BO2 1st Set of Cases

7/25/2019 BO2 1st Set of Cases

1/459

BO2 1stset of cases

G.R. Nos. 116124-25. November 22, 2000.*

BIBIANO O. REYNOO I!, "et#t#o$er, vs. %ON. &O'R( O) AEA+ a$ GENERA+ &REI(&ORORA(ION, res"o$e$ts.

&or"orat#o$ +a/ ecr#t#es Ec3a$e &omm#ss#o$/ )ra/ 3e$ t3e cor"orate ct#o$ #sse to "er"etrate fra or "romote #$7st#ce, t3e 8a ste"s #$ to reme9 t3e "rob8em. 3e$t3at 3a""e$s, t3e cor"orate c3aracter #s $ot $ecessar#89 abroate. It co$t#$es for8e#t#mate ob7ect#ve. %oever, #t #s "#erce #$ orer to reme9 #$7st#ce.:It #s obv#os t3att3e se b9 &&&-;& of t3e same $ame of &ommerc#a8 &re#t &or"orat#o$ as #$te$e to"b8#c89 #e$t#f9 #t as a com"o$e$t of t3e &&& ro" of com"a$#es e$ae #$ o$e a$ t3esame bs#$ess, #.e., #$vestme$t a$ $a$c#$. As#e from &&&-;e


2/459

ora$#


3/459

As Res#e$t =a$aer of &&&-;&, "et#t#o$er oversa t3e o"erat#o$s of &&&-;& a$s"erv#se #ts em"8o9ees. (3e bs#$ess act#v#t#es of &&&-;& "erta#$ to t3e acce"ta$ce off$s from e"os#tors 3o are #sse #$terest-bear#$ "rom#ssor9 $otes. (3e amo$tse"os#te are t3e$ 8oa$e ot to var#os borroers. et#t#o$er, #$ orer to boost t3e bs#$essact#v#t#es of &&&-;&, e"os#te 3#s "erso$a8 f$s #$ t3e com"a$9. I$ retr$, &&&-;& #sseto 3#m #ts #$terest-bear#$ "rom#ssor9 $otes.

O$ Ast 15, 1FP0, a com"8a#$t for sm of mo$e9 #t3 "re8#m#$ar9 attac3me$t,1 oc?eteas v#8 &ase No. ;-05P, as #$st#tte #$ t3e t3e$ &ort of )#rst I$sta$ce of R#


4/459

be ecte t3e rema#$#$ ob8#at#o$ of efe$a$t $er t3e "rom#ssor9 $ote of October 24,1F, #$ t3e sm of F,P.00 "8s "e$a8t9 at t3e rate of 1K "er mo$t3 from ecember 24,1F $t#8 f889 "a#/

cH to "a9 efe$a$ts 200,000.00 as mora8 amaes/

H to "a9 efe$a$ts 100,000.00 as eem"8ar9 amaes/

eH to "a9 efe$a$ts 25,000.00 as a$ for attor$e9s fees/ "8s costs of t3e s#t.

O ORERE.

Bot3 "art#es a""ea8e to t3e t3e$ I$terme#ate A""e88ate &ort. (3e a""ea8 of &ommerc#a8&re#t &or"orat#o$ of ;e


5/459

4 I., ". 2F.

5 I., ". 2FF.

6 I., ". 00.

I., ". 20.

P I., "". 21-24.

F I., "". 1-2.

10 I., "". -5.

11 I., "". 6-42.

40

40'RE=E &O'R( REOR( ANNO(A(E

Re9$oso I! vs. &ort of A""ea8s

I$ 3#s O""os#t#o$ to t3e Om$#bs =ot#o$, "et#t#o$er #$s#ste t3at Ge$era8 &re#t &or"orat#o$#s 7st t3e $e $ame of &ommerc#a8 &re#t &or"orat#o$/ 3e$ce, Ge$era8 &re#t &or"orat#o$a$ &ommerc#a8 &re#t &or"orat#o$ s3o8 be treate as o$e a$ t3e same e$t#t9.

O$ )ebrar9 1, 1FF2, t3e Re#o$a8 (r#a8 &ort of ;e


6/459

12 I., "". P2-P.

1 I., "". P4-P5.

14 I., "". P6-400.

15 I., "". 402-425.

41

!O+. 45, NO!E=BER 22, 2000

41


eect#o$ ot3er "ro"ert#es of sa# "et#t#o$er.J (3e #$7$ct#o$ t3s ra$te, as mo#e b9t3e ors #$ "are$t3es#s, s3a88 rema#$ #$ force $t#8 v#8 &ase No. 61 s3a88 3ave bee$

$a889 term#$ate.

I$ No. 26P, e ra$t t3e "et#t#o$ for cert#orar# a$ accor#$89 N'++I)Y a$ E( AIE,for 3av#$ bee$ #sse #$ ecess of 7r#s#ct#o$, t3e Orer of 1 )ebrar9 1FF2 #$ v#8 &aseNo. ;-05P as e88 as a$9 ot3er orer or "rocess t3ro3 3#c3 t3e "et#t#o$er #s mae8#ab8e $er t3e 7me$t #$ sa# v#8 &ase No. ;-05P.

No amaes a$ $o costs.

O ORERE.16

%e$ce, t3#s "et#t#o$ for rev#e a$c3ore o$ t3e fo88o#$ arme$tsD

1. (%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN &A-G.R. NO. 26P %EN I( N'++I)IE

AN E( AIE (%E 1 )EBR'ARY 1FF2 ORER AN O(%ER ORER OR RO&E O)BRAN&% P6 O) (%E REGIONA+ (RIA+ &O'R( O) ;'EQON &I(Y (%RO'G% %I&% GENERA+&REI( &ORORA(ION I =AE +IAB+E 'NER (%E C'G=EN( (%A( A RENERE IN&I!I+ &AE NO. ;-05P.

2. (%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN &A-G.R. NO. 251P %EN I( ENCOINE(%E A'&(ION A+E ON EE&'(ION O) (%E ROER(IE O) GENERA+ &REI( &ORORA(IONA E++ A INI(IA(ING I=I+AR A&( O) +E!YING 'ON AN E++ING ON EE&'(ION O)O(%ER ROER(IE O) GENERA+ &REI( &ORORA(ION.

. (%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN %O+ING (%A( GENERA+ &REI(&ORORA(ION I A (RANGER (O &I!I+ &AE NO. ;-05P, IN(EA O), E&+ARING (%A(&O==ER&IA+ &REI( &ORORA(ION O) ;'EQON &I(Y I (%E A+(ER EGO,

IN(R'=EN(A+I(Y, &ON'I( OR AC'N&( O) &O==ER&IA+ &REI( &ORORA(ION AN I('&&EOR GENERA+ &REI( &ORORA(ION.

At t3e otset, #t mst be stresse t3at t3ere #s $o 8o$er a$9 co$trovers9 over "et#t#o$ersc8a#ms aa#$st 3#s former em"8o9er, &&&-;&, #$asmc3 as t3e ec#s#o$ #$ v#8 &ase No. ;-05P of t3e

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7/459

16 I., "". 5-5P.

42

42

'RE=E &O'R( REOR( ANNO(A(E

Re9$oso (! vs. &ort of A""ea8s

Re#o$a8 (r#a8 &ort of ;e


8/459

cort ec#s#o$. (3e cor"orate ct#o$ 3as to be #sreare 3e$ $ecessar9 #$ t3e #$terest of7st#ce.

I$ )#rst 3#8#""#$e I$ter$at#o$a8 Ba$? v. &ort of A""ea8s, et a8.,1F e 3e8D

3e$ t3e ct#o$ #s re as a mea$s of "er"etrat#$ a fra or a$ #88ea8 act or as a ve3#c8efor t3e evas#o$ of a$ e#st#$ ob8#at#o$, t3e c#rcmve$t#o$ of stattes, t3e ac3#eveme$t or

"erfect#o$ of a mo$o"o89 or e$era889 t3e "er"etrat#o$ of ?$aver9 or cr#me, t3e ve#8 #t33#c3 t3e 8a covers a$ #so8ates t3e cor"orat#o$ from t3e members or stoc?3o8ers 3ocom"ose #t #88 be 8#fte to a88o for #ts co$s#erat#o$ mere89 as a$ areat#o$ of#$#v#a8s.

A8so #$ t3e above-c#te case, e state t3at t3#s &ort 3as "#erce t3e ve#8 of cor"oratect#o$ #$ $meros cases 3ere #t as se, amo$ ot3ers, to avo# a 7me$t cre#t/20 toavo# #$c8s#o$ of cor"orate assets as "art of t3e estate of a ecee$t/21 to avo# 8#ab#8#t9ar#s#$ from ebt/22 3e$ mae se of as a s3#e8 to "er"etrate fra a$Mor co$fse8e#t#mate #sses/2 or to "romote $fa#r ob7ect#ves or ot3er#se to s3#e8 t3em.24

I$ t3e a""ea8e 7me$t, t3e &ort of A""ea8s ssta#$e res"o$e$ts arme$ts ofse"arate$ess a$ #ts c3aracter as a #ere$t cor"orat#o$ 3#c3 #s a $o$-"art9 or stra$er to

t3#s case.

(3e efe$se of se"arate$ess #88 be #sreare 3ere t3e bs#$ess aa#rs of a sbs##ar9cor"orat#o$ are so co$tro88e b9 t3e mot3er cor"orat#o$ to t3e ete$t t3at #t becomes a$#$strme$t or ae$t of #ts "are$t. Bt eve$ 3e$ t3ere #s om#$a$ce over t3e aa#rs of t3esbs##ar9, t3e octr#$e of "#erc#$ t3e ve#8 of cor"o-

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

1F 252 &RA 25F, 2P-2PP S1FF6T.

20 #baat (#mber &or". v. Garc#a, 216 &RA 40 S1FF2T/ (a$ Boo$ Bee &o., I$c. v.

Care$c#o, 16 &RA 205 S1FPPT.

21 &ease v. &A, F &RA 4P S1FFT.

22 Arc#88a v. &A, 215 &RA 120 S1FF2T/ 3#8#""#$e Ba$? of &omm$#cat#o$s v. &A, 1F5 &RA56 S1FF1T.

2 Cac#$to v. &A, 1FP &RA 211 S1FF1T.

24 !#88a$eva v. Are, 12 &RA P6 S1FPFT.

44

44



rate ct#o$ a""8#es o$89 3e$ sc3 ct#o$ #s se to efeat "b8#c co$ve$#e$ce, 7st#f9ro$, "rotect fra or efe$ cr#me.25


9/459

e state #$ (omas +ao &o$strct#o$ v. Nat#o$a8 +abor Re8at#o$s &omm#ss#o$,26 t3at t3e8ea8 ct#o$ of a cor"orat#o$ be#$ a 7#c#a8 e$t#t9 #t3 a #st#$ct a$ se"arate "erso$a8#t9as e$v#sae for co$ve$#e$ce a$ to serve 7st#ce. (3erefore, #t s3o8 $ot be se as asbterfe to comm#t #$7st#ce a$ c#rcmve$t t3e 8a.

rec#se89 for t3e above reaso$s, e ra$t t3e #$sta$t "et#t#o$.

It #s obv#os t3at t3e se b9 &&&-;& of t3e same $ame of &ommerc#a8 &re#t &or"orat#o$as #$te$e to "b8#c89 #e$t#f9 #t as a com"o$e$t of t3e &&& ro" of com"a$#es e$ae#$ o$e a$ t3e same bs#$ess, #.e., #$vestme$t a$ $a$c#$. As#e from &&&;e


10/459

to s#t t3e#r #$#v#a8 cor"orate co$ve$#e$ces/ a$ t3e om#$a$ce of "o8#c9 a$ "ract#ce b9t3e mot3er cor"orat#o$ #$sre t3at &&&-;& as a$ #$strme$ta8#t9 or ae$c9 of &&&.

As "et#t#o$er stresses, bot3 &&& a$ &&&-;& ere e$ae #$ t3e same "r#$c#"a8 8#$e ofbs#$ess #$vo8v#$ a s#$8e tra$sact#o$ "rocess. '$er t3e#r #sco$t#$ arra$eme$ts, &&&$a$ce t3e o"erat#o$s of &&&-;&. (3e sbs##ar9 so8, #sco$te, or ass#$e #ts acco$ts

rece#vab8es to &&&.(3e test#mo$9 of Cose8#to . +#a$a, acco$ta$t a$ a#tor of &&& s#$ce 1F1, s3os t3e"ervas#ve a$ #$te$s#ve a#t#$ f$ct#o$ of &&& over &&&-;&.2 (3e to cor"orat#o$s a8sos3are t3e same oce s"ace. &&&-;& 3a $o oce of #ts o$.

(3e com"8a#$t #$ v#8 &ase No. ;-05P, #$st#tte b9 &&&-;&, as eve$ ver#e b9 t3e#rector-re"rese$tat#ve of &&&. (3e 8a9ers 3o 8e t3e com"8a#$t a$ ame$e com"8a#$tere a88 #$3ose 8a9ers of &&&.

(3e c3a88e$e ec#s#o$ of t3e &ort of A""ea8s states t3at &&&, $o Ge$era8 &re#t&or"orat#o$, #s $ot a forma8 "art9 #$ t3e case. (3e reaso$ for t3#s #s t3at t3e com"8a#$t as8e b9 &&&-;& aa#$st "et#t#o$er. (3e c3o#ce of "art#es as #t3 &&&-;&. (3e 7me$taar #$ t3#s case arose from t3e co$terc8a#m 3#c3 "et#t#o$er set " aa#$st &&&-;&.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

2 (N, =arc3 24, 1FP2/ Ro88o, "". 6F-150.

46

46



(3e c#rcmsta$ces 3#c3 8e to t3e 8#$ of t3e aforesa# com"8a#$t are L#te revea8#$. As$arrate above, t3e #sco$t#$ areeme$ts t3ro3 3#c3 &&& co$tro88e t3e $a$ces of#ts sbor#$ates became $8af8 3e$ &e$tra8 Ba$? ao"te t3e ORI "ro3#b#t#o$s. '$ert3#s r8e t3e #rectors, ocers, a$ stoc?3o8ers are "ro3#b#te from borro#$ from t3e#rcom"a$9. I$stea of a3er#$ to t3e 8etter a$ s"#r#t of t3e re8at#o$s b9 avo##$ ORI8oa$s a8toet3er, &&& se t3e cor"orate ev#ce to co$t#$e t3e "ro3#b#te "ract#ce. &&&ora$#


11/459

(3ese mo$#es ere a88ee #$ t3e cr#m#$a8 com"8a#$ts aa#$st 3#m as 3av#$ bee$ sto8e$.&om"8a#$ts for La8#e t3eft a$ estafa ere bro3t b9 &&&-;& aa#$st "et#t#o$er. (3esecr#m#$a8 cases ere 8ater #sm#sse. #m#8ar89, t3e c#v#8 com"8a#$t 3#c3 as 8e #t3 t3e&ort of )#rst I$sta$ce of as# a$ 8ater tra$sferre to t3e Re#o$a8 (r#a8 &ort of ;e


12/459

2P 65 &RA 61 11F5T.

