Bmmagazineng july issue 2015

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First Issue www.bmmagazineng.wordpress.com issuu.com/bmmagazineng yumpu.com/bmmagazineng B M NIGERIA ‘Queen Mother’ from Benin Get to know her and the History of her People 50 Signs You Might Be Entrepreneur Photos Uche Jombo’s Babyshower P-Square Investing in Beverage Company Political Wedding Attended by President Buari and his Vice + Get to know a little about LAGOS Aliko Dangote’s Daughter Graduation Party

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BMmagazineng July 2015 features more on events, health tips and places & culture. The front cover features ancient Queen from Benin called "Mother Queen". Read more about the Nigerian Culture and get updates on what is happening around the world

Transcript of Bmmagazineng july issue 2015

Page 1: Bmmagazineng july issue 2015

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N I G E R I A

‘Queen Mother’ from BeninGet to know her and the History of her People

50Signs You Might

Be Entrepreneur

Photos

Uche Jombo’s

Babyshower

P-Square Investingin Beverage

CompanyPolitical Wedding

Attended by President Buari and his Vice+

Get to know a little about L A G O S

Aliko Dangote’s Daughter

Graduation Party

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Edo State governor, Adams Oshiomhole, who got married to Cape Verdean model, Lara Fortes, on Friday is pictured kissing his wife during the ceremony.The wedding ceremony was held at the Etsako West Local Gov-ernment Council Mar riage Registry, Auchi, Edo State, while the reception took place at Oshiomhole’s country home in Iyamho.63-year-old Oshiomhole lost his first wife, Clara, aged 54, in Decem-ber 2010 after a long fight with cancer.Dignitaries at the wedding include President-elect Muhammadu Buhari, VP-elect Osinbajo, Femi Otedola, Kaduna State Governor-elect, Malam Nasir el-Rufai, Nollywood celebrities, Bukola Saraki, among others.

Political WeddingAdams Oshiomole and Lara Fortes

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Photo Credit: @Bayo Om

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Adams Oshiomole share a kiss with Lara Fortes

Sources said Jane, 25, is currently in her final year studying law at the Ambrose Alli University, Edo State. We also learnt she hails from Urhomi and sometime last year a secret traditional marriage took place at Jane parents’ home in Urhomi.Though details of how they met are still very sketchy, Global News gathered that it was shortly after the demise of the late first lady that their relationship became obvious.According to sources, the relationship is only known to a few in the government house, but it is affirmed that she comes around to spend time with the governor whenever he is around the govern-ment house. And during the week, there are claims that she stays with Oshiomhole’s mum in Iyambo.

Photo Credit: @Bayo Om

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Publisher’s DeskWe will like to thank everyone that helped make this issue a success, especially those that be-lieved in us from the onset. A very special ap-preciation goes to our readers, those who have been waiting on the release of our first issue, we can not thank you enough.BMmagazineng is a culture, events and creativ-ity magazine which is presently available as an e-magazine in PDF format. This our first issue, has loads of interesting articles, exclusive inter-views, events and of course, healthy living tips.Once again, BMmagazine is saying a very big thank you for the people that supported us from the onset, the people that gave us the opportu-nity to share their stories with the rest of the world and most importantly, our readers, who did not only download our magazine but took their time to read it. We are immensely grateful. The Publisher,

Gerald Olumide

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Movies at the Cinema

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BoxOfficeTOP 10 GROSS MOVIES

TOP 10 GROSS MOVIES

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Movies at the Cinema TOP 10 GROSS MOVIES

Spy made $29,085,719 during the weekend of its release and has made $110,000,000 in estimation. Spy has be shown in 3,711 thaetres and has made $7,837 in theatre average.

