Body Cavities, Regions and Quadrants; Body Planes, Positions, and Directions Ms. Nina Starnes...

Body Cavities, Regions and Quadrants; Body Cavities, Regions and Quadrants; Body Planes, Positions, and DirectionsBody Planes, Positions, and Directions

Ms. Nina StarnesMs. Nina Starnes

Chapter 2: Structural Chapter 2: Structural Organization of the bodyOrganization of the body

The Body’s levels of The Body’s levels of OrganizationOrganization

The CellThe Cell

The cell is the fundamental unit and building The cell is the fundamental unit and building blocks of all living things. Cells are in all blocks of all living things. Cells are in all parts of the body including, every tissue and parts of the body including, every tissue and organ.organ.

The human body is composed of trillions of The human body is composed of trillions of cells, That provide structure for the body, cells, That provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert take in nutrients from food, convert nutrients into energy, and carry out nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the specialized functions. Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves. copies of themselves.

Parts and functions of the CellParts and functions of the Cell

The cell MembraneThe cell Membrane: surrounds and : surrounds and protects the cell. It is semi-permeable, protects the cell. It is semi-permeable, which means it is selective about what it which means it is selective about what it allows to pass in and out of it.allows to pass in and out of it.

The term The term osmosisosmosis describes the describes the movement of a movement of a solvent through a through a semi- permeable membrane from a less from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution to a more concentrated one; as in how cells allow concentrated one; as in how cells allow small molecules to enter and exit the cell. small molecules to enter and exit the cell.

Parts and functions of the Cell Parts and functions of the Cell cont…cont…

TheThe nucleus:nucleus: Is the brain of the cell. Is the brain of the cell. The nucleus serves as the cell’s The nucleus serves as the cell’s command center, sending directions command center, sending directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide, or to the cell to grow, mature, divide, or die. It also houses DNA, which is the die. It also houses DNA, which is the cell’s hereditary material. The nucleus cell’s hereditary material. The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope/membrane, the nuclear envelope/membrane, which protects the DNA and separates which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.the nucleus from the rest of the cell.


Chromosomes:Chromosomes: are rod like structures within the are rod like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells contain 23 pairs of nucleus. All human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (except for sex cells; the ovum and chromosomes (except for sex cells; the ovum and sperm). Each sperm and egg cell has only 23 un sperm). Each sperm and egg cell has only 23 un paired chromosomes. After the sperm and egg paired chromosomes. After the sperm and egg cells unite to form the embryo, each cell of the cells unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo, then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).embryo, then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Chromosomes also contain regions/sections calledChromosomes also contain regions/sections called genesgenes. . There are several thousand genes, in an There are several thousand genes, in an orderly sequence, on each chromosome. Each orderly sequence, on each chromosome. Each gene is composed of a chemical calledgene is composed of a chemical called DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA regulates the (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA regulates the activities of the cell. The DNA is like a series of activities of the cell. The DNA is like a series of recipes in code. When the code is carried outside recipes in code. When the code is carried outside the nucleus, it directs the activities of the cell, the nucleus, it directs the activities of the cell, such as cell reproduction, and the manufacture ofsuch as cell reproduction, and the manufacture of proteins.proteins.

The Human CellThe Human Cell

Karyotype:Karyotype: Chromosomes within the nucleus can be Chromosomes within the nucleus can be analyzed in terms of their size, arrangement and number, by analyzed in terms of their size, arrangement and number, by

performing a performing a karyotypekaryotype. . This is used to determine whether the This is used to determine whether the chromosomes are normal in number and structurechromosomes are normal in number and structure; an ; an

example is an amniocentesisexample is an amniocentesis

What do you see that’s What do you see that’s different?different?

Is this a Is this a girlgirl or a or a boyboy??

Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm: is a gel-like material outside the is a gel-like material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane; nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane; it contains water and nutrients for the cell.it contains water and nutrients for the cell.