2F 25 &RA 14F S1FF6T.

0 22 &RA 454 S1FFT.

4P

4P


!etera$s )eerat#o$ of t3e 3#8#""#$es vs. &ort of A""ea8s

Cme$t reverse a$ set as#e.

Notes.:Bas#c #$ cor"orat#o$ 8a #s t3e "r#$c#"8e t3at a cor"orat#o$ 3as a se"arate"erso$a8#t9 #st#$ct from #ts stoc?3o8ers a$ from ot3er cor"orat#o$s to 3#c3 #t ma9 beco$$ecte. )ra$c#sco =otors &or"orat#o$ vs. &ort of A""ea8s, 0F &RA 2 S1FFFTH

(3e rat#o$a8e be3#$ "#erc#$ a cor"orat#o$s #e$t#t9 #$ a #ve$ case #s to remove t3e barr#erbetee$ t3e cor"orat#o$ from t3e "erso$s com"r#s#$ #t to t3art t3e fra8e$t a$ #88ea8sc3emes of t3ose 3o se t3e cor"orate "erso$a8#t9 as a s3#e8 for $erta?#$ certa#$"roscr#be act#v#t#es. Ib#.H

::o0o:: SRe9$oso I! vs. &ort of A""ea8s, 45 &RA 52000HT

242


(a9a vs. Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c.

No. +-2145. November 2F, 1F6P.

(E(A(E E(A(E O) IONA% +AE ERUIN, ecease. RENA(O . (AYAG, a$c#88ar9am#$#strator-a""e88ee, vs. BENG'E( &ONO+IA(E. IN&., o""os#tor-a""e88a$t.

"ec#a8 "rocee#$s/ r#$c#"a8 am#$#strat#o$ a$ a$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$ #st#$#s3e/3e$ a$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$ #s "ro"er/ Reaso$.:It #s ofte$ $ecessar9 to 3ave more t3a$o$e am#$#strat#o$ of a$ estate. 3e$ a "erso$ #es #$testate o$#$ "ro"ert9 #$ t3eco$tr9 of 3#s om#c#8e as e88 as #$ a fore#$ co$tr9, am#$#strat#o$ #s 3a #$ bot3co$tr#es. (3at 3#c3 #s ra$te #$ t3e 7r#s#ct#o$ of ecee$tVs 8ast om#c#8e #s terme t3e"r#$c#"a8 am#$#strat#o$, 3#8e a$9 ot3er am#$#strat#o$ #s terme t3e a$c#88ar9am#$#strat#o$.

(3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$ #s "ro"er, 3e$ever a "erso$ #es, 8eav#$ #$ a co$tr9 ot3ert3a$ t3at of 3#s 8ast om#c#8e, "ro"ert9 to be am#$#stere #$ t3e $atre of assets of t3eecease 8#ab8e for 3#s #$#v#a8 ebts or to be #str#bte amo$ 3#s 3e#rs Co3a$$es v.%arve9, 4 3#8. 15H. A$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$ #s $ecessar9 or t3e reaso$ for sc3am#$#strat#o$ #s becase a ra$t of am#$#strat#o$ oes $ot e "ro"r#o v#ore 3ave a$9eect be9o$ t3e 8#m#ts of t3e co$tr9 #$ 3#c3 #t #s ra$te. %e$ce, a$ am#$#stratora""o#$te #$ a fore#$ state 3as $o at3or#t9 #$ t3e 3#8#""#$es,


13/459

ett8eme$t of estate of a ecee$t/ A$c#88ar9 am#$#strator/ co"e of 3#s "oer a$at3or#t9.:No o$e co8 #s"te t3e "oer of a$ a$c#88ar9 am#$#strator to a#$ co$tro8 a$"ossess#o$ of a88 assets of t3e ecee$t #t3#$ t3e 7r#s#ct#o$ of t3e 3#8#""#$es. c3 a"oer #s #$3ere$t #$ 3#s t9 to sett8e 3er estate a$ sat#sf9 t3e c8a#ms of 8oca8 cre#torsR8e P4, ec. , R8es of &ort. &f. av#a v. e 8a Rosa, P 3#8. 0/ +#a$a v. Re9es, +-1F15F,e"t. 2F, 1F64/ I$ac#o v. E8c3#co, +-1PF, =a9 16, 1F6/ etc.H. It #s a e$era8 r8e

$#versa889 reco$#


14/459

A cor"orat#o$ #s $ot #$ fact a$ #$ rea8#t9 a "erso$, bt t3e 8a treats #t as t3o3 #t ere a"erso$ b9 "rocess of ct#o$, or b9 rear#$ #t as a$ art#c#a8 #c#a8 "erso$ #st#$ct a$se"arate from #ts #$#v#a8 stoc?3o8ers 1 )8etc3er, &9c8o"e#a &or"orat#o$s, "". 1F-20H.

AEA+ from a$ orer of t3e &ort of )#rst I$sta$ce of =a$#8a.

(3e facts are state #$ t3e o"#$#o$ of t3e &ort.

r#8o ). As"er#88o, Cr. for a$c#88ar9 am#$#stratora""e88ee.

Ross. a8ceo, e8 Rosar#o, B#to =#sa for o""os#tora""e88a$t.

)ERNANO, C.D

&o$fro$te b9 a$ obst#$ate a$ aama$t refsa8 of t3e

244

244



om#c#8#ar9 am#$#strator, t3e &o$t9 (rst &om"a$9 of Ne Yor?, '$#te tates of Amer#ca,of t3e estate of t3e ecease Io$a3 8ae er?#$s, 3o #e #$ Ne Yor? t9 o$ =arc3 2,1F60, to srre$er to t3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strator #$ t3e 3#8#""#$es t3e stoc? cert#cateso$e b9 3er #$ a 3#8#""#$e cor"orat#o$, Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c., to sat#sf9 t3e8e#t#mate c8a#ms of 8oca8 cre#tors, t3e 8oer cort, t3e$ "res#e b9 t3e %o$orab8e Arse$#oa$tos, $o ret#re, #sse o$ =a9 1P, 1F64, a$ orer of t3#s te$orD WAfter co$s#er#$ t3emot#o$ of t3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strator, ate )ebrar9 11, 1F64, as e88 as t3e o""os#t#o$8e b9 t3e Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c., t3e &ort 3ereb9 1H co$s#ers as 8ost for a88"r"oses #$ co$$ect#o$ #t3 t3e am#$#strat#o$ a$ 8#L#at#o$ of t3e 3#8#""#$e estate ofIo$a3 8ae er?#$s t3e stoc? cert#cates cover#$ t3e ,002 s3ares of stoc? sta$#$ #$3er $ame #$ t3e boo?s of t3e Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c., 2H orers sa# cert#catesca$ce88e, a$ H #rects sa# cor"orat#o$ to #sse $e cert#cates #$ 8#e t3ereof, t3e sameto be e8#vere b9 sa# cor"orat#o$ to e#t3er t3e #$cmbe$t a$c#88ar9 am#$#strator or to t3erobate #v#s#o$ of t3#s &ort.W1

)rom sc3 a$ orer, a$ a""ea8 as ta?e$ to t3#s &ort $ot b9 t3e om#c#8#ar9 am#$#strator,t3e &o$t9 (rst &om"a$9 of Ne Yor?, bt b9 t3e 3#8#""#$e cor"orat#o$, t3e Be$et&o$so8#ate, I$c. (3e a""ea8 ca$$ot "oss#b89 "ros"er. (3e c3a88e$e orer re"rese$ts a

res"o$se a$ e"resses a "o8#c9, to "ara"3rase )ra$?frter, ar#s#$ ot of a s"ec#c"rob8em, aresse to t3e atta#$me$t of s"ec#c e$s b9 t3e se of s"ec#c reme#es, #t3f88 a$ am"8e s""ort from 8ea8 octr#$es of e#3t a$ s#$#ca$ce.

(3e facts #88 e"8a#$ 39. As set fort3 #$ t3e br#ef of a""e88a$t Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c.,Io$a3 8ae er?#$s, 3o #e o$ =arc3 2, 1F60 #$ Ne Yor? t9, 8eft amo$ ot3ers, tostoc? cert#cates cover#$ ,002 s3ares of a""e88a$t, t3e cert#cates be#$ #$ t3e"ossess#o$ of t3e &o$t9 (rst &om"a$9 of Ne Yor?, 3#c3 as $ote, #s

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


15/459

1 tateme$t of t3e &ase a$ Isses I$vo8ve, Br#ef for t3e O""os#tor-A""e88a$t, ". 2.

245

!O+. 26, NO!E=BER 2F, 1F6P

245


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16/459



m#$#strator #$ refs#$ to accor obe#e$ce to a cort ecree. %o, t3e$, ca$ t3#s orer best#mat#


17/459

It #s to be $ote t3at t3e sco"e of t3e "oer of t3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strator as, #$ a$ ear8#ercase, set fort3 b9 Cst#ce =a8co8m. (3sD WIt #s ofte$ $ecessar9 to 3ave more t3a$ o$eam#$#strat#o$ of a$ estate. 3e$ a "erso$ #es #$testate o$#$ "ro"ert9 #$ t3e co$tr9 of3#s om#c#8e as e88 as #$ a fore#$ co$tr9, am#$#strat#o$ #s 3a #$ bot3 co$tr#es. (3at3#c3 Is ra$te #$ t3e 7r#s#ct#o$ of ecee$tVs 8ast om#c#8e #s terme t3e "r#$c#"a8am#$#strat#o$, 3#8e a$9 ot3er am#$#strat#o$ #s terme t3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$. (3e

reaso$ for t3e 8atter #s becase a ra$t of am#$#strat#o$ oes $ot e "ro"r#o r#ore 3ave a$9eect be9o$ t3e 8#m#ts of t3e co$tr9 #$ 3#c3 #t #s ra$te. %e$ce, a$ am#$#stratora""o#$te #$ a fore#$ state 3as $o at3or#t9 #$ t3e S3#8#""#$esT. (3e a$c#88ar9 am#$#strat#o$#s "ro"er, 3e$ever a "erso$ #es, 8eav#$ #$ a co$tr9 ot3er t3a$ t3at of 3#s 8ast om#c#8e,"ro"ert9 to be am#$#stere #$ t3e $atre of assets of t3e ecease 8#ab8e for 3#s #$#v#a8ebts or to be #str#bte amo$ 3#s 3e#rs.W

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Ramos, 4 3#8. 04 1F22H/ Roas v. ecso$, P2 3#8. 40 1F4PH / e Bor7a v. e Bor7a, P3#8. 405 1F4FH/ Barraca v. Qa9co. PP 3#8. 4 1F51H/ ab#8o$#a v. a$t#ao, F 3#8. 5161F5H/ #so$ v. (eooro, FP 3#8. 6P0 1F56H/ O


18/459

It o8 ass#$ as t3e bas#c error a88ee89 comm#tte b9 t3e 8oer cort #ts Wco$s#er#$ as8ost t3e stoc? cert#cates cover#$ ,002 s3ares of Be$et be8o$#$ to t3e eceaseIo$a3 8ae er?#$s, .WF =ore s"ec#ca889, a""e88a$t o8 stress t3at t3e W8oer cortco8 $ot Vco$s#er as 8ostV t3e stoc? cert#cates #$ Lest#o$ 3e$, as a matter of fact, 3#s%o$or t3e tr#a8 Ce ?$e, a$

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

P 0 3#8. 25 1F40H. &f. er?#$s v. #ara$t#srear.

It ma9 be am#tte of corse t3at sc3 a88ee 8oss as fo$ b9 t3e 8oer cort # $otcorres"o$ eact89 #t3 t3e facts. (o be more b8$t, t3e La8#t9 of trt3 ma9 be 8ac?#$ #$sc3 a co$c8s#o$ arr#ve at. It #s to be remembere 3oever, aa#$ to borro from)ra$?frter, Wt3at ct#o$s 3#c3 t3e 8a ma9 re89 "o$ #$ t3e "rs#t of 8e#t#mate e$s 3ave"8a9e a$ #m"orta$t "art #$ #ts eve8o"me$t.W11

"ea?#$ of t3e commo$ 8a #$ #ts ear8#er "er#o, &aro


19/459

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

10 Ib#, "". 5 to 6.

11 Nas3v#88e &. t. +o#s R9 v. Bro$#$, 10 ' 62 1F40H.

250

250



s#ve.W12 ome of t3em 3ave "ers#ste eve$ to t3e "rese$t, t3at em#$e$t 7r#st, $ot#$ Wt3eLas# co$tract, t3e ao"te c3#8, t3e co$strct#ve trst, a88 of >or#s3#$ v#ta8#t9, to attestt3e em"#re of Vas #fV toa9.W1 %e 8#?e#se $ote Wa c8ass of ct#o$s of a$ot3er orer, t3ect#o$ 3#c3 #s a or?#$ too8 of t3o3t, bt 3#c3 at t#mes 3#es #tse8f from v#e t#88 ref8ect#o$ a$ a$a89s#s 3ave bro3t #t to t3e 8#3t.W14

3at ca$$ot be #s"te, t3erefore, #s t3e at t#mes #$#s"e$sab8e ro8e t3at ct#o$s as sc3"8a9e #$ t3e 8a. (3ere s3o8 be t3e$ o$ t3e "art of t3e a""e88a$t a f rt3er re$eme$t #$t3e cat3o8#c#t9 of #ts co$em$at#o$ of sc3 7#c#a8 tec3$#Le. If ever a$ occas#o$ # ca88 fort3e em"8o9me$t of a 8ea8 f #ct#o$ to "t a$ e$ to t3e a$oma8os s#tat#o$ of a va8# 7#c#a8orer be#$ #sreare #t3 a""are$t #m"$#t9, t3#s #s #t. 3at #s t3s most obv#os #s t3att3#s "art#c8ar a88ee error oes $ot carr9 "ersas#o$.