Spy is an action/comedy movie that stars; Jason Statham, Rose By-rne, Morena Baccarin, Melissa McCarthy and it is directed by Paul Feig

SPY

San Andreas made an estimated $25,839,225 during the weekend of its release. San Andreas has made an estimation of $150,000,000 in its two weeks of its release. The movie has been shown in 3,812

theatres and has made $6,778 in theatre average. San Andreas is an action, drama, thriller movie that stars; Jason Sta-tham, Rose Byrne, Morena Baccarin, Melissa McCarthy and it is direct-ed by Brad Peyton. The movie is rated PG-13

SAN ANDREAS

Insidious Chapter 3 made a total of $22,692,741 during the weekend of its release and has gone to make an estimated value of $47,000,000 since then. Insidious Chapter 3 has been shown in 3,002 theatres and

has made $7,559 in theatre average Insidious Chapter 3 is an horror movie that stars; Dermot Mulroney, Stefanie Scott, Angus Sampson, Leigh Whannell. Directed by Leigh Whannell. The movie is rated PG-13.

INSIDIOUS CHAPTER 3

ENTOURAGE

Entourage earned $10,283,250 during the weekend of its release and has made $17,668,088 in gross. Entourage has been shown in 3,108 theatres and has made $3,308 in theatre average. Entiu-

rage has gone to make a total of $37,000,000 in estimation. Entourage is comedy movie, starring: Ronda Rousey, Emily Rata-jkowski, Liam Neeson, Mark Wahlberg and directed by Doug Ellin.

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Mad Max:Fury Road made $7,831,453 during the weekend of its release. The movie has made $130,665,718 in gross to date. After

four weeks of its release, Mad Max:Fury Road has made an estimated final gross of $147,000,000. The movie has been shown in 2,720 theatres round the world and has generated $2,879 in

MAD MAX: FURY ROAD

theatre average. Mad Max:Fury Road is an action, adventure, thriller movie. Starring: Tom Hardy, Charlize Theron, Nicholas Hoult, Rosie Huntington-White-ley and the movie is directed by George Miller.

Pitch Perfect 2 is the sequel of Pitch Perfect. Pitch Perfect 2 made a total of $7,573,350 during the weekend the movie was released.

It has made a $160,854,945 gross to date during its first four weeks. Pitch Perfect 2 has made an estimated final gross of $182,600,000. The movie that hass shown in 3,403 theatres around the

PITCH PERFECT 2

globe and earns $2,225 in theatre average.Pitch Perfect 2 is a comedy, music movie that stars Anna Kendrick, Elizabeth Banks, Hailee Steinfeld, Rebel Wilson and was directed by Elizabeth Banks

Tomorrowland made $7,200,103 during the weekend of its release. The movie has $76,414,081 in gross. After three weeks in

cinemas, Tomorrowland has made an estimated final gross of $90,000,000 and has been shown in 3,012 theatres worldwide with theatre average of $2,390.

TOMORROWLAND

Tomorrowland is an adventure, mystery, sci-fi movie. Starring: Britt Robertson, Judy Greer, George Clooney, Hugh Laurie and directed by Brad Bird. The movie is rated PG.

AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON

Avengers: Age of Ultron made a total of $6,339,663 during the weekend of its release, and has gone to make $438,153,559 in gross til date. After six weeks in the cinema, Avengers: Age of Ultron has made an estimated final gross of $466,000,000. The movie

has been shown in 2,471 theatres around the world and has made $2,565 in theatre average.Avengers: Age of Ultron is an action, adventure, fantasy movie starring; Scarlett Johansson, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Hayley Atwell, Chris Evans. The movie is rated PG-13.

ALOHA

Aloha made $3,240,312 in weekend gross and has made $16,282,116 in gross till date. Aloha has made an estimated final gross of $24,000,000 after two weeks of its release. The movie has been shown in 2,815 theatres worldwide and generated $1,151 in the-

atre average. Aloha is comedy, drama, romance movie starring; Emma Stone, Rachel McAdams, John Krasinski, Bradley Cooper and it was directed by Cameron Crowe. The movie is rated PG-13

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POLTERGEIST

Poltergeist generated a total amount of $2,705,009 during the first weekend of its release.The movie has made an estimated final gross of $48,000,000 after three weeks of its re-lease.Poltergeist has been shown in 2,229 theatres around the globe and made $1,213

in theatre average. Poltergeist is an horror, thriller movie starring; Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, Saxon Sharbino and directed by Gil Kenan. The movie is rated PG-13.