Mitochondria:Mitochondria: (the power house of the cell) (the power house of the cell) small rod shaped bodies that produce and small rod shaped bodies that produce and release energy to the cell by burning food in release energy to the cell by burning food in the presence of oxygen. This is calledthe presence of oxygen. This is called Catabolism; Catabolism; in which complex foods (sugar in which complex foods (sugar and fats) are broken down into smaller and fats) are broken down into smaller substances that the cell can use, and energy substances that the cell can use, and energy is released to do the work of the cell. What is is released to do the work of the cell. What is this energy called? this energy called?

Parts and functions the Cell Parts and functions the Cell contcont……


Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum:: a network of a network of canals that serve as a cellular tunnel canals that serve as a cellular tunnel system in which proteins are system in which proteins are manufactured for use in the cell. manufactured for use in the cell. RibosomesRibosomes are located on the are located on the endoplasmic reticulum, and is where the endoplasmic reticulum, and is where the proteins are made for the cell. The proteins are made for the cell. The process of building up complex process of building up complex materials, such as the building of large materials, such as the building of large proteins; is called proteins; is called AnabolismAnabolism. What are . What are the building blocks of proteins? the building blocks of proteins?


Metabolism:Metabolism: is the combination of two is the combination of two processes, anabolism and catabolism. It is processes, anabolism and catabolism. It is the total of the chemical processes the total of the chemical processes occurring in a cell (heat lost and produced). occurring in a cell (heat lost and produced). If a person has a “fast metabolism” then If a person has a “fast metabolism” then foods such as sugars and fats are used up foods such as sugars and fats are used up very quickly and energy is released. If a very quickly and energy is released. If a person has “slow metabolism” foods are person has “slow metabolism” foods are thought to be burned very slowly and fat thought to be burned very slowly and fat accumulates in the cells.accumulates in the cells.


LysosomesLysosomes:: (suicide bag of the cell) (suicide bag of the cell) are chemical used to digest waste. are chemical used to digest waste. Capable of digesting nonessential Capable of digesting nonessential parts of the cell to avoid cell death.parts of the cell to avoid cell death.

Golgi Apparatus (body):Golgi Apparatus (body): (the UPS of (the UPS of the cell) are used for the packaging the cell) are used for the packaging and secreting of energy in and out of and secreting of energy in and out of the cell.the cell.

Cell DifferencesCell Differences Are all cells the same? No.Are all cells the same? No. Cells are different or specialized throughout the Cells are different or specialized throughout the

body to carry out their individual functions. For body to carry out their individual functions. For example a example a MMuscle celluscle cell is long and slender and is long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and contains fibers that aid in contracting and releasing. Areleasing. A NNerve cellerve cell is elongated and has is elongated and has extensions aiding in carrying impulses, and extensions aiding in carrying impulses, and EEpithelial cellspithelial cells are flat and square to provide are flat and square to provide protection for the underlying tissues. Aprotection for the underlying tissues. A FatFat cellcell contains large empty spaces used for fat contains large empty spaces used for fat storage. There are many different types of cells storage. There are many different types of cells in the body, that have different appearances and in the body, that have different appearances and functions; the above mentioned are just a few.functions; the above mentioned are just a few.

Body TissuesBody Tissues Tissues:Tissues:

Are cells grouped together in the body that Are cells grouped together in the body that form tissues. They are a collection of similar form tissues. They are a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary specialized function. There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: tissue types in the human body: Epithelial Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, Muscle tissue and tissue, connective tissue, Muscle tissue and Nerve tissue.Nerve tissue.

1. 1. Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue - The cells of epithelial - The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and serve as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate, helping to keep the body's organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body's and the tissue surrounding the body's organs.organs.

Body Tissues cont…Body Tissues cont… 2. 2. Connective TissueConnective Tissue - There are many types of connective - There are many types of connective

tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagencollagen that add that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. considered a form of connective tissue.