. A""e88a$t Be$et &o$so8#ate, I$c. o8 see? to bo8ster t3e above co$te$t#o$ b9 #ts#$vo?#$ o$e of t3e "rov#s#o$s of #ts b9-8as 3#c3 o8 set fort3 t3e "rocere to befo88oe #$ case of a 8ost, sto8e$ or estro9e stoc? cert#cate/ #t o8 stress t3at #$ t3eeve$t of a co$test or t3e "e$e$c9 of a$ act#o$ rear#$ o$ers3#" of sc3 cert#cate or.cert#cates of stoc? a88ee89 8ost, sto8e$ or estro9e, t3e #ssa$ce of a $e cert#cate orcert#cates

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12 &aro


20/459

251

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251


o8 aa#t t3e W$a8 ec#s#o$ b9 SaT cort rear#$ t3e o$ers3#" St3ereofT.W15

c3 re8#a$ce #s m#s"8ace. I$ t3e rst "8ace, t3ere #s $o sc3 occas#o$ to a""89 sc3 a b9-8a. It #s am#tte t3at t3e fore#$ om#c#8#ar9 am#$#strator # $ot a""ea8 from t3e orer$o #$ Lest#o$. =oreover, t3ere #s 8#?e#se t3e e"ress am#ss#o$ of a""e88a$t t3at as far as#t #s co$cer$e, W#t #s #mmater#a8 3o #s e$t#t8e to t3e "ossess#o$ of t3e stoc?cert#cates .W Eve$ #f sc3 ere $ot t3e case, #t o8 be a 8ea8 absr#t9 to #m"art tosc3 a "rov#s#o$ co$c8s#ve$ess a$ $a8#t9. Assm#$ t3at a co$trar#et9 e#sts betee$ t3eabove b98a a$ t3e comma$ of a cort ecree, t3e 8atter #s to be fo88oe.

It #s $ersta$ab8e, as &aro


21/459

(3e fear of a""e88a$t of a co$t#$e$t 8#ab#8#t9 #t3 3#c3 #t co8 be sa8e $8ess t3ea""ea8e orer be set as#e for #ts #$co$s#ste$c9 #t3 o$e of #ts b9-8as oes $ot #m"ress s.Its obe#e$ce to a 8af8 cort orer certa#$89 co$st#ttes a va8# efe$se, assm#$ t3atsc3 a""re3e$s#o$ of a "oss#b8e cort act#o$ aa#$st #t co8 "oss#b89 mater#a8#


22/459

As a matter of f act, a cor"orat#o$ o$ce #t comes #$to be#$, fo88o#$ Amer#ca$ 8a st#88 of"ersas#ve at3or#t9 #$ or 7r#s#ct#o$, comes more ofte$ #t3#$ t3e ?e$ of t3e 7#c#ar9t3a$ t3e ot3er to coor#$ate bra$c3es. It #$st#ttes t3e a""ro"r#ate cort act#o$ to e$force#ts r#3t. &orre8at#ve89, #t #s $ot #mm$e from 7#c#a8 co$tro8 #$ t3ose #$sta$ces, 3ere a t9$er t3e 8a as ascerta#$e #$ a$ a""ro"r#ate 8ea8 "rocee#$ #s cast "o$ #t.

(o assert t3at #t ca$ c3oose 3#c3 cort orer to fo88o a$ 3#c3 to #srear #s to co$fer"o$ #t $ot ato$om9 3#c3 ma9 be co$cee bt 8#ce$se 3#c3 ca$$ot be to8erate. It #s toare t3at #t ma9, 3e$ so m#$e, overr8e t3e state, t3e sorce of #ts ver9 e#ste$ce/ #t #sto co$te$ t3at 3at a$9 of #ts over$me$ta8 ora$s ma9 8af889 reL#re co8 be #$oreat #88. o etravaa$t a c8a#m ca$$ot "oss#b89 mer#t a""rova8.

5. O$e 8ast "o#$t. I$ !#8or#a v. Am#$#strator of !et-

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1F 1 )8etc3er, &9c8o"e#a &or"orat#o$s, "". 1F-20 1F1H. &3a$ce88or Ue$t a$ &3#ef Cst#ceBa8#$ of &o$$ect#ct ere 8#?e#se c#te to t3e same -eect. At "". 12-1.

20 4 o$ o$ Cr#s"re$ce, "". 20-20F 1F5FH.

21 )r#ema$$, +ea8 (3eor9, "". 164-16P 1F4H. ee a8so %o8sort3, E$8#s3 &or"orat#o$+a, 1 Ya8e +a Cor$a8, P2 1F22H.

254

254



era$s Aa#rs,22 #t as s3o$ t3at #$ a ar#a$s3#" "rocee#$s t3e$ "e$#$ #$ a 8oercort, t3e '$#te tates !etera$s Am#$#strat#o$ 8e a mot#o$ for t3e ref$ of a certa#$sm of mo$e9 "a# to t3e m#$or $er ar#a$s3#", a88e#$ t3at t3e 8oer cort 3a"rev#os89 ra$te #ts "et#t#o$ to co$s#er t3e ecease fat3er as $ot e$t#t8e to er#88abe$ets accor#$ to a eterm#$at#o$ arr#ve at b9 #ts ma#$ oce #$ t3e '$#te tates. (3emot#o$ as e$#e. I$ see?#$ a reco$s#erat#o$ of sc3 orer, t3e Am#$#strator re8#e o$a$ Amer#ca$ feera8 statte ma?#$ 3#s ec#s#o$s W$a8 a$ co$c8s#ve o$ a88 Lest#o$s of8a or factW "rec8#$ a$9 ot3er Amer#ca$ oc#a8 to eam#$e t3e matter a$e, Wece"t a

7e or 7es of t3e '$#te tates cort.W2 Reco$s#erat#o$ as e$#e, a$ t3eAm#$#strator a""ea8e.

I$ a$ o"#$#o$ b9 Cst#ce C.B.+. Re9es, e ssta#$e t3e 8oer cort. (3sD We are of t3e

o"#$#o$ t3at t3e a""ea8 s3o8 be re7ecte. (3e "rov#s#o$s of t3e '.. &oe, #$vo?e b9 t3ea""e88a$t, ma?e t3e ec#s#o$s of '.. !etera$sV Am#$#strator $a8 a$ co$c8s#ve 3e$mae o$ c8a#ms "ro"er89 sbm#tte to 3#m for reso8t#o$/ bt t3e9 are $ot a""8#cab8e to t3e"rese$t case, 3ere t3e Am#$#strator #s $ot act#$- as a 7e bt as a 8#t#a$t. (3ere #s areat #ere$ce betee$ act#o$s aa#$st t3e Am#$#strator 3#c3 mst be 8e str#ct89 #$accora$ce #t3 t3e co$#t#o$s t3at are #m"ose b9 t3e !etera$sV Act, #$c8#$ t3eec8s#ve rev#e b9 '$#te tates cortsH, a$ t3ose act#o$s 3ere t3e !etera$sVAm#$#strator see?s a reme9 from or corts a$ sbm#ts to t3e#r 7r#s#ct#o$ b9 8#$act#o$s t3ere#$. Or atte$t#o$ 3as $ot bee$ ca88e to a$9 8a or treat9 t3at o8 ma?e t3e


23/459

$#$s of t3e !etera$sV Am#$#strator, #$ act#o$s 3ere 3e #s a "art9, co$c8s#ve o$ orcorts. (3at, #$ eect, o8 e"r#ve or tr#b$a8s of 7#c#a8 #scret#o$ a$ re$er t3emmere sbor#$ate #$strme$ta8#t#es of t3e !etera$sV Am#$#strator.W

It #s ba e$o3 as t3e !#8or#a ec#s#o$ mae "ate$t for or 7#c#ar9 to acce"t as $a8 a$co$c8s#ve, eterm#$a-

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

22 101 3#8. 62 1F5H.

2 P '&A. ec. P0P.

255

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255

etect#ve rotect#ve Brea, I$c. vs. &8or#be8

t#o$s mae b9 fore#$ over$me$ta8 ae$c#es. It #s #$$#te89 orse #f t3ro3 t3e abse$ce ofa$9 coerc#ve "oer b9 or corts over 7r##ca8 "erso$s #t3#$ or 7r#s#c-t#o$, t3e force a$eect#v#t9 of t3e#r orers co8 be mae to e"e$ o$ t3e 3#m or ca"r#ce of a8#e$ e$t#t#es.It #s #c8t to #ma#$e of a s#tat#o$ more oe$s#ve to t3e #$#t9 of t3e be$c3 or t3e 3o$orof t3e co$tr9.

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attest to t3e $ecess#t9 of $eat#ve res"o$se from s. (3at #s 3at a""e88a$t #88 et.

(3at #s a88 t3e$ t3at t3#s case "rese$ts. It #s obv#os 39 t3e a""ea8 ca$$ot sccee. It #sa8a9s eas9 to co$7re etreme a$ eve$ o""ress#ve "oss#b#8#t#es. (3at #s $ot ec#s#ve. Itoes $ot sett8e t3e #sse. 3at carr#es e#3t a$ co$v#ct#o$ #s t3e res8t arr#ve at, t3e 7stso8t#o$ obta#$e, ro$e #$ t3e so$est of 8ea8 octr#$es a$ #st#$#s3e b9 #tscorres"o$e$ce #t3 3at a se$se of rea8#sm reL#res. )or t3ro3 t3e a""ea8e orer, t3e#m"erat#ve reL#reme$t of 7st#ce accor#$ to 8a #s sat#se a$ $at#o$a8 #$#t9 a$ 3o$orma#$ta#$e.

%ERE)ORE, t3e a""ea8e orer of t3e %o$orab8e Arse$#o a$tos, t3e Ce of t3e &ort of)#rst I$sta$ce, ate =a9 1P, 1F64, #s arme. #t3 costs aa#$st o""os#tor-a""e88a$tBe$et &o$so8#ate, I$c.

=a?a8#$ta8, Qa8#var a$ &a"#stra$o, CC., co$cr.

&o$ce"c#o$, &C., Re9es, C.B.+., #


24/459

64


I$ter$at#o$a8 E"ress (rave8 (or erv#ces, I$c. vs. &ort of A""ea8s

G.R. No. 11F020. October 1F, 2000.*

IN(ERNA(IONA+ ERE (RA!E+ (O'R ER!I&E, IN&., "et#t#o$er, vs. %ON. &O'R( O)AEA+, %ENRI UA%N, %I+IINE )OO(BA++ )EERA(ION, res"o$e$ts.

&or"orat#o$ +a/ Nat#o$a8 "orts Assoc#at#o$s/ tattes/ R.A. 15 a$ .. No. 604reco$#


25/459

accre#t#$ ora$#


26/459

Rom8o Ate$c#a for res"o$e$t U3a$.

UA'NAN, C.D

O$ C$e 0, 1FPF, "et#t#o$er I$ter$at#o$a8 E"ress (rave8 a$ (or erv#ces, I$c., t3ro3 #ts

ma$a#$ #rector, rote a 8etter to t3e 3#8#""#$e )ootba88 )eerat#o$ )eerat#o$H, t3ro3#ts "res#e$t "r#vate res"o$e$t %e$r# Ua3$, 3ere#$ t3e former oere #ts serv#ces as atrave8 ae$c9 to t3e 8atter.1 (3e oer as acce"te.

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1 Recors, ". 10.

6

!O+. 4, O&(OBER 1F, 2000

6


et#t#o$er secre t3e a#r8#$e t#c?ets for t3e tr#"s of t3e at38etes a$ oc#a8s of t3e)eerat#o$ to t3e ot3 East As#a$ Games #$ Ua8a +m"r as e88 as var#os ot3er tr#"s tot3e eo"8es Re"b8#c of &3#$a a$ Br#sba$e. (3e tota8 cost of t3e t#c?ets amo$te to44F,654.P. )or t3e t#c?ets rece#ve, t3e )eerat#o$ mae to "art#a8 "a9me$ts, bot3 #$e"tember of 1FPF, #$ t3e tota8 amo$t of 16,46.50.2

O$ 4 October 1FPF, "et#t#o$er rote t3e )eerat#o$, t3ro3 t3e "r#vate res"o$e$t aema$ 8etter reLest#$ for t3e amo$t of 265,PF4.. O$ 0 October 1FPF, t3e

)eerat#o$, t3ro3 t3e ro7ect G#$to$ =a9, "a# t3e amo$t of 1,60.00.4O$ 2 ecember 1FPF, %e$r# Ua3$ #sse a "erso$a8 c3ec? #$ t3e amo$t of 50,000 as"art#a8 "a9me$t for t3e otsta$#$ ba8a$ce of t3e )eerat#o$.5 (3ereafter, $o frt3er"a9me$ts ere mae es"#te re"eate ema$s.

(3#s "rom"te "et#t#o$er to 8e a c#v#8 case before t3e Re#o$a8 (r#a8 &ort of =a$#8a.et#t#o$er se %e$r# Ua3$ #$ 3#s "erso$a8 ca"ac#t9 a$ as res#e$t of t3e )eerat#o$ a$#m"8eae t3e )eerat#o$ as a$ a8ter$at#ve efe$a$t. et#t#o$er so3t to 3o8 %e$r# Ua3$8#ab8e for t3e $"a# ba8a$ce for t3e t#c?ets "rc3ase b9 t3e )eerat#o$ o$ t3e ro$ t3at%e$r# Ua3$ a88ee89 ara$tee t3e sa# ob8#at#o$.6

%e$r# Ua3$ 8e 3#s a$ser #t3 co$terc8a#m. 3#8e $ot e$9#$ t3e a88eat#o$ t3at t3e)eerat#o$ oe t3e amo$t 20,524.20, re"rese$t#$ t3e $"a# ba8a$ce for t3e "8a$et#c?ets, 3e averre t3at t3e "et#t#o$er 3as $o case of act#o$ aa#$st 3#m e#t3er #$ 3#s"erso$a8 ca"ac#t9 or #$ 3#s oc#a8 ca"ac#t9 as "res#e$t of t3e )eerat#o$. %e ma#$ta#$et3at 3e # $ot ara$tee "a9me$t bt mere89 acte as a$ ae$t of t3e )eerat#o$ 3#c33as a se"arate a$ #st#$ct 7r##ca8 "erso$a8#t9.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


27/459

2 I., at 12-1.

I., at 14.

4 I., at 15.

5 I., at 1P.

6 I., at 1-F.

I., at 2F-4.

6P

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O$ t3e ot3er 3a$, t3e )eerat#o$ fa#8e to 8e #ts a$ser, 3e$ce, as ec8are #$ efa8t b9t3e tr#a8 cort.P

I$ e corse, t3e tr#a8 cort re$ere 7me$t a$ r8e #$ favor of t3e "et#t#o$er a$ec8are %e$r# Ua3$ "erso$a889 8#ab8e for t3e $"a# ob8#at#o$ of t3e )eerat#o$. I$ arr#v#$at t3e sa# r8#$, t3e tr#a8 cort rat#o$a8#


28/459

P I., at 40.