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Aliko Dangote and Femi Otedola with Dantata Dangote

Happy MomentAliko Dangote’s Daughter Graduates

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Aliko Dangote and Femi Otedola with Dantata Dangote

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Dantata, who is the daughter of the richest man in Africa, Aliko Dagote has gotten her second degree. Dantata received a Mas-ter’s degree from Coventry University on the 15th of April. There were celebrations in which both family and friends including Femi Otedola graced.

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Tips to jump-start your weight loss1. Remember the 25-25-50 rule: Fill your plate with 25% complex carbs (whole grains, beans, or root vegetables like sweet potatoes), 25% lean protein, and 50% vegetables and/or fruit.

2. Don’t skip meals. This slows down your metabo-lism by 20% to 30% and could lead you to overeat later on.

3. Eat a good breakfast. Research indicates that people who eat breakfast tend to consume fewer total calories throughout the day. A combo of high-fiber protein and carbs works best to keep you full-er longer (try high-fiber cereal with blueberries and milk, or eggs on an English muffin).

4. Get enough sleep. Studies have found that sleep-ing fewer than 8 hours a night is linked to a higher body mass index (BMI); lack of sleep influences hormones that regulate your appetite.

5. Cut back on simple carbs like white bread and sweets, which may cause spikes in blood sugar and lead to water retention and puffiness—not to men-tion a crash in energy levels.

6. Get picky about beef. Choose loin and ground beef that’s at least 93% lean. Limit higher-fat “prime” or “select” cuts. (A 3-oz serving of rib eye, for exam-ple, has about 15 g fat, but a 3-oz lean sirloin steak has just 5).

7. Visualize portion sizes. A 4-oz serving of meat, chicken or fish is about the size of your palm. A 1-oz serving of cheese is the size of 4 dice. For more info on portions, check out mealsmatter.org

8. Put everything on a plate so you can see exactly how much you’re eating.

9. Don’t eat the same lunch (or breakfast or din-ner) every day. Our bodies get used to the same foods—mixing it up will stoke your metabolism.

10. Rate your hunger on a scale of 1 (not at all hun-gry but could nibble) to 5 (famished); aim to eat only when you’re in the 3 to 4 range.

11. Get competitive. Sign up for a weight-loss chal-lenge (check out weightlosswars.com or health.dis-covery.com/national-body- challenge).

12. Plan a week’s worth of healthy meals at a time, before you hit the grocery store.

13. Make a list of lighter substitutions and post it on your fridge. For example, dip baked chips in salsa instead of nacho cheese and spread toast with jam instead of butter.

14. Keep a food emotion diary. Write down what you ate and how you felt while eating it to help pinpoint possible overeating triggers (stress, sadness, etc.).

15. Make an “eat plenty” list: foods that you can eat large quantities of without feeling the least bit guilty (plain air-popped popcorn, fresh veggies, etc.). Keep the list on your computer or in your kitchen.

16. Eat the right foods after exercising. Avoid a post-workout binge by deciding what you’ll eat ahead of time (try yogurt with fruit and a few nuts, or a glass of skim or soy milk)

17. Find an online support system (like FoodFit.com) to help keep you motivated. Research published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology found that people with weight-loss partners (online or in person) lost nearly twice as much weight as those who dieted alone.

18. Start a “have-done” list next to your “to-do” list to track all your diet accomplishments, big and small. Losing 1 pound, upping your daily fruit intake and weaning yourself from your late-night ice cream habit all count.