3. 3. Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue - Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that - Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosinactin and myosin that slide past one another and allow that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.muscles throughout your body.

4. 4. Nerve TissueNerve Tissue - Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: - Nerve tissue contains two types of cells:

neuronsneurons and and glialglial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down thetransmitted down the spinal cord to the bodyspinal cord to the body

OrgansOrgans

Organs:Organs: are the next level of organization in the body. An are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissues functioning together for a common purpose. There of tissues functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers: the composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer.subcutaneous layer.

The The EEpidermispidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of

epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the tissue called the DermisDermis. In addition to providing support for . In addition to providing support for the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you 'goose-bumps' muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you 'goose-bumps' when you get cold or frightened. The when you get cold or frightened. The SSubcutaneous layerubcutaneous layer is is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin more commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin and provide protection from cold temperaturesand provide protection from cold temperatures

Organ Systems:Organ Systems:

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Organ systemsOrgan systems

Body CavitiesBody Cavities There are two main cavities within the body, the There are two main cavities within the body, the ventralventral and the and the

dorsaldorsal cavities cavities. .

Dorsal cavity:Dorsal cavity:The dorsal body cavity is at the back of the body . It can be further divided into The dorsal body cavity is at the back of the body . It can be further divided into

the upper and lower portions, the cranial cavity and the spinal canal. the upper and lower portions, the cranial cavity and the spinal canal.

Cranial cavityCranial cavity Upper portion. Bounded by the skull. Brain and meninges. Upper portion. Bounded by the skull. Brain and meninges.Vertebral canalVertebral canal Lower portion. Bounded by the vertebral column, intervertebral Lower portion. Bounded by the vertebral column, intervertebral

discs and surrounding ligaments. Spinal cord, spinal nerve roots. discs and surrounding ligaments. Spinal cord, spinal nerve roots.

Ventral cavity:Ventral cavity:Is divided into three cavities, the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic Is divided into three cavities, the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic

cavity. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are divided by the diaphragm and cavity. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are divided by the diaphragm and the abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous with each other.the abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous with each other.

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity Large cavity above the diaphragm. It is bound laterally by the Large cavity above the diaphragm. It is bound laterally by the ribs and the diaphragm inferiorly. Encloses the Heart, lungs, trachea, ribs and the diaphragm inferiorly. Encloses the Heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels and nerves.esophagus, large blood vessels and nerves.Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity Large cavity below the diaphragm. It is bound superiorly by Large cavity below the diaphragm. It is bound superiorly by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity.the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity.Gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands.Gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands.Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity Small cavity below the brim of the pelvis. It is bounded Small cavity below the brim of the pelvis. It is bounded superiorly by the abdominal cavity, posteriorly by the sacrum, and laterally superiorly by the abdominal cavity, posteriorly by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis, Urinary bladder, genitals, sigmoid colon and rectumby the pelvis, Urinary bladder, genitals, sigmoid colon and rectum..

Quadrants of the AbdomenQuadrants of the AbdomenThe abdomen can be divided by The abdomen can be divided by 2 lines into 4 Quadrants2 lines into 4 Quadrants or by or by 4 lines 4 lines

into 9 Regions. into 9 Regions. The two lines that divide the abdomen into quadrants form a cross, The two lines that divide the abdomen into quadrants form a cross, the center of which is positioned over the umbilicus (belly button). the center of which is positioned over the umbilicus (belly button).

These quadrants are often used to indicate the location of pain.These quadrants are often used to indicate the location of pain. Right upper quadrantRight upper quadrant Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, duodenum, a Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, duodenum, a

portion of the ascending and transverse colons and the small intestine. portion of the ascending and transverse colons and the small intestine. Left upper quadrantLeft upper quadrant Stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas, a portion of Stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas, a portion of

the descending and transverse colons and the small intestine.the descending and transverse colons and the small intestine. Right lower quadrantRight lower quadrant Appendix, cecum, a potion of the ascending colon Appendix, cecum, a potion of the ascending colon

and the small intestine.and the small intestine. Left lower quadrantLeft lower quadrant A portion of the descending and transverse colons A portion of the descending and transverse colons

and the small intestine.and the small intestine.