F Ro88o, "". 1F5-1F6.

6F

!O+. 4, O&(OBER 1F, 2000

6F


#t3 t3e costs aa#$st efe$a$t %e$r# Ua3$.10

O$89 %e$r# Ua3$ e8evate t3e above ec#s#o$ to t3e &ort of A""ea8s. O$ 21 ecember1FF4, t3e res"o$e$t cort re$ere a ec#s#o$ revers#$ t3e tr#a8 cort, t3e ecreta8 "ort#o$of sa# ec#s#o$ reasD

%ERE)ORE, "rem#ses co$s#ere, t3e 7me$t a""ea8e from #s 3ereb9 RE!ERE a$E( AIE a$ a$ot3er o$e #s re$ere #sm#ss#$ t3e com"8a#$t aa#$st efe$a$t %e$r# .Ua3$.11

I$ $#$ for %e$r# Ua3$, t3e &ort of A""ea8s reco$#


29/459

6P0

6P0



A. (%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN %O+ING (%A( E(I(IONER %A EA+(I(% (%E %I+IINE )OO(BA++ )EERA(ION ))H A A &ORORA(E EN(I(Y AN IN NO(%O+ING (%A( RI!A(E REONEN( %ENRI UA%N A (%E ONE %O REREEN(E (%E)) A %A!ING A &ORORA(E ERONA+I(Y.

B. (%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN NO( %O+ING RI!A(E REONEN(%ENRI UA%N ERONA++Y +IAB+E )OR (%E OB+IGA(ION O) (%E 'NIN&ORORA(E )),%A!ING NEGO(IA(E I(% E(I(IONER AN &ON(RA&(E I(% E(I(IONER AN&ON(RA&(E (%E OB+IGA(ION IN BE%A+) O) (%E )), =AE A AR(IA+ AY=EN( ANA'RE E(I(IONER O) )'++Y E((+ING (%E OB+IGA(ION.

&. A'=ING ARG'ENO (%A( RI!A(E REONEN( UA%N I NO( ERONA++Y +IAB+E,(%E %ONORAB+E &O'R( O) AEA+ ERRE IN NO( ERE+Y E&+ARING IN I( E&IION(%A( (%E )) I O+E+Y +IAB+E )OR (%E OB+IGA(ION.

(3e reso8t#o$ of t3e case at bar 3#$es o$ t3e eterm#$at#o$ of t3e e#ste$ce of t3e3#8#""#$e )ootba88 )eerat#o$ as a 7r##ca8 "erso$. I$ t3e assa#8e ec#s#o$, t3e a""e88atecort reco$#


30/459

1. (o "erform sc3 ot3er acts as ma9 be $ecessar9 for t3e "ro"er accom"8#s3me$t of t3e#r"r"ose a$ $ot #$co$s#ste$t #t3 t3#s Act.

ect#o$ P of .. 604, ra$ts s#m#8ar f$ct#o$s to t3ese s"orts assoc#at#o$s.

E&. P. )$ct#o$s, oers, a$ t#es of Nat#o$a8 "orts Assoc#at#o$.:(3e Nat#o$a8 "ortsAssoc#at#o$s s3a88 3ave t3e fo88o#$ f$ct#o$s, "oers, a$ t#esD

1. Ao"t a &o$st#tt#o$ a$ B9-+as for t3e#r #$ter$a8 ora$#


31/459

E&. 11. Nat#o$a8 "orts Assoc#at#o$/ ora$#


32/459

attac3e to 3#s mot#o$ for reco$s#erat#o$ before t3e tr#a8 cort a co"9 of t3e co$st#tt#o$a$ b9-8as of t3e 3#8#""#$e )ootba88 )eerat#o$. '$fort$ate89, t3e same oes $ot "rovet3at sa# )eerat#o$ 3as #$ee bee$ reco$#


33/459

A$ $#$cor"orate assoc#at#o$ 3#c3 re"rese$ts #tse8f to be a cor"orat#o$ #88 be esto""efrom e$9#$ #ts cor"orate ca"ac#t9 #$ a s#t aa#$st #t b9 a t3#r "erso$ 3o re8#es #$ oofa#t3 o$ sc3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

15 &A ec#s#o$, ". 11, Ro88o, ". 46.

16 &am"os, ". 10, c#t#$ +oe88-ooar %arare vs. oos, et a8., art$ers As (3e"er#or +eas#$ &om"a$9, "reme &ort of Ua$sas, 1F1F, 104 Ua$. 2F, 1P0 ". 4.

6P5

!O+. 4, O&(OBER 1F, 2000

6P5

eo"8e vs. Ba8ta


34/459

bara#$#$, e$#$ at t3e mome$t of areeme$t of t3e "art#es/ bH "erfect#o$ or b#rt3 of t3eco$tract, 3#c3 #s t3e mome$t 3e$ t3e "art#es come to aree o$ t3e terms of t3e co$tract/a$ cH co$smmat#o$ or eat3, 3#c3 #s t3e f888me$t or "erforma$ce of t3e terms aree"o$ #$ t3e co$tract.

ame/ ame/ &o$tracts t3at are co$se$sa8 #$ $atre are "erfecte "o$ mere meet#$ of

t3e m#$s. O$ce t3ere #s co$crre$ce betee$ t3e oer a$ t3e acce"ta$ce "o$ t3esb7ect matter, co$s#erat#o$, a$ terms of "a9me$t a co$tract #s "roce.:&o$tracts t3atare co$se$sa8 #$ $atre are "erfecte "o$ mere meet#$ of t3e m#$s. O$ce t3ere #sco$crre$ce betee$ t3e oer a$ t3e acce"ta$ce "o$ t3e sb7ect matter, co$s#erat#o$,a$ terms of "a9me$t a co$tract #s "roce. (3e oer mst be certa#$. (o co$vert t3e oer#$to a co$tract, t3e acce"ta$ce mst be abso8te a$ mst $ot La8#f9 t3e terms of t3e oer/#t mst be "8a#$, $eL#voca8, $co$#t#o$a8, a$ #t3ot var#a$ce of a$9 sort from t3e"ro"osa8. A La8#e acce"ta$ce, or o$e t3at #$vo8ves a $e "ro"osa8, co$st#ttes a co$ter-oer a$ #s a re7ect#o$ of t3e or##$a8 oer. &o$seLe$t89, 3e$ somet3#$ #s es#re 3#c3#s $ot eact89 3at #s "ro"ose #$ t3e oer, sc3 acce"ta$ce #s $ot sc#e$t to e$erate

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

* )IR( I!IION.

5

!O+. 01, CAN'ARY 21 1FFF

5

AB-&BN Broacast#$ &or"orat#o$ vs. &ort of A""ea8s

co$se$t becase a$9 mo#cat#o$ or var#at#o$ from t3e terms of t3e oer a$$8s t3e oer.

ame/ ame/ Acce"ta$ce of a$ Oer/ ors a$ 3rases/ (3e acce"ta$ce of a$ oer mstbe $La8#e a$ abso8te, #.e., #t mst be #e$t#ca8 #$ a88 res"ects #t3 t3at of t3e oer soas to "roce co$se$t or meet#$ of t3e m#$s.J:AB-&BNs re8#a$ce #$ +#m?et?a# o$s=#88#$, I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s a$ !#88o$co Rea8t9 &om"a$9 v. Borma3eco, I$c., #sm#s"8ace. I$ t3ese cases, #t as 3e8 t3at a$ acce"ta$ce ma9 co$ta#$ a reLest for certa#$c3a$es #$ t3e terms of t3e oer a$ 9et be a b#$#$ acce"ta$ce as 8o$ as #t #s c8ear t3att3e mea$#$ of t3e acce"ta$ce #s "os#t#ve89 a$ $eL#voca889 to acce"t t3e oer, 3et3ersc3 reLest #s ra$te or $ot.J (3#s r8#$ as, 3oever, reverse #$ t3e reso8t#o$ of 2F=arc3 1FF6, 3#c3 r8e t3at t3e acce"ta$ce of a$ oer mst be $La8#e a$ abso8te,#.e., #t mst be #e$t#ca8 #$ a88 res"ects #t3 t3at of t3e oer so as to "roce co$se$t ormeet#$ of t3e m#$s.J

&ommerc#a8 +a/ &or"orat#o$ &oe/ Boar of #rectors/ '$er t3e &or"orat#o$ &oe, $8essot3er#se "rov#e b9 sa# &oe, cor"orate "oers, sc3 as t3e "oer to e$ter #$toco$tracts, are eerc#se b9 t3e Boar of #rectors. %oever, t3e Boar ma9 e8eate sc3"oers to e#t3er a$ eect#ve comm#ttee or oc#a8s or co$tracte ma$aers.: '$er t3e&or"orat#o$ &oe, $8ess ot3er#se "rov#e b9 sa# &oe, cor"orate "oers, sc3 as t3e"oer to e$ter #$to co$tracts, are eerc#se b9 t3e Boar of #rectors. %oever, t3e Boarma9 e8eate sc3 "oers to e#t3er a$ eect#ve comm#ttee or oc#a8s or co$tractema$aers. (3e e8eat#o$, ece"t for t3e eect#ve comm#ttee, mst be for s"ec#c"r"oses. e8eat#o$ to ocers ma?es t3e 8atter ae$ts of t3e cor"orat#o$/ accor#$89, t3e


35/459

e$era8 r8es of ae$c9 as to t3e b#$#$ eects of t3e#r acts o8 a""89. )or sc3 ocersto be eeme f889 c8ot3e b9 t3e cor"orat#o$ to eerc#se a "oer of t3e Boar, t3e 8attermst s"ec#a889 at3or#


36/459


55


"ea8s to c3a88e$e t3e orer o$ t3e matter. &8ear89 t3e$, #t as $ot $ecessar9 for RB to 8e

a co$terbo$. %e$ce, AB-&BN ca$$ot be 3e8 res"o$s#b8e for t3e "rem#m RB "a# fort3e co$terbo$.

ame/ ame/ ame/ (3e e$era8 r8e #s t3at attor$e9s fees ca$$ot be recovere as "art ofamaes becase of t3e "o8#c9 t3at $o "rem#m s3o8 be "8ace o$ t3e r#3t to 8#t#ate.:As rears attor$e9s fees, t3e 8a #s c8ear t3at #$ t3e abse$ce of st#"8at#o$, attor$e9s feesma9 be recovere as acta8 or com"e$sator9 amaes $er a$9 of t3e c#rcmsta$ces"rov#e for #$ Art#c8e 220P of t3e v#8 &oe. (3e e$era8 r8e #s t3at attor$e9s fees ca$$otbe recovere as "art of amaes becase of t3e "o8#c9 t3at $o "rem#m s3o8 be "8ace o$t3e r#3t to 8#t#ate. (3e9 are $ot to be aare ever9 t#me a "art9 #$s a s#t. (3e "oer oft3e cort to aar attor$e9s fees $er Art#c8e 220P ema$s facta8, 8ea8, a$ eL#tab8e

7st#cat#o$. Eve$ 3e$ a c8a#ma$t #s com"e88e to 8#t#ate #t3 t3#r "erso$s or to #$cre"e$ses to "rotect 3#s r#3ts, st#88 attor$e9s fees ma9 $ot be aare 3ere $o sc#e$t

s3o#$ of ba fa#t3 co8 be re>ecte #$ a "art9s "ers#ste$ce #$ a case ot3er t3a$ a$erro$eos co$v#ct#o$ of t3e r#3teos$ess of 3#s case.

ame/ ame/ ame/ =ora8 amaes are #$ t3e cateor9 of a$ aar es#$e tocom"e$sate t3e c8a#ma$t for acta8 #$7r9 sere a$ $ot to #m"ose a "e$a8t9 o$ t3ero$oer.:=ora8 amaes are #$ t3e cateor9 of a$ aar es#$e to com"e$sate t3ec8a#ma$t for acta8 #$7r9 sere a$ $ot to #m"ose a "e$a8t9 o$ t3e ro$oer. (3e aar#s $ot mea$t to e$r#c3 t3e com"8a#$a$t at t3e e"e$se of t3e efe$a$t, bt to e$ab8e t3e#$7re "art9 to obta#$ mea$s, #vers#o$, or amseme$ts t3at #88 serve to obv#ate t3e mora8ser#$ 3e 3as $ero$e. It #s a#me at t3e restorat#o$, #t3#$ t3e 8#m#ts of t3e "oss#b8e, oft3e s"#r#ta8 stats Lo a$te, a$ s3o8 be "ro"ort#o$ate to t3e ser#$ #$>#cte. (r#a8corts mst t3e$ ar aa#$st t3e aar of eorb#ta$t amaes/ t3e9 s3o8 eerc#se

ba8a$ce restra#$e a$ measre ob7ect#v#t9 to avo# ss"#c#o$ t3at #t as e to "ass#o$,"re7#ce, or corr"t#o$ o$ t3e "art of t3e tr#a8 cort.

ame/ ame/ ame/ (3e aar of mora8 amaes ca$$ot be ra$te #$ favor of acor"orat#o$ becase, be#$ a$ art#c#a8 "erso$ a$ 3av#$ e#ste$ce o$89 #$ 8ea8co$tem"8at#o$, #t 3as $o fee8#$s, $o emot#o$s, $o se$ses. It ca$$ot, t3erefore, e"er#e$ce"39s#ca8 ser#$ a$ me$ta8 a$#s3, 3#c3 ca$ be e"er#e$ce o$89 b9 o$e

56

56

'RE=E &O'R( REOR( ANNO(A(EAB-&BN Broacast#$ &or"orat#o$ vs. &ort of A""ea8s

3av#$ a $ervos s9stem.:(3e aar of mora8 amaes ca$$ot be ra$te #$ favor of acor"orat#o$ becase, be#$ a$ art#c#a8 "erso$ a$ 3av#$ e#ste$ce o$89 #$ 8ea8co$tem"8at#o$, #t 3as $o fee8#$s, $o emot#o$s, $o se$ses. It ca$$ot, t3erefore, e"er#e$ce"39s#ca8 ser#$ a$ me$ta8 a$#s3, 3#c3 ca$ be e"er#e$ce o$89 b9 o$e 3av#$ a$ervos s9stem. (3e stateme$t #$ eo"8e v. =a$ero a$ =amb8ao +mber &o. v. NB t3at acor"orat#o$ ma9 recover mora8 amaes #f #t 3as a oo re"tat#o$ t3at #s ebase,