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Healthy LivingTips on Losing weight

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19. Make nothing totally off-limits. A study pub-lished in the journal Appetite found that labeling foods as “forbidden” can actually increase your cravings for them.

20. Pick a date to help you get motivated. Whether it’s a reunion or beach vacation, think of a special event that you want to lose weight for and aim to take off a reasonable amount by then. (Shedding 1 to 2 pounds a week is the saf-est way to go.) Spice it up and cut calories.

21. Instead of sautéing green beans in butter, steam them and season with spices such as cumin and turmeric, then drizzle on 1 tsp olive oil.

22. Sprinkle chili or red pepper flakes on corn rather than using butter.

23. Toss some ginger and lemon zest onto cooked carrots instead of glazing them in honey.

24. Cook sage, thyme and lemon-grass into your rice instead of fry-ing it in soy sauce.

25. Sprinkle rosemary and minced garlic onto eggplant before grilling instead of top-ping it with marinara sauce and cheese.

26. Add grated orange zest and cin-namon to roasted butternut squash, and skip the butter and brown sugar.

27. Instead of marinating red peppers and on-ions in oil and vinegar, spray them with nonstick spray and season with oregano, paprika and pepper before grilling.

28. Dust Brussels sprouts with mustard seeds and onion flakes instead of adding butter.

29. Try imitation bacon bits and chives on your baked potato instead of sour cream.

30. Put a dash of garlic salt and basil on an ov-en-cooked tomato instead of frying it in bread crumbs.

31. Squeeze lemon juice onto spinach or broc-coli instead of slathering on butter. Is it really worth it? Here’s how much you’ll have to exer-cise to burn it off:

32. Medium movie-size butter popcorn: 1,150 cal Burn it off by: Running for about 2 hours

33. Chicken potpie: 740 cal Burn it off by: Jump-ing rope for about an hour

34. 5-oz prime rib: 605 cal Burn it off by: Swim-ming freestyle at a slow-to-moderate pace for 75 minutes

35. Slice of birth-day cake: 340

cal Burn it off by: Working

out on an e l l ip t ica l

t r a i n e r for a

half-

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e r a t e pace

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Celebrity EventOfficial Uche Jombo Rodriguez baby shower

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Kenny Rodriguez giving a speech at the event

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You are Cordially Invited On April 24, friends of the actress, Uche Jombo Rodriguez organized an elegant baby shower for her and and her husband Kenny Rodriguez in Houston, Texas. Uche showed off her baby bump in a strapless blue dress, while wearing her braids.We are thrilled and happy for her and her family for the amazing things that have taken place in her life this year beacuse last year, the Nollywood actress suffered a miscar-riage.

Celebrity EventUche Jombo Rodriguez baby shower

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Health TipsDrinking beetroot juice

One glass of beetroot juice a day is enough to significantly reduce blood pressure in pa-tients with high blood pressure, conclude researchers who conducted a placebo-con-

trolled trial in dozens of patients.Beetroot contains high levels of inorganic nitrate. Other leafy vegetables - such as let-tuce and cabbage - also have high levels of the compound, which they take up from the soil through their roots.The trial, conducted at Queen Mary Univer-sity of London (QMUL) in the UK, was fund-ed by the British Heart Foundation, whose senior research advisor Dr. Shannon Amoils remarks:“This interesting study builds on previous research by this team and finds that a daily glass of beetroot juice can lower blood pres

sure in peop le

with hy-pertension

- even those whose high

blood pressure was not

controlled by drug treatment.”