REGIONS OF THE ABDOMENREGIONS OF THE ABDOMENRight hypochondriac Right hypochondriac regionregionLeft hypochondriac Left hypochondriac regionregionEpigastric region Epigastric region Right lateral regionRight lateral regionLeft lateral regionLeft lateral regionUmbilical region Umbilical region Right inguinal region Right inguinal region Hypogastric (pubic) Hypogastric (pubic) region region Left inguinal regionLeft inguinal region

Vertebral column.Vertebral column.7 7 Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) neck region neck region

12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) chest region12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) chest region5 5 Lumbar vertebra (L1-L5)waist regionLumbar vertebra (L1-L5)waist region

5 (fused) Sacrum (S1-S5)5 (fused) Sacrum (S1-S5)4 (fused) Coccygeal vertebrae (tail bone)4 (fused) Coccygeal vertebrae (tail bone)

Anatomical DirectionsAnatomical DirectionsDirection is used, when the body is in the anatomical position to explain the Direction is used, when the body is in the anatomical position to explain the

location of a structure relative to the structures surrounding it.location of a structure relative to the structures surrounding it. Anterior Anterior (or ventral)(or ventral) Towards the front of the body (in front of). The sternum Towards the front of the body (in front of). The sternum

lies anterior to the heart. lies anterior to the heart. Posterior Posterior (or dorsal)(or dorsal) Towards the back of the body (behind). The heart lies Towards the back of the body (behind). The heart lies

posterior the sternum. posterior the sternum. Superior Superior (or cranial)(or cranial) Above (on top of). The heart lies superior to the Above (on top of). The heart lies superior to the

diaphragm. diaphragm. Inferior Inferior (or caudal)(or caudal) Below (underneath). The diaphragm lies inferior to the Below (underneath). The diaphragm lies inferior to the

heart.heart. LateralLateral Away from the mid line of the body (towards the sides). The lungs lie Away from the mid line of the body (towards the sides). The lungs lie

lateral to the heart.lateral to the heart. MedialMedial Towards the mid line of the body (towards the middle). The heart lies Towards the mid line of the body (towards the middle). The heart lies

medial to the lungs. medial to the lungs. DeepDeep Away from the body surface (towards the inner body). Ex. A stab wound Away from the body surface (towards the inner body). Ex. A stab wound

deep into the abdomendeep into the abdomen SuperficialSuperficial Towards the external surface of the body. The sternum is Towards the external surface of the body. The sternum is

superficial to the heart.superficial to the heart. ProximalProximal Nearer to the trunk of the body. The shoulder is proximal to the Nearer to the trunk of the body. The shoulder is proximal to the

elbow. elbow. SSupupineine Lying on the back. Face Lying on the back. Face UPUP PrPrononee Lying on the belly. Lying on the belly. OnOn face face DistalDistal far from the point of attachment to the trunk, or from the beginning of far from the point of attachment to the trunk, or from the beginning of

the structure.the structure. ProximalProximal Near the point of attachment to the trunk, or near the beginning of Near the point of attachment to the trunk, or near the beginning of

the structure.the structure.

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes transverse transverse (Cross-sectional plane ) This plane cuts the body (Cross-sectional plane ) This plane cuts the body horizontally, into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. horizontally, into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Frontal Frontal (Coronal plane) This plane cuts the body vertically, into (Coronal plane) This plane cuts the body vertically, into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.SagittalSagittal (lateral) This plane cuts the body vertically, into left and right (lateral) This plane cuts the body vertically, into left and right

portionsportions..

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Body Cavities, Regions and Quadrants; Body Planes, Positions, and Directions Ms. Nina Starnes...

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