth of a tumor.

Care of the Respiratory System

• Stay active• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke• Avoid polluted air• Reduce your risk of respiratory infection

THE NERVOUS SYSTEMChapter 15.4

What is the Nervous System?

• There are 2 parts– The Central Nervous System• The brain and the spinal cord

– The Peripheral Nervous System• The nerves that connect the CNS to all parts of the

body.

The Nervous System and the Brain

What are neurons?

• Neurons are specialized cells that make up the nervous system.

Problems with the Nervous System

• Head injury – Usually caused by a blow to the head

• Spinal cord injury • Nerve inflammation

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMChapter 15.6

What is the Digestive System

• The digestive system is an organ system that converts food to a form useful to the body.

• Digestion is the changing of food you eat into substances the body can use.

The Digestive System

Parts of the Digestive System

• Small Intestine – a coiled, tubelike organ that is about 20 feet long.

• Large Intestine – transports waste out of the body and absorbs water from the waste before it leaves.

• Liver – large gland that has many digestive functions.

• Gallbladder – small, saclike organ that stores bile• Pancreas – an organ that produces enzymes that

assist in digestion.

Problems with the Digestive System

• Indigestion• Diarrhea• Ulcers• Cirrhosis• Gallstones• Kidney Stones• Appendicitis• Hemorrhoids• Colon Cancer

Care of the Digestive System

• Eat a variety of food• Eat complete meals• Do not rush your meals• Chew food thoroughly• Drink plenty of water• See your dentist regularly

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMChapter 15.7

What is the Endocrine System?

• A chemical communication system that regulates many body functions.

• It is made up of glands.– A Gland is a group of cells, or an organ, that

secretes a chemical substance.

Some of the Organs in the Endocrine System

Problems of the Endocrine System

• Diabetes• Overactive Thyroid• Underactive Thyroid• Growth Extremes

Caring for the Endocrine System

• Eat balanced meals• Get enough sleep• Engage in regular physical activity• Keep things in perspective• Have regular medical checkups