The researchers pub-lish their findings in the journal Hypertension.Beetroot contains high levels of inorganic nitrate. Other leafy veg-etables - such as lettuce and cab-bage - also have high levels of the compound, which they take up from the soil through their roots.In the human body, inorganic nitrate converts to nitric oxide, which relaxes and dilates blood vessels.For the trial, Amrita Ahluwalia, a vascular pharmacology professor

at QMUL, and colleagues re-cruited 64 patients aged 18-85. Half of the patients were taking prescribed medication for high blood pressure but were not managing to reach their target blood pressure, and the rest had been diagnosed with high blood pressure but were not yet taking medication for it.The patients were randomly as-signed to one of two groups. One group consumed a daily glass (250 ml or around 8.5 oz) of beetroot juice, and the other group had the same except their beetroot juice was nitrate-free (the placebo).The patients consumed the juice every day for 4 weeks. They were also monitored for 2 weeks be-fore and after the study, bringing the total trial period to 8 weeks.The trial was double-blind, which means neither the administering clinicians nor the patients knew whether the beetroot juice they were given was the placebo or the active supplement.First study to show lasting reduc-tion in blood pressure from di-etary nitrateDuring the 4 weeks they were taking the juice, patients in the active supplement group (whose beetroot juice contained inor-ganic nitrate) experienced a re-duction in blood pressure of 8/4 mmHg (millimeters of mercury).The first figure is the reduction in systolic pressure (when the heart is pushing) and the second figure is reduction in diastolic pressure (when the heart is relaxing). For many patients, the 8/4 mmHg re-duction brought their blood pres-sure back into the normal range.In the 2 weeks after they stopped taking the juice, the patients’ blood pressure returned to their previous high levels.The team notes that this is first study to show evidence of a long-lasting reduction in blood pressure due to dietary nitrate

Drinking beetroot juice reduces high blood pressure

Written by Catharine Paddock PhDCopyright: Medical News Today

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supplementation in a group of pa-tients with high blood pressure. The patients in the active supplement group also experienced a 20% or so improvement in blood vessel dilation capacity and their artery stiffness re-duced by around 10%. Studies show such changes are linked to reduced risk of heart disease.There were no changes to blood pressure, blood vessel function or artery stiffness in the placebo group (whose beetroot juice did not con-tain nitrate) during the period of the study.The authors note that the reduc-tion achieved in the active supple-ment group is comparable to that of medication; the average reduction in blood pressure that a single anti-hy-pertension drug brings is 9/5 mmHg.The study concludes: “These findings suggest a role for dietary nitrate as an affordable, readily-available, adjunctive treat-ment in the management of patients with hypertension.”To put the importance of these find-ings in context, the authors note that large-scale observational stud-ies show that for every 2 mmHg in-crease in blood pressure, the risk of death from heart disease goes up 7% and from stroke by 10%.Natural products to lower blood pres-sure are ‘more appealing’ than pillswoman having BP checkedOne glass of beetroot juice a day significantly lowered blood pressure in people with high blood pressure.Commenting on the findings, Prof. Ahluwalia says:“This research has proven that a daily inorganic nitrate dose can be as effective as medical intervention in reducing blood pressure and the best part is we can get it from beet-root and other leafy green vegeta-bles.”She says one reason the findings are exciting is because increasing dietary nitrate is something patients can easily work into their daily lives and see a positive benefit.

“It is hugely beneficial for people to be able to take steps in controlling their blood pressure through non-clinical means such as eating vegetables,” Prof. Ahluwalia adds. “We know many people don’t like tak-ing drugs life-long when they feel ok, and because of this, medication compliance is a big issue.”“The possibility of using a natural product, rather than another pill, to help lower blood pressure, is very ap-pealing,” adds Dr. Amoils.Prof. Ahluwalia advises peo-ple looking to increase their daily nitrate intake not to boil vegetables because the ni-trate dissolves in water. In-stead, “steaming, roasting or drinking in a juice all has a positive effect,” she notes.As for the next step, she says this was a small trial, and now what is needed is a larger study that tries to replicate the findings over a longer period with a much larger group of people with high blood pressure.High blood pressure in-creases the risk of more dangerous health condi-tions. For instance, about 70% of people who have a first heart attack, about 80% of those who have a first stroke, and 70% of those with chronic heart failure have high blood pressure. Kidney disease is also a major risk factor for people with high blood pressure.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Pre-vention (CDC), high blood pressure is either the prima-ry cause of or contributes to 1,000 American deaths ev-ery day.

