Central Nervous System Dr. Anderson GCIT. Animal Body Plans.
Body Plans
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Body Plans 008a
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008a. Body Plans. The Animal Kingdom - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Body Plans
Body Plans
008a
The Animal KingdomThough there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, animals can
be distinguished from the other kingdoms by a set of characteristics. Though other types of life may share some of these characteristics, the set of characteristics as a whole provide a distinction from the other kingdoms.
1. Animals are multicellular.
2. Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances.
3. Animals typically reproduce sexually.
4. Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.
5. Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives.
6. Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification
Cellular organizationSymmetryCoelomDigestive systemSegmentationCephalization
Kingdom Animalia
Symmetry
UnorganizedRadialBilateral
Cellular organization
Tissues, organs, systems
Coelom
Body cavity or not
Digestive system
None, 1 or 2 openings, how
Kingdom Animalia coelomdigestive tube
Segmentation
Repetition of body parts
Cephalization
Development of a “head end”
Kingdom Animalia
Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetrybilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida Echinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
Early Embryonic
Development of an Animal
Major Stages of Animal Development
• gametogenesis• fertilization• cleavage• blastula• gastrulation• differentiation and morphogenesis
Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals
Protostome vs Deuterostome
• Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus
Blastula
Blastopore
What is a Phylum?
Some Examples of Animal Phyla
• Phylum Cnidaria– sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
• Phylum Mollusca– snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
• Phylum Arthropoda– spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
• Phylum Echinodermata– sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
• Phylum Chordata– sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals
Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
• Symmetry• Primary Germ Layers• Gut Organization• Body Cavity• Segmentation• Skeletal Systems• Circulatory Systems• Appendages• Coloniality
Symmetry• Asymmetry• Radial Symmetry• Bilateral Symmetry
Symmetry
Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry
Radial SymmetryJellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria
Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
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Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata
Bilateral Symmetry
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Audubon Society from Photo Researchers
SlugPhylum Mollusca
Bilateral Symmetry
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Teason
SquidPhylum Mollusca
Primary Germ Layers
• None• Diploblastic• Triploblast
Mesoderm
Ectoderm Endoderm
gut
Fates of the Primary Germ Layers• Ectoderm
– hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves• Mesoderm
– notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
• Endoderm– internal lining of the gut and respiratory
pathways, liver, pancreas
The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
Germ Layer Patterns
Ectoderm
Endoderm
gut
Diploblastic
Diploblastic- two germ layersPhylum Cnidaria
Germ Layer Patterns
acoelomate
Triploblastic: 3 germ layers
Mesoderm
Ectoderm Endoderm
gut
• No Gut• Blind Sac Gut• Complete Gut
Gut Organization
No GutSponges
Phylum Porifera
No GutSponges
Phylum Porifera
Blind Sac GutPhylum Cnidaria
Complete Gut
Segmentation
Segmentation
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CentipedePhylum Arthropoda
SegmentationLobster
Phylum Arthropoda
Skeleton
Functions of the Skeleton
• supports basic body form• protection of soft internal
tissues and organs• facilitates locomotion
Skeleton
• Hydrostatic Skeletons• Hard Skeletons
– Exoskeletons– Endoskeletons
Hydrostatic SkeletonSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrostatic Skeleton:• A non compressible fluid held under
pressure in a closed body compartment.
• Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
• The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
EarthwormPhylum Annelida
Exoskeleton
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Foott, Bruce Coleman Ltd.
ChitonPhylum Mollusca
ExoskeletonStony Coral
Phylum Cnidaria
Endoskeletons
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
VertebratesPhylum Chordata
Types of Appendages
Functions of Appendages
• locomotion• feeding• sensory• protection
TentaclesSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
Jointed Appendages
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
Bee AppendagesPhylum Arthropoda
Circulatory Systems
Functions of Circulatory Systems
• transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
• maintains water and solute balance• defense against pathogens
Circulatory System
• None (simple diffusion)• Body Cavity Circulation• Closed Circulatory System• Open Circulatory System
No Circulatory SystemComb Jelly
Phylum Ctenophora
Circulation in a Moon JellyfishPhylum Cnidaria
Closed Versus Open Circulatory Systems
Nervous Systems
Functions of Nervous systems
• integration of animal behavior• processing and interpretation of
sensory information• elicits external and internal
responses
Types of Nervous Systems
Coloniality
ColonialityCoral
Phylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
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Sea FanPhylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved. Maira & Rod Borland, Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Man-of-WarPhylum Cnidaria
Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War