37/459

res8t#$ #$ soc#a8 3m#8#at#o$J #s a$ ob#ter #ctm. O$ t3#s score a8o$e t3e aar foramaes mst be set as#e, s#$ce RB #s a cor"orat#o$.

ame/ ame/ ame/ (3e bas#c 8a o$ eem"8ar9 amaes #s ect#o$ 5, &3a"ter , (#t8e !III,Boo? I! of t3e v#8 &oe.:(3e bas#c 8a o$ eem"8ar9 amaes #s ect#o$ 5, &3a"ter ,

(#t8e !III, Boo? I! of t3e v#8 &oe. (3ese are #m"ose b9 a9 of eam"8e or correct#o$ for

t3e "b8#c oo, #$ a#t#o$ to mora8, tem"erate, 8#L#ate, or com"e$sator9 amaes.(3e9 are recoverab8e #$ cr#m#$a8 cases as "art of t3e c#v#8 8#ab#8#t9 3e$ t3e cr#me ascomm#tte #t3 o$e or more aravat#$ c#rcmsta$ces/ #$ Las#-e8#cts, #f t3e efe$a$tacte #t3 ross $e8#e$ce/ a$ #$ co$tracts a$ Las#co$tracts, #f t3e efe$a$t acte #$ aa$to$, fra8e$t, rec?8ess, o""ress#ve, or ma8evo8e$t ma$$er.

ame/ ame/ ame/ Ba )a#t3/ =a8#ce or ba fa#t3 #s at t3e core of Art#c8es 1F, 20, a$ 21.=a8#ce or ba fa#t3 #m"8#es a co$sc#os a$ #$te$t#o$a8 es#$ to o a ro$f8 act for a#s3o$est "r"ose or mora8 ob8#L#t9. c3 mst be sbsta$t#ate b9 ev#e$ce.:It ma9 bere#terate t3at t3e c8a#m of RB aa#$st AB-&BN #s $ot base o$ co$tract, Las#-co$tract,e8#ct, or Las#-e8#ct. %e$ce, t3e c8a#ms for mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes ca$ o$89 bebase o$ Art#c8es 1F, 20, a$ 21 of t3e v#8 &oe. (3e e8eme$ts of abse of r#3t $erArt#c8e 1F are t3e fo88o#$D 1H t3e e#ste$ce of a 8ea8 r#3t or t9, 2H 3#c3 #s eerc#se

#$ ba fa#t3, a$ H for t3e so8e #$te$t of "re7-#c#$ or #$7r#$ a$ot3er. Art#c8e 20 s"ea?sof t3e e$era8 sa$ct#o$ for a88 ot3er "rov#s#o$s of 8a 3#c3 o $ot es"ec#a889 "rov#e fort3e#r o$ sa$ct#o$/ 3#8e Art#c8e 21 ea8s #t3 acts co$tra bo$s mores, a$ 3as t3efo88o#$ e8eme$tsD 1H t3ere #s a$ act 3#c3 #s 8ea8, 2H bt 3#c3 #s co$trar9 to mora8s,oo cstom, "b8#c orer, or "b8#c "o8#c9, a$ H a$ #t #s o$e #t3 #$te$t to #$7re. !er#89t3e$, ma8#ce or ba fa#t3 #s at t3e core of Art#c8es 1F, 20, a$ 21. =a8#ce or ba fa#t3 #m"8#esa co$sc#os a$ #$te$t#o$a8 es#$ to o

5


5


a ro$f8 act for a #s3o$est "r"ose or mora8 ob8#L#t9. c3 mst be sbsta$t#ate b9ev#e$ce.

ame/ ame/ ame/ (3e averse res8t of a$ act#o$ oes $ot "er se ma?e t3e act#o$ro$f8 a$ sb7ect t3e actor to amaes, for t3e 8a co8 $ot 3ave mea$t to #m"ose a"e$a8t9 o$ t3e r#3t to 8#t#ate. If amaes res8t from a "erso$s eerc#se of a r#3t, #t #sam$m absLe #$7r#a.:(3ere #s $o aeLate "roof t3at AB-&BN as #$s"#re b9 ma8#ceor ba fa#t3. It as 3o$est89 co$v#$ce of t3e mer#ts of #ts case after #t 3a $ero$eser#os $eot#at#o$s c8m#$at#$ #$ #ts forma8 sbm#ss#o$ of a raft co$tract. ett8e #s t3e

r8e t3at t3e averse res8t of a$ act#o$ oes $ot "er se ma?e t3e act#o$ ro$f8 a$sb7ect t3e actor to amaes, for t3e 8a co8 $ot 3ave mea$t to #m"ose a "e$a8t9 o$ t3er#3t to 8#t#ate. If amaes res8t from a "erso$s eerc#se of a r#3t, #t #s am$m absLe#$7r#a.

E(I(ION for rev#e or cert#orar# of a ec#s#o$ of t3e &ort of A""ea8s.

(3e facts are state #$ t3e o"#$#o$ of t3e &ort.


38/459

Ga$ca9co +a Oces for "et#t#o$ers.

ea>or ere< +a Oces a$ Be8o, Go


39/459

6 Ca$ar9 1FF2

ear !#c,

(3#s #s $ot a ver9 forma8 bs#$ess 8etter I am r#t#$ to 9o as I o8 8#?e to e"ress m9#c8t9 #$ recomme$#$ t3e "rc3ase of t3e t3ree 8m "ac?aes 9o are oer#$ AB-&BN.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

er Ce Efre$ N. Ambros#o/ Ro88o, 14-161.

5F


5F


)rom amo$ t3e t3ree "ac?aes I ca$ o$89 t#c? o 10 t#t8es e ca$ "rc3ase. 8ease seeattac3e. I 3o"e 9o #88 $ersta$ m9 "os#t#o$. =ost of t3e act#o$ "#ctres #$ t3e 8#st o$ot 3ave b# act#o$ stars #$ t3e cast. (3e9 are $ot for "r#me-t#me. I$ 8#$e #t3 t3#s I #s3 tome$t#o$ t3at I 3ave $ot sc3e8e for te8ecast severa8 act#o$ "#ctres #$ or ver9 rstco$tract becase of t3e c3ea" "roct#o$ va8e of t3ese mov#es as e88 as t3e 8ac? of b#act#o$ stars. As a 8m "rocer, I am sre 9o $ersta$ 3at I am tr9#$ to sa9 as !#va"roces o$89 b# act#o$ "#ctres.

I$ fact, I o8 8#?e to reLest to 2H a#t#o$a8 r$s for t3ese mov#es as I ca$ o$89 sc3e8et3em #$ or $o$-"r#met#me s8ots. e 3ave to cover t3e amo$t t3at as "a# for t3esemov#es becase as 9o ver9 e88 ?$o t3at $o$-"r#met#me avert#s#$ rates are ver9 8o.

(3ese are t3e $a#re t#t8es #$ t3e rst co$tract.

1. Uo$tra ersa Ss#cT

2. Ra#er 8atoo$

. '$erro$ er#88as

4. (#er &omma$

5. Bo9 e abo

6. +a9 &omma$o

. Bata$ =ataero

P. Rebe89o$

I 3o"e 9o #88 co$s#er t3#s reLest of m#$e.

(3e ot3er ramat#c 8ms 3ave bee$ oere to s before a$ 3ave bee$ re7ecte becase oft3e r8#$ of =(R&B to 3ave t3em a#re at FD00 ".m. e to t3e#r ver9 a8t t3emes.

As for t3e 10 t#t8es I 3ave c3oose$ Ss#cT from t3e "ac?aes "8ease co$s#er #$c8#$ a88 t3eot3er !#va mov#es "roce 8ast 9ear. I 3ave L#te a$ attract#ve oer to ma?e.

(3a$?#$ 9o a$ #t3 m9 armest rears.


40/459

#$eH

&3aro a$tos-&o$c#o

O$ )ebrar9 2, 1FF2, efe$a$t e8 Rosar#o a""roac3e AB-&BNs =s. &o$c#o, #t3 a 8#stco$s#st#$ of 52 or##$a8 mov#e t#t8es #.e. $ot 9et a#re o$ te8ev#s#o$H #$c8#$ t3e 14 t#t8essb7ect of t3e "rese$t case, as e88 as 104 re-r$s "rev#os89 a#re o$ te8ev#s#o$H from

3#c3 AB-&BN ma9 c3oose a$ot3er 52 t#t8es, as a tota8 of 156

5P0

5P0



t#t8es, "ro"os#$ to se88 to AB-&BN a#r#$ r#3ts over t3#s "ac?ae of 52 or##$a8s a$ 52 re-r$s for 60,000,000.00 of 3#c3 0,000,000.00 #88 be #$ cas3 a$ 0,000,000.00 ort3

of te8ev#s#o$ s"ots E3s. 4J to 4-&J-!#va/ FJ-!#vaH.O$ A"r#8 2, 1FF2, efe$a$t e8 Rosar#o a$ AB-&BNs e$era8 ma$aer, Ee$#o +o"e< III,met at t3e (amar#$ Gr#88 Restara$t #$ ;e#ct#$ vers#o$s. =r. +o"eect#o$ a$ "resc#$#$ from t3e foreo#$, 7me$t #s re$ere#$ favor of efe$a$ts a$ aa#$st t3e "8a#$t#.

1H (3e com"8a#$t #s 3ereb9 #sm#sse.

2H 8a#$t# AB-&BN #s orere to "a9 efe$a$t RB t3e fo88o#$D

aH 10,2.00, t3e amo$t of "rem#m "a# b9 RB to t3e sret9 3#c3 #sse efe$a$tRBs bo$ to 8#ft t3e #$7$ct#o$/

bH 1F1,P4.00 for t3e amo$t of "r#$t avert#seme$t for =a#$ #$o Ua =a$J #$ var#os

$es"a"ers/cH Attor$e9s fees #$ t3e amo$t of 1 m#88#o$/

H 5 m#88#o$ as a$ b9 a9 of mora8 amaes/

eH 5 m#88#o$ as a$ b9 a9 of eem"8ar9 amaes/

H )or efe$a$t !I!A, "8a#$t# AB-&BN #s orere to "a9 212,000.00 b9 a9 ofreaso$ab8e attor$e9s fees.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

1P I., 464.1F I., F1-F2P.

20 I., 1140-1166/ Ro88o, 14-161.

5P4

5P4



4H (3e cross-c8a#m of efe$a$t RB aa#$st efe$a$t !I!A #s #sm#sse.

5H 8a#$t# to "a9 t3e costs.

Accor#$ to t3e R(&, t3ere as $o meet#$ of m#$s o$ t3e "r#ce a$ terms of t3e oer. (3ea88ee areeme$t betee$ +o"e< III a$ e8 Rosar#o as sb7ect to t3e a""rova8 of t3e !I!ABoar of #rectors, a$ sa# areeme$t as #sa""rove r#$ t3e meet#$ of t3e Boar o$ A"r#8 1FF2. %e$ce, t3ere as $o bas#s for AB-&BNs ema$ t3at !I!A s#$e t3e 1FF2)#8m E3#b#t#o$ Areeme$t. )rt3ermore, t3e r#3t of rst refsa8 $er t3e 1FF0 )#8m


44/459

E3#b#t#o$ Areeme$t 3a "rev#os89 bee$ eerc#se "er =s. &o$c#os 8etter to e8 Rosar#ot#c?#$ o te$ t#t8es acce"tab8e to t3em, 3#c3 o8 3ave mae t3e 1FF2 areeme$t a$e$t#re89 $e co$tract.

O$ 21 C$e 1FF, t3#s &ort e$#e21 AB-&BNs "et#t#o$ for rev#e #$ G.R. No. 10P6, as$o revers#b8e error as comm#tte b9 t3e &ort of A""ea8s #$ #ts c3a88e$e ec#s#o$ a$ t3e

case 3a become moot a$ acaem#c #$ v#e of t3e #sm#ssa8 of t3e ma#$ act#o$ b9 t3ecort a Lo #$ #ts ec#s#o$J of 2P A"r#8 1FF.

Ar#eve b9 t3e R(&s ec#s#o$, AB-&BN a""ea8e to t3e &ort of A""ea8s c8a#m#$ t3att3ere as a "erfecte co$tract betee$ AB-&BN a$ !I!A ra$t#$ AB-&BN t3e ec8s#ver#3t to e3#b#t t3e sb7ect 8ms. r#vate res"o$e$ts !I!A a$ e8 Rosar#o a8so a""ea8esee?#$ mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes a$ a#t#o$a8 attor$e9s fees.

I$ #ts ec#s#o$ of 1 October 1FF6, t3e &ort of A""ea8s aree #t3 t3e R(& t3at t3eco$tract betee$ AB-&BN a$ !I!A 3a $ot bee$ "erfecte, abse$t t3e a""rova8 b9 t3e!I!A Boar of #rectors of 3atever e8 Rosar#o, #ts ae$t, m#3t 3ave aree #t3 +o"e< III.

(3e a""e88ate cort # $ot eve$ be8#eve AB-&BNs ev#e$ce t3at +o"e< III acta889 roteo$ sc3 a$ areeme$t o$ a $a"?#$,J as t3e same as $ever "roce #$ cort. It

8#?e#se re7ecte AB-&BNs@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

21 !o8. 2, OR, 200-205.

5P5


5P5


#$s#ste$ce o$ #ts r#3t of rst refsa8 a$ rat#oc#$ate as fo88osD

As rears t3e matter of r#3t of rst refsa8, #t ma9 be tre t3at a )#8m E3#b#t#o$ Areeme$tas e$tere #$to betee$ A""e88a$t AB-&BN a$ a""e88a$t !I!A $er E3#b#t AJ #$ 1FF0,a$ t3at "ara. 1.4 t3ereof "rov#esD

1.4 AB-&BN s3a88 3ave t3e r#3t of rst refsa8 to t3e $et te$t9-for 24H !I!A 8ms for (!te8ecast $er sc3 terms as ma9 be aree "o$ b9 t3e "art#es 3ereto, "rov#e, 3oever,t3at sc3 r#3t s3a88 be eerc#se b9 AB-&BN #t3#$ a "er#o of ftee$ 15H a9s from t3eacta8 oer #$ r#t#$ Recors, ". 14H.

S%Toever, #t #s ver9 c8ear t3at sa# r#3t of rst refsa8 #$ favor of AB-&BN s3a88 st#88 besb7ect to sc3 terms as ma9 be aree "o$ b9 t3e "art#es t3ereto, a$ t3at t3e sa# r#3ts3a88 be eerc#se b9 AB-&BN #t3#$ ftee$ 15H a9s from t3e acta8 oer #$ r#t#$. a#"ara. 1.4 of t3e areeme$t E3#b#t AJ o$ t3e r#3t of rst refsa8 # $ot t3e "r#ce of t3e8m r#3t to t3e te$t9-for 24H 8ms, $or # #t s"ec#f9 t3e terms t3ereof. (3e same are st#888eft to be aree "o$ b9 t3e "art#es.

I$ t3e #$sta$t case, AB-&BNs 8etter of re7ect#o$ E3#b#t Recors, ". PFH state t3at #t ca$o$89 t#c? o te$ 10H 8ms, a$ t3e raft co$tract E3#b#t &J acce"te o$89 fortee$ 14H


45/459

8ms, 3#8e "ara. 1.4 of E3#b#t AJ s"ea?s of t3e $et te$t9-for 24H 8ms. (3e oer of!I!A as somet#me #$ ecember 1FF1 E3#b#ts 2, 2-A, 2-B/ Recors, "". P6-PP/ ec#s#o$, ".11, Recors, ". 1150H, 3e$ t3e rst 8#st of !I!A 8ms as se$t b9 =r. e8 Rosar#o to AB-&BN.

(3e !#ce res#e$t of AB-&BN, =rs. &3aro a$tos-&o$c#o, se$t a 8etter ate Ca$ar9 6,

1FF2 E3#b#t , Recors, ". PFH 3ere AB-&BN eerc#se #ts r#3t of refsa8 b9 re7ect#$ t3eoer of !I!A. As a"t89 observe b9 t3e tr#a8 cort, #t3 t3e sa# 8etter of =rs. &o$c#o ofCa$ar9 6, 1FF2, AB-&BN 3a 8ost #ts r#3t of rst refsa8. A$ eve$ #f e rec?o$ t3e ftee$15H a9 "er#o from )ebrar9 2, 1FF2 E3#b#ts 4 to 4-&H 3e$ a$ot3er 8#st as se$t toAB-&BN after t3e 8etter of =rs. &o$c#o, st#88 t3e ftee$ 15H a9 "er#o #t3#$ 3#c3 AB-&BN s3a88 eerc#se #ts r#3t of rst refsa8 3as a8rea9 e"#re.22

@@@@@@@@@@@@

22 Ro88o, 55.

5P6

5P6



Accor#$89, res"o$e$t cort ssta#$e t3e aar of acta8 amaes co$s#st#$ #$ t3e costof "r#$t avert#seme$ts a$ t3e "rem#m "a9me$ts for t3e co$terbo$, t3ere be#$aeLate "roof of t3e "ec$#ar9 8oss 3#c3 RBs 3a sere as a res8t of t3e 8#$ of t3ecom"8a#$t b9 AB-&BN. As to t3e aar of mora8 amaes, t3e &ort of A""ea8s fo$reaso$ab8e bas#s t3erefor, 3o8#$ t3at RB re"tat#o$ as ebase b9 t3e 8#$ of t3e

com"8a#$t #$ v#8 &ase No. ;-F2-120F a$ b9 t3e $o$-s3o#$ of t3e 8m =a#$ #$o Ua=a$.J Res"o$e$t cort a8so 3e8 t3at eem"8ar9 amaes ere correct89 #m"ose b9 a9of eam"8e or correct#o$ for t3e "b8#c oo #$ v#e of t3e 8#$ of t3e com"8a#$t es"#te"et#t#o$ers ?$o8ee t3at t3e co$tract #t3 !I!A 3a $ot bee$ "erfecte. It a8so "3e8 t3eaar of attor$e9s fees, reaso$#$ t3at #t3 AB-&BNs act of #$st#tt#$ v#8 &ase No. ;-F2-120F, RB as $$ecessar#89 force to 8#t#ate.J (3e a""e88ate cort, 3oever, recet3e aars of mora8 amaes to 2 m#88#o$, eem"8ar9 amaes to 2 m#88#o$, a$ attor$e9sfees to 500,000.00.

O$ t3e ot3er 3a$, res"o$e$t &ort of A""ea8s e$#e !I!A a$ e8 Rosar#os a""ea8becase #t as RB a$ $ot !I!A 3#c3 as acta889 "re7#ce 3e$ t3e com"8a#$t as8e b9 AB-&BN.J

Its mot#o$ for reco$s#erat#o$ 3av#$ bee$ e$#e, AB-&BN 8e t3e "et#t#o$ #$ t3#s case,co$te$#$ t3at t3e &ort of A""ea8s rave89 erre #$

I

. . . R'+ING (%A( (%ERE A NO ER)E&(E &ON(RA&( BE(EEN E(I(IONER ANRI!A(E REONEN( !I!A NO(I(%(ANING REONERAN&E O) E!IEN&E A'&EBY E(I(IONER (O (%E &ON(RARY.


46/459

II

. . . IN AARING A&('A+ AN &O=ENA(ORY A=AGE IN )A!OR O) RI!A(EREONEN( RB.

5P


5P


III

. . . IN AARING =ORA+ AN EE=+ARY A=AGE IN )A!OR O) RI!A(E REONEN(

RB.

I!

. . . IN AARING A((ORNEY )EE IN )A!OR O) RB.

AB-&BN c8a#ms t3at #t 3a 9et to f889 eerc#se #ts r#3t of rst refsa8 over te$t9-for t#t8es$er t3e 1FF0 )#8m E3#b#t#o$ Areeme$t, as #t 3a c3ose$ o$89 te$ t#t8es from t3e rst 8#st.It #$s#sts t3at e #ve cree$ce to +o"e


47/459

26 65 &RA 52 S1F5T.

5PP

5PP



eterm#$e to "t " a co$terbo$, #t co8 3ave "rese$te a cas3 bo$. )rt3ermore$er Art#c8e 220 of t3e v#8 &oe, t3e "art9 ser#$ 8oss or #$7r9 #s a8so reL#re toeerc#se t3e #8#e$ce of a oo fat3er of a fam#89 to m#$#m#


48/459

As rears t3e aar of attor$e9s fees, AB-&BN ma#$ta#$s t3at t3e same 3a $o facta8,8ea8, or eL#tab8e 7st#cat#o$. I$ ssta#$#$ t3e tr#a8 corts aar, t3e &ort of A""ea8sacte #$ c8ear #srear of t3e octr#$e 8a# o$ #$ Ba$ v. &amaa$aca$2 t3at t3e tet oft3e ec#s#o$ s3o8 state t3e reaso$ 39 attor$e9s fees are be#$ aare/ ot3er#se, t3eaar s3o8 be #sa88oe. Bes#es, $o ba fa#t3 3as bee$ #m"te o$, mc3 8ess "roveas 3av#$ bee$ comm#tte b9, AB-&BN. It 3as bee$ 3e8 t3at 3ere $o sc#e$t s3o#$

of ba fa#t3 o8 be re>ecte #$ a "art9s "ers#ste$ce #$ a case ot3er t3a$ a$ erro$eosco$v#ct#o$ of t3e r#3teos$ess of 3#s case, attor$e9s fees s3a88 $ot be recovere ascost.J

O$ t3e ot3er 3a$, RB asserts t3at t3ere as $o "erfecte co$tract betee$ AB-&BN a$!I!A abse$t a$9 meet#$ of m#$s betee$ t3em rear#$ t3e ob7ect a$ co$s#erat#o$ oft3e a88ee co$tract. It arms t3at AB-&BNs c8a#m of a r#3t of rst refsa8 as correct89re7ecte b9 t3e tr#a8 cort. RB #$s#sts t3e "rem#m #t 3a "a# for t3e co$terbo$co$st#tte a "ec$#ar9 8oss "o$ 3#c3 #t ma9 recover. It as ob8#e to "t " t3eco$terbo$ e to t3e #$7$ct#o$ "rocre b9 AB-&BN. #$ce t3e tr#a8 cort fo$ t3atAB-&BN 3a $o case of act#o$ or va8# c8a#m aa#$st RB a$, t3erefore $ot e$t#t8e to t3er#t of #$7$ct#o$, RB co8 recover from AB-&BN t3e "rem#m "a# o$ t3e co$terbo$.&o$trar9 to t3e c8a#m of AB-&BN, t3e cas3 bo$ o8 "rove to be more e"e$s#ve, as t3e8oss o8 be eL#va8e$t to t3e cost

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

1 t#$ eo"8e v. =a$ero, 21P &RA P5, F6-F S1FFT/ c#t#$ #me I$ter$at#o$a8 =a$#8aH,I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s, 1P &RA 60 S1FF0T.

2 16 &RA 21 S1F66T.

ee Go$


49/459

t#$ (o8e$t#$o,4 amaes ma9 be aare #$ cases of abse of r#3ts eve$ #f t3e act o$e#s $ot #88#c#t, a$ t3ere #s abse of r#3ts 3ere a "8a#$t# #$st#ttes a$ act#o$ "re89 for t3e"r"ose of 3arass#$ or "re7#c#$ t3e efe$a$t.

I$ s""ort of #ts sta$ t3at a 7r##ca8 e$t#t9 ca$ recover mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes,"r#vate res"o$e$t RB c#te eo"8e v. =a$ero,5 3ere #t as state t3at sc3 e$t#t9 ma9

recover mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes #f #t 3as a oo re"tat#o$ t3at #s ebase res8t#$#$ soc#a8 3m#8#at#o$. It t3e$ rat#oc#$ates/ t3sD

(3ere ca$ be $o obt t3at RB re"tat#o$ 3as bee$ ebase b9 AB-&BNs acts #$ t3#scase. 3e$ RB as $ot ab8e to f888 #ts comm#tme$t to t3e v#e#$ "b8#c to s3o t3e 8m=a#$ #$o Ua =a$J o$ t3e sc3e8e ates a$ t#mes a$ o$ to occas#o$s t3at RBavert#seH, #t sere ser#os embarrassme$t a$ soc#a8 3-

@@@@@@@@@@@@@

4 I AR('RO =. (O+EN(INO, &O==EN(ARIE AN C'RIR'EN&E ON (%E &I!I+ &OE O)(%E %I+IINE 6, 66 1FP e.H.

5 "ra $ote 1.

5F1


5F1


m#8#at#o$. 3e$ t3e s3o#$ as ca$ce8e, #rate v#eers ca88e " RB oces a$sb7ecte RB to verba8 abse A$$o$ce ?a9o $ a$$o$ce, 3#$# $#$9o $ama$ #8a8abas,J

$a$8o8o?o 9ata ?a9oJH E3. -RB, "ar. H. (3#s a8o$e as $ot somet3#$ RB bro3t "o$#tse8f. It as eact89 3at AB-&BN 3a "8a$$e to 3a""e$.

(3e amo$t of mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes ca$$ot be sa# to be ecess#ve. (o reaso$s7st#f9 t3e amo$t of t3e aar.

(3e rst #s t3at t3e 3m#8#at#o$ sere b9 RB #s $at#o$a8 #$ ete$t. RB o"erat#o$s as abroacast#$ com"a$9 #s Ss#cT $at#o$#e. Its c8#e$te8e, 8#?e t3at of AB-&BN, co$s#sts oft3ose 3o o$ a$ atc3 te8ev#s#o$. It #s $ot a$ eaerat#o$ to state, a$ #t #s a matter of

7#c#a8 $ot#ce t3at a8most ever9 ot3er "erso$ #$ t3e co$tr9 atc3es te8ev#s#o$. (3e3m#8#at#o$ sere b9 RB #s m8t#"8#e b9 t3e $mber of te8ev#eers 3o 3a a$t#c#"atet3e s3o#$ of t3e 8m =a#$ #$o Ua =a$J o$ =a9 2P a$ November , 1FF2 bt # $otsee #t o#$ to t3e ca$ce88at#o$. Ae to t3#s are t3e avert#sers 3o 3a "8ace

commerc#a8 s"ots for t3e te8ecast a$ to 3om RB 3a a comm#tme$t #$ co$s#erat#o$ oft3e "8aceme$t to s3o t3e 8m #$ t3e ates a$ t#mes s"ec#e.

(3e seco$ #s t3at #t #s a com"et#tor t3at case RB to ser t3e 3m#8#at#o$. (3e3m#8#at#o$ a$ #$7r9 are far reater #$ eree 3e$ case b9 a$ e$t#t9 3ose 8t#matebs#$ess ob7ect#ve #s to 8re cstomers v#eers #$ t3#s caseH aa9 from t3e com"et#t#o$.6

)or t3e#r "art, !I!A a$ !#ce$te e8 Rosar#o co$te$ t3at t3e $#$s of fact of t3e tr#a8 corta$ t3e &ort of A""ea8s o $ot s""ort AB-&BNs c8a#m t3at t3ere as a "erfecte


50/459

co$tract. c3 facta8 $#$s ca$ $o 8o$er be #strbe #$ t3#s "et#t#o$ for rev#e $erR8e 45, as o$89 Lest#o$s of 8a ca$ be ra#se, $ot Lest#o$s of fact. O$ t3e #sse ofamaes a$ attor$e9s fees, t3e9 ao"te t3e arme$ts of RB.

(3e ?e9 #sses for or co$s#erat#o$ are 1H 3et3er t3ere as a "erfecte co$tract betee$!I!A a$ AB-&BN, a$ 2H 3et3er RB #s e$t#t8e to amaes a$ attor$e9s fees. It ma9

be $ote t3at t3e aar of attor$e9s fees of 212,000 #$ favor of !I!A #s $ot ass#$e asa$ot3er error.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

6 Ro88o, 1F1.

5F2

5F2

'RE=E &O'R( REOR( ANNO(A(EAB-&BN Broacast#$ &or"orat#o$ vs. &ort of A""ea8s

I

(3e rst #sse s3o8 be reso8ve aa#$st AB-&BN. A co$tract #s a meet#$ of m#$sbetee$ to "erso$s 3ereb9 o$e b#$s 3#mse8f to #ve somet3#$ or to re$er someserv#ce to a$ot3er for a co$s#erat#o$. (3ere #s $o co$tract $8ess t3e fo88o#$ reL#s#tesco$crD 1H co$se$t of t3e co$tract#$ "art#es/ 2H ob7ect certa#$ 3#c3 #s t3e sb7ect of t3eco$tract/ a$ H case of t3e ob8#at#o$, 3#c3 #s estab8#s3e.P A co$tract $eroes t3reestaesD

aH "re"arat#o$, co$ce"t#o$, or e$erat#o$, 3#c3 #s t3e "er#o of $eot#at#o$ a$ bara#$#$,

e$#$ at t3e mome$t of areeme$t of t3e "art#es/

bH "erfect#o$ or b#rt3 of t3e co$tract, 3#c3 #s t3e mome$t 3e$ t3e "art#es come to areeo$ t3e terms of t3e co$tract/ a$

cH co$smmat#o$ or eat3, 3#c3 #s t3e f888me$t or "erforma$ce of t3e terms aree "o$#$ t3e co$tract.F

&o$tracts t3at are co$se$sa8 #$ $atre are "erfecte "o$ mere meet#$ of t3e m#$s.O$ce t3ere #s co$crre$ce betee$ t3e oer a$ t3e acce"ta$ce "o$ t3e sb7ect matter,co$s#erat#o$, a$ terms of "a9me$t a co$tract #s "roce. (3e oer mst be certa#$. (oco$vert t3e oer #$to a co$tract, t3e acce"ta$ce mst be abso8te a$ mst $ot La8#f9 t3eterms of t3e oer/ #t mst be "8a#$, $eL#voca8, $co$#t#o$a8, a$ #t3ot var#a$ce of a$9

sort from t3e "ro"osa8. A La8#e acce"ta$ce, or o$e t3at #$vo8ves a $e "ro"osa8,co$st#ttes a co$ter-oer a$ #s a re7ect#o$ of t3e or##$a8 oer. &o$seLe$t89, 3e$somet3#$ #s es#re 3#c3 #s $ot eact89 3at #s "ro"ose #$ t3e oer, sc3 acce"ta$ce #s$ot

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Art. 105, v#8 &oe.


51/459

P Art. 11P, v#8 &oe.

F (o9ota 3a, I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s, s"ra $ote 24, at 2F.

5F


5F


sc#e$t to e$erate co$se$t becase a$9 mo#cat#o$ or var#at#o$ from t3e terms of t3eoer a$$8s t3e oer.40

3e$ =r. e8 Rosar#o of !I!A met #t3 =r. +o"e< of AB-&BN at t3e (amar#$ Gr#88 o$ 2 A"r#81FF2 to #scss t3e "ac?ae of 8ms, sa# "ac?ae of 104 !I!A 8ms as !I!As oer to AB-&BN to e$ter #$to a $e )#8m E3#b#t#o$ Areeme$t. Bt AB-&BN, se$t, t3ro3 =s. &o$c#o,a co$ter-"ro"osa8 #$ t3e form of a raft co$tract "ro"os#$ e3#b#t#o$ of 5 8ms for a

co$s#erat#o$ of 5 m#88#o$. (3#s co$ter-"ro"osa8 co8 be $ot3#$ 8ess t3a$ t3e co$ter-oer of =r. +o"e< r#$ 3#s co$fere$ce #t3 e8 Rosar#o at (amar#$ Gr#88 Restara$t.&8ear89, t3ere as $o acce"ta$ce of !I!As oer, for #t as met b9 a co$ter-oer 3#c3sbsta$t#a889 var#e t3e terms of t3e oer.

AB-&BNs re8#a$ce #$ +#m?et?a# o$s =#88#$, I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s 41 a$ !#88o$co Rea8t9&om"a$9 v. Borma3eco, I$c.,42 #s m#s"8ace. I$ t3ese cases, #t as 3e8 t3at a$ acce"ta$cema9 co$ta#$ a reLest for certa#$ c3a$es #$ t3e terms of t3e oer a$ 9et be a b#$#$acce"ta$ce as 8o$ as #t #s c8ear t3at t3e mea$#$ of t3e acce"ta$ce #s "os#t#ve89 a$$eL#voca889 to acce"t t3e oer, 3et3er sc3 reLest #s ra$te or $ot.J (3#s r8#$ as,3oever, reverse #$ t3e reso8t#o$ of 2F =arc3 1FF6,4 3#c3 r8e t3at t3e acce"ta$ce ofa$ oer mst be $La8#e a$ abso8te, #.e., #t mst be #e$t#ca8 #$ a88 res"ects #t3 t3atof t3e oer so as to "roce co$se$t or meet#$ of t3e m#$s.J

O$ t3e ot3er 3a$, #$ !#88o$co, c#te #$ +#m?et?a#, t3e a88ee c3a$es #$ t3e rev#seco$ter-oer ere $ot mater#a8 bt mere89 c8ar#cator9 of 3at 3a "rev#os89 bee$ aree"o$. It c#te t3e stateme$t #$ tart v. )ra$?8#$ +#fe I$sr-

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

40 ee I! AR('RO =. (O+EN(INO, &O==EN(ARIE AN C'RIR'EN&E ON (%E &I!I+ &OEO) (%E %I+IINE 450 6t3 e., 1FF6H.

41 "ra $ote 2.

42 "ra $ote 26.4 255 &RA 626, 6F S1FF6T.

5F4

5F4



52/459


a$ce &o.44 t3at a ve$ors c3a$e #$ a "3rase of t3e oer to "rc3ase, 3#c3 c3a$e oes$ot esse$t#a889 c3a$e t3e terms of t3e oer, oes $ot amo$t to a re7ect#o$ of t3e oer a$t3e te$er of a co$ter-oer.J45 %oever, 3e$ a$9 of t3e e8eme$ts of t3e co$tract #smo#e "o$ acce"ta$ce, sc3 a8terat#o$ amo$ts to a co$ter-oer.

I$ t3e case at bar, AB-&BN mae $o $La8#e acce"ta$ce of !I!As oer. %e$ce, t3e9$ere$t a "er#o of bara#$#$. AB-&BN t3e$ forma8#


53/459

)IR(, =r. +o"e< c8a#me t3at 3at as aree "o$ at t3e (amar#$ Gr#88 referre to t3e"r#ce a$ t3e $mber of 8ms, 3#c3 3e rote o$ a $a"?#$. %oever, E3#b#t &J co$ta#$s$meros "rov#s#o$s 3#c3 ere $ot #scsse at t3e (amar#$ Gr#88, #f +o"eect 3at as aree "o$ b9 t3e "art#es. (3#s$erscores t3e fact t3at t3ere as $o meet#$ of t3e m#$s as to t3e sb7ect matter of t3eco$tract, so as to "rec8e "erfect#o$ t3ereof. )or sett8e #s t3e r8e t3at t3ere ca$ be $oco$tract 3ere t3ere #s $o ob7ect certa#$ 3#c3 #s #ts sb7ect matter Art. 11P, N&&H.

(%IR, =r. +o"e< Ss#cT a$ser to Lest#o$ 2F of 3#s aav#t test#mo$9 E3. JH statesD

e ere ab8e to reac3 a$ areeme$t. !I!A ave s t3e ec8s#ve 8#ce$se to s3o t3esefortee$ 14H 8ms, a$ e aree to "a9 !#va t3e amo$t of 16,050,000.00 as e88 asra$t !#va commerc#a8 s8ots ort3 1F,F50,000.00. e 3a a8rea9 earmar?e t3#s16,050,000.00.J

3#c3 #ves a tota8 co$s#erat#o$ of 6 m#88#o$ 1F,F50,000.00 "8s 16,050,000.00 eLa8s6,000,000.00H.

O$ cross-eam#$at#o$ =r. +o"e< test#eD

5F6

5F6



;

3at as r#tte$ #$ t3#s $a"?#$X

A

(3e tota8 "r#ce, t3e brea?o$ t3e ?$o$ !#va mov#es, t3e b8oc?bster mov#es a$ t3eot3er !#va mov#es becase t3e "r#ce as bro?e$ o$ accor#$89. (3e $o$e Ss#cT !#va a$t3e seve$ ot3er !#va mov#es a$ t3e s3ar#$ betee$ t3e cas3 "ort#o$ a$ t3e co$cer$es"ot "ort#o$ #$ t3e tota8 amo$t of 5 m#88#o$ "esos.

No, 3#c3 #s 3#c3X 6 m#88#o$ or 5 m#88#o$X (3#s ea?e$s AB-&BNs c8a#m.

)O'R(%. =rs. &o$c#o, test#f9#$ for AB-&BN state t3at s3e tra$sm#tte E3#b#t &J to =r.e8 Rosar#o #t3 a 3a$r#tte$ $ote, escr#b#$ sa# E3#b#t &J as a raft.J E3. 5J-!#va/ts$, "". 2-24, C$e 0P, 1FF2H. (3e sa# raft 3as a e88 e$e mea$#$.


54/459

. . .

#$ce E3#b#t &J #s o$89 a raft, or a te$tat#ve, "rov#s#o$a8 or "re"arator9 r#t#$ "re"arefor #scss#o$, t3e terms a$ co$#t#o$s t3ereof co8 $ot 3ave bee$ "rev#os89 aree "o$b9 AB-&BN a$ !#va. E3#b#t &J co8 $ot t3erefore 8ea889 b#$ !#va, $ot 3av#$ areet3ereto. I$ fact, =s. &o$c#o am#tte t3at t3e terms a$ co$#t#o$s embo#e #$ E3#b#t &J

ere "re"are b9 AB-&BNs 8a9ers a$ t3ere as $o #scss#o$ o$ sa# terms a$co$#t#o$s . . . .

As t3e "art#es 3a $ot 9et #scsse t3e "ro"ose terms a$ co$#t#o$s #$ E3#b#t &,J a$t3ere as $o ev#e$ce 3atsoever t3at !#va aree to t3e terms a$ co$#t#o$s t3ereof,sa# ocme$t ca$$ot be a b#$#$ co$tract. (3e fact t3at !#va refse to s#$ E3#b#t &Jrevea8s o$89 to Ss#cT e88 t3at #t # $ot aree o$ #ts terms a$ co$#t#o$s, a$ t3#s cort3as $o at3or#t9 to com"e8 !#va to aree t3ereto.

)I)(%. =r. +o"e< $ersta$ Ss#cT t3at 3at 3e a$ =r. e8 Rosar#o aree "o$ at t3e(amar#$ Gr#88 as o$89 "rov#s#o$a8, #$ t3e se$se t3at #t as sb7ect to a""rova8 b9 t3e Boarof #rectors of !#va. %e test#eD

;

No, =r. #t$ess, a$ after t3at (amar#$ meet#$ . . . t3e seco$ meet#$ 3ere#$ 9oc8a#me t3at 9o 3ave t3e meet#$ of t3e m#$s betee$ 9o a$ =r. !#c e8 Rosar#o, 3at3a""e$eX

A

!#c e8 Rosar#o as s""ose to ca88 s " a$ te88 s s"ec#ca889 t3e res8t of t3e #scss#o$#t3 t3e Boar of fs#rectors.

5F

!O+. 01, CAN'ARY 21 1FFF5F


;

A$ 9o are referr#$ to t3e so-ca88e areeme$t 3#c3 9o rote #$ Ss#cT a "#ece of "a"erX

A

Yes, s#r.

;

o, 3e as o#$ to forar t3at to t3e boar of #rectors for a""rova8X

A

Yes, s#r. (s$, "". 42-4, C$e P, 1FF2H

. . .


55/459

;

# =r. e8 Rosar#o te88 9o t3at 3e #88 sbm#t #t to 3#s Boar for a""rova8X

A

Yes, s#r. (s$, ". 6F, C$e P, 1FF2H.

(3e above test#mo$9 of =r. +o"e< s3os be9o$ obt t3at 3e ?$e =r. e8 Rosar#o 3a $oat3or#t9 to b#$ !#va to a co$tract #t3 AB-&BN $t#8 a$ $8ess #ts Boar of #rectorsa""rove #t. (3e com"8a#$t, #$ fact, a88ees t3at =r. e8 Rosar#o #s t3e Eect#ve rocer ofefe$a$t !#vaJ 3#c3 #s a cor"orat#o$.J "ar. 2, com"8a#$tH. As a mere ae$t of !#va, e8Rosar#o co8 $ot b#$ !#va $8ess 3at 3e # #s rat#e b9 #ts Boar of #rectors. !#ce$tevs. Gera8e


56/459

&o$c#o as s3e 3aH. (N, C$e P, 1FF2, "". 1-5H. e8 Rosar#o 3#mse8f ?$e a$$ersta$ Ss#cT t3at AB-&BN 3as 8ost #ts r#3t of rst refsa8 3e$ 3#s 8#st of 6 t#t8es erere7ecte (s$, C$e F, 1FF2, "". 10-11H.50

II

%oever, e $ for AB-&BN o$ t3e #sse of amaes. e s3a88 rst ta?e " acta8

amaes. &3a"ter 2, (#t8e !III, Boo? I! of t3e v#8 &oe #s t3e s"ec#c 8a o$ acta8 orcom"e$sator9 amaes. Ece"t as "rov#e b9 8a or b9 st#"8at#o$, o$e #s e$t#t8e tocom"e$sat#o$ for acta8 amaes o$89 for sc3 "ec$#ar9 8oss sere b9 3#m as 3e 3as89 "rove.51 (3e #$em$#cat#o$ s3a88 com"re3e$ $ot o$89 t3e va8e of t3e 8oss sere,bt a8so t3at of t3e "rots t3at t3e ob8#ee fa#8e to obta#$.52 I$ co$tracts a$ Las#-co$tracts t3e amaes 3#c3 ma9 be aare are e"e$e$t o$ 3et3er t3e ob8#or acte#t3 oo fa#t3 or ot3er#se. I$ case of oo fa#t3, t3e amaes recoverab8e are t3ose 3#c3are t3e $atra8 a$ "robab8e co$seLe$ces of t3e breac3 of t3e ob8#at#o$ a$ 3#c3 t3e"art#es 3ave foresee$ or co8 3ave reaso$ab89 foresee$ at t3e t#me of t3e co$st#tt#o$ oft3e ob8#at#o$. If t3e

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

50 I., 15P.

51 Art#c8e 21FF, v#8 &oe.

52 Art#c8e 2200, #.

5FF


5FF


ob8#or acte #t3 fra, ba fa#t3, ma8#ce, or a$to$ att#te, 3e s3a88 be res"o$s#b8e for a88amaes 3#c3 ma9 be reaso$ab89 attr#bte to t3e $o$-"erforma$ce of t3e ob8#at#o$.5 I$cr#mes a$ Las#-e8#cts, t3e efe$a$t s3a88 be 8#ab8e for a88 amaes 3#c3 are t3e $atra8a$ "robab8e co$seLe$ces of t3e act or om#ss#o$ com"8a#$e of, 3et3er or $ot sc3amaes 3ave bee$ foresee$ or co8 3ave reaso$ab89 bee$ foresee$ b9 t3e efe$a$t.54

Acta8 amaes ma9 8#?e#se be recovere for 8oss or #m"a#rme$t of ear$#$ ca"ac#t9 #$cases of tem"orar9 or "erma$e$t "erso$a8 #$7r9, or for #$7r9 to t3e "8a#$t#s bs#$esssta$#$ or commerc#a8 cre#t.55

(3e c8a#m of RB for acta8 amaes # $ot ar#se from co$tract, Las#-co$tract, e8#ct, orLas#-e8#ct. It arose from t3e fact of 8#$ of t3e com"8a#$t es"#te AB-&BNs a88ee?$o8ee of 8ac? of case of act#o$. (3s "arara"3 12 of RBs A$ser #t3 &o$terc8a#ma$ &ross-c8a#m $er t3e 3ea#$ &O'N(ER&+AI= s"ec#ca889 a88eesD

12. AB-&BN 8e t3e com"8a#$t ?$o#$ f889 e88 t3at #t 3as $o case of act#o$ aa#$stRB. As a res8t t3ereof, RB sere acta8 amaes #$ t3e amo$t of 6,621,1F5.2.56


57/459

Nee8ess to state t3e aar of acta8 amaes ca$$ot be com"re3e$e $er t3e above8a o$ acta8 amaes. RB co8 o$89 "robab89 ta?e refe $er Art#c8es 1F, 20, a$ 21 oft3e v#8 &oe, 3#c3 rea as fo88osD

AR(. 1F. Ever9 "erso$ mst, #$ t3e eerc#se of 3#s r#3ts a$ #$ t3e "erforma$ce of 3#s t#es,act #t3 7st#ce, #ve ever9o$e 3#s e, a$ observe 3o$est9 a$ oo fa#t3.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

5 Art#c8e 2201, #.

54 Art#c8e 2202, #.

55 Art#c8e 2205, #.

56 !o8. 1, OR, 225.