Health TipsDrinking beetroot juice

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Sources claim Beyonce’s mum Tina Knowles’ new husband Richard Lawson has made her dump Chris-tianity and is now attending Scientology meetings with him…From The National Enquirer

Scientology has married into the family of super-

stars Beyonce and Jay Z and their friends are afraid the mega-couple could end up as the next Tom Cruise and John Travolta. The National Enquir-er has learned that pals are “freaking out” over the church finally getting a foothold into the showbizcouple’s powerful empire, after actor Richard Lawson married Beyoncé’s mom, Tina Knowles. Richard Lawson is the fa-ther to actress Bianca Lawson of “Pretty Little Liars,” whose own studies with the church include a “Purification Run-down.”While Beyoncé and her fam-ily are devoted Christians, 61-year-old Tina and her new husband have attended a string of Scientology events – with Tina reportedly starting to show interest in the program!

Celebrity NewsBeyoncé’s Mum Changing Her Religion

Tina Knowles’ new husband makes her convert her religion

Photo C

redit: BestIm

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Ghanaian actress, Yvonne Nelson has revealed that her mother is suffering from glaucoma, an eye condition that causes an in-creased pressure in the eyeball that can damage the optic disk, which may lead to a gradual loss of vision.The actress made this known on her social media page after a fan complained to her via an email of her eye condition due to inces-sant shortage in electricity supply in Ghana. The fan, identified as Yao Boateng, said the situation is getting worse.Responding, Yvonne said her mother is also going through the same condition.“Sad, sad, my mother is going through same, she wrote on her page.The actress has organized a vigil on May 16, 2015 over the power situation in Ghana called ‘Dumsor’.

Yvonne Nelson’s Mum Sickness

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LAGOS, The Mega City

Lagos, the commercial centre of the country, is regarded by many has no man’s land. It is

also believed to be the land of op-portunity. There’s a saying that “If you can make it in Lagos, you can make it anywhere”.Lagos is made up of people from dif-ferent social background and differ-ent skin colours.It is a city that never sleeps and as early as 5:00 am, you can see people resuming their early morning duties.It’s not surprising that you will hear an ordinary Lagosian frequently says “Lagos is a not dulling place”, which I totally agree with thembecause how would you sit down doing just nothing while at the same time someone somewhere is making something out of his or her life. Lagos is a place where you can

become anything you so wish to become, with a little bit of hard-work.It is regarded as a big city for the people living on the country side, but the truth is, Lagos is a mega city with a very large population.On a working day, as early as 6:30 am, moving around in Lagos is very hectic and giving the fact that the population is on the increase, traffic could last up to 2 hours for distance that one could cover on a free road within 25 minutes.Unemployment is a global issue, but Lagos is one of the places on earth where one could start up a business and be a success.Personally, I think the way the world looks at Nigeria as a coun-try needs to change. You need to hear the story of Nigeria from a Ni-gerian. I used to think that Nigerians love

studying abroad but anybody cares to come down to Nigeria for their stud-ies, until I saw some white folks from America, Germany, Canada and oth-er parts of the world in some certain high institution in Victoria Island then I started looking at my country from a different perspective.Don’t be fooled when they show places that are dirty and unpleasant to live in for people, just like in Amer-ica, France and anypart of the world, they have their own ghetto too. Their ghetto is so dirty and unconducive for people but they will never show it to us.When next you are reading or watch-ing documentary about Africa espe-cially Lagos, just keep in mind that, one can’t judge a book by its cover. Seek the truth and hold on to it.Eko o ni ba je oooo...

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People and PlaceLagos City

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To feature your event or Advertise @n

Kindly call: +2347063427277Email: [email protected]

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Cover StoryStory of “Queen Mother“

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Sculpture of