600

600



AR(. 20. Ever9 "erso$ 3o, co$trar9 to 8a, #8f889 or $e8#e$t89 cases amae toa$ot3er, s3a88 #$em$#f9 t3e 8atter for t3e same.

AR(. 21. A$9 "erso$ 3o #8f889 cases 8oss or #$7r9 to a$ot3er #$ a ma$$er t3at #s co$trar9to mora8s, oo cstoms or "b8#c "o8#c9 s3a88 com"e$sate t3e 8atter for t3e amae.

It ma9 frt3er be observe t3at #$ cases 3ere a r#t of "re8#m#$ar9 #$7$ct#o$ #s #sse, t3e

amaes 3#c3 t3e efe$a$t ma9 ser b9 reaso$ of t3e r#t are recoverab8e from t3e#$7$ct#ve bo$.5 I$ t3#s case, AB-&BN 3a $ot 9et 8e t3e reL#re bo$/ as a matter offact, #t as?e for rect#o$ of t3e bo$ a$ eve$ e$t to t3e &ort of A""ea8s to c3a88e$et3e orer o$ t3e matter. &8ear89 t3e$, #t as $ot $ecessar9 for RB to 8e a co$terbo$.%e$ce, AB-&BN ca$$ot be 3e8 res"o$s#b8e for t3e "rem#m RB "a# for t3e co$terbo$.

Ne#t3er co8 AB-&BN be 8#ab8e for t3e "r#$t avert#seme$ts for =a#$ #$o Ua =a$J for8ac? of sc#e$t 8ea8 bas#s. (3e R(& #sse a tem"orar9 restra#$#$ orer a$ 8ater, a r#tof "re8#m#$ar9 #$7$ct#o$ o$ t3e bas#s of #ts eterm#$at#o$ t3at t3ere e#ste sc#e$tro$ for t3e #ssa$ce t3ereof. Notab89, t3e R(& # $ot #sso8ve t3e #$7$ct#o$ o$ t3ero$ of 8ac? of 8ea8 a$ facta8 bas#s, bt becase of t3e "8ea of RB t3at #t be a88oe to"t " a co$terbo$.

As rears attor$e9s fees, t3e 8a #s c8ear t3at #$ t3e abse$ce of st#"8at#o$, attor$e9s feesma9 be recovere as acta8 or com"e$sator9 amaes $er a$9 of t3e c#rcmsta$ces"rov#e for #$ Art#c8e 220P of t3e v#8 &oe.5P

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

5 ect#o$ 4 #$ re8at#o$ to ect#o$ P, R8e 5P, 1FF R8es of v#8 rocere.


58/459

5P It reas as fo88osD

AR(. 220P. I$ t3e abse$ce of st#"8at#o$, attor$e9s fees a$ e"e$ses of 8#t#at#o$, ot3ert3a$ 7#c#a8 costs, ca$$ot be recovere, ece"tD

1H 3e$ eem"8ar9 amaes are aare/

2H 3e$ t3e efe$a$ts act or om#ss#o$ 3as com"e88e t3e "8a#$t# to 8#t#ate #t3 t3#r"erso$s or to #$cr e"e$ses to "rotect 3#s #$terest/

601


601


(3e e$era8 r8e #s t3at attor$e9s fees ca$$ot be recovere as "art of amaes becase oft3e "o8#c9 t3at $o "rem#m s3o8 be "8ace o$ t3e r#3t to 8#t#ate.5F (3e9 are $ot to beaare ever9 t#me a "art9 #$s a s#t. (3e "oer of t3e cort to aar attor$e9s fees$er Art#c8e 220P ema$s facta8, 8ea8, a$ eL#tab8e 7st#cat#o$.60 Eve$ 3e$ ac8a#ma$t #s com"e88e to 8#t#ate #t3 t3#r "erso$s or to #$cr e"e$ses to "rotect 3#s r#3ts,st#88 attor$e9s fees ma9 $ot be aare 3ere $o sc#e$t s3o#$ of ba fa#t3 co8 bere>ecte #$ a "art9s "ers#ste$ce #$ a case ot3er t3a$ a$ erro$eos co$v#ct#o$ of t3er#3teos$ess of 3#s case.61

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

H I$ cr#m#$a8 cases of ma8#c#os "rosect#o$ aa#$st t3e "8a#$t#/

4H I$ case of a c8ear89 $fo$e c#v#8 act#o$ or "rocee#$ aa#$st t3e "8a#$t#/5H 3ere t3e efe$a$t acte #$ ross a$ ev#e$t ba fa#t3 #$ refs#$ to sat#sf9 t3e"8a#$t#s "8a#$89 va8#, 7st a$ ema$ab8e c8a#m/

6H I$ act#o$s for 8ea8 s""ort/

H I$ act#o$s for t3e recover9 of aes of 3ose3o8 3e8"ers, 8aborers a$ s?#88e or?ers/

PH I$ act#o$s for #$em$#t9 $er or?me$s com"e$sat#o$ a$ em"8o9ers 8#ab#8#t9 8as/

FH I$ a se"arate c#v#8 act#o$ to recover c#v#8 8#ab#8#t9 ar#s#$ from a cr#me/

10H 3e$ at 8east ob8e 7#c#a8 costs are aare/

11H I$ a$9 ot3er case 3ere t3e cort eems #t 7st a$ eL#tab8e t3at attor$e9s fees a$e"e$ses of 8#t#at#o$ s3o8 be recovere.

I$ a88 cases, t3e attor$e9s fees a$ e"e$ses of 8#t#at#o$ mst be reaso$ab8e.

5F )#resto$e (#re Rbber &om"a$9 of t3e 3#8#""#$es v. I$es &3aves &o. +t., 1P &RA56, 5P S1F66T/ 3#8#""#$e A#r +#$es v. =#a$o, 242 &RA 25, 240 S1FF5T.

60 cott &o$s8ta$ts Resorce eve8o"me$t &or"orat#o$, I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s, 242&RA F, 406 S1FF5T.


59/459

61 Go$


60/459

ser#$ a$ me$ta8 a$#s3, 3#c3 ca$ be e"er#e$ce o$89 b9 o$e 3av#$ a $ervoss9stem.65 (3e stateme$t #$ eo"8e v. =a$ero 66 a$ =amb8ao +mber &o. v. NB 6 t3at acor"orat#o$ ma9 recover mora8 amaes #f #t 3as a oo re"tat#o$ t3at #s ebase,res8t#$ #$ soc#a8 3m#8#at#o$J #s a$ ob#ter #ctm. O$ t3#s score a8o$e t3e aar foramaes mst be set as#e, s#$ce RB #s a cor"orat#o$.

(3e bas#c 8a o$ eem"8ar9 amaes #s ect#o$ 5, &3a"ter , (#t8e !III, Boo? I! of t3e v#8&oe. (3ese are #m"ose b9 a9 of eam"8e or correct#o$ for t3e "b8#c oo, #$ a#t#o$ tomora8, tem"erate, 8#L#ate, or com"e$sator9 amaes.6P (3e9 are recoverab8e #$ cr#m#$a8cases as "art of t3e c#v#8 8#ab#8#t9 3e$ t3e cr#me as comm#tte #t3 o$e or morearavat#$ c#rcmsta$ces/6F #$ Las#-e8#cts, #f t3e efe$a$t acte #t3 ross$e8#e$ce/0 a$ #$ co$tracts a$ Las#co$tracts, #f t3e efe$a$t acte #$ a a$to$,fra8e$t, rec?8ess, o""ress#ve, or ma8evo8e$t ma$$er.1

It ma9 be re#terate t3at t3e c8a#m of RB aa#$st AB-&BN #s $ot base o$ co$tract, Las#-co$tract, e8#ct, or Las#e8#ct. %e$ce, t3e c8a#ms for mora8 a$ eem"8ar9 amaes ca$ o$89be base o$ Art#c8es 1F, 20, a$ 21 of t3e v#8 &oe.

(3e e8eme$ts of abse of r#3t $er Art#c8e 1F are t3e fo88o#$D 1H t3e e#ste$ce of a 8ea8

r#3t or t9, 2H 3#c3 #s eerc#se #$ ba fa#t3, a$ H for t3e so8e #$te$t of "re7#c#$ or#$7r#$ a$ot3er. Art#c8e 20 s"ea?s of t3e e$era8 sa$ct#o$ for a88 ot3er "rov#s#o$s of 8a3#c3 o $ot es"ec#a889 "rov#e for t3e#r o$ sa$ct#o$/ 3#8e Art#c8e 21 ea8s #t3

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

65 r#me 3#te &eme$t &or". v. I$terme#ate A""e88ate &ort, 220 &RA 10, 11-114S1FFT/ +B& E"ress, I$c. v. &ort of A""ea8s, 26 &RA 602, 60 S1FF4T/ Acme 3oe, Rbbera$ 8ast#c &or". v. &ort of A""ea8s, 260 &RA 14, 22 S1FF6T.

66 "ra $ote 1.

6 10 3#8. 66 S1F6PT.6P Art#c8e 222F, v#8 &oe.

6F Art#c8e 220, #.

0 Art#c8e 221, #.

1 Art#c8e 222, #.

604

604



acts co$tra bo$s mores, a$ 3as t3e fo88o#$ e8eme$tsD 1H t3ere #s a$ act 3#c3 #s 8ea8,2H bt 3#c3 #s co$trar9 to mora8s, oo cstom, "b8#c orer, or "b8#c "o8#c9, a$ H a$ #t#s o$e #t3 #$te$t to #$7re.2


61/459


62/459

::o0o:: SAB-&BN Broacast#$ &or"orat#o$ vs. &ort of A""ea8s, 01 &RA 521FFFHT

!O+. 21P, CAN'ARY 2F, 1FF

P5

eo"8e vs. =a$ero, Cr.

G.R. Nos. P6PP-P5. Ca$ar9 2F, 1FF.*

EO+E O) (%E %I+IINE, "8a#$t#-a""e88ee, vs. NORBER(O =ANERO, CR., EI+BER(O=ANERO, E+IIO =ANERO, E!ERINO +INE, R'Y +INE, E)REN +EZAGO, ROGERBEAZO, RORIGO EIA, ARENIO !I++A=OR, CR., CO%N OE a$ E(ER OE, accse.E!ERINO +INE, R'Y +INE, E)REN +EZAGO a$ ROGER BENAZO, accse-a""e88a$ts.

&r#m#$a8 +a/ =rer/ efe$se of A8#b#/ ReL#reme$t of "39s#-ca8 #m"oss#b#8#t9 for accse tobe at t3e sce$e of t3e cr#me.:It #s a#omat#c t3at t3e accse #$ter"os#$ t3e efe$se ofa8#b# mst $ot o$89 be at some ot3er "8ace bt t3at #t mst a8so be "39s#ca889 #m"oss#b8e for3#m to be at t3e sce$e of t3e cr#me at t3e t#me of #ts comm#ss#o$. &o$s#er#$ t3e fa#8re of

a""e88a$ts to "rove t3e reL#re "39s#ca8 #m"oss#b#8#t9 of be#$ "rese$t at t3e cr#me sce$e,as

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

* )IR( I!IION.

P6

P6



ca$ be rea#89 ece from t3e "ro#m#t9 betee$ t3e "8aces 3ere accse-a""e88a$tsere a88ee89 s#tate at t3e t#me of t3e comm#ss#o$ of t3e oe$ses a$ t3e 8ocs cr#m#$#s,t3e efe$se of a8#b# #s e$#te89 feeb8e. After a88, #t 3as bee$ t3e co$s#ste$t r8#$ of t3#s&ort t3at $o "39s#ca8 #m"oss#b#8#t9 e#sts #$ #$sta$ces 3ere #t o8 ta?e t3e accse o$89ftee$ to te$t9 m#$tes b9 7ee" or tr#c9c8e, or some o$e-a$-a 3a8f 3ors b9 foot, totraverse t3e #sta$ce betee$ t3e "8ace 3ere 3e a88ee89 as at t3e t#me of comm#ss#o$of t3e oe$se a$ t3e sce$e of t3e cr#me. Rece$t89, e r8e t3at t3ere ca$ be $o "39s#ca8#m"oss#b#8#t9 eve$ #f t3e #sta$ce betee$ to "8aces #s mere89 to 2H 3ors b9 bs. =ore#m"orta$t, #t #s e88sett8e t3at t3e efe$se of a8#b# ca$$ot "reva#8 over t3e "os#t#ve#e$t#cat#o$ of t3e at3ors of t3e cr#me b9 t3e "rosect#o$ #t$esses.

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22 eo"8e v. %as#ro$, G.R. No. 100F, 15 October 1FF2, c#t#$ Art. P, Rev#se e$a8 &oe.

2 eo"8e v. abor$#o, G.R. No. 102141, 1P e"tember 1FF2.

24 eo"8e v. =art#$ao, G.R. No. F2020, 1F October 1FF2.

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BO2 1st Set of Cases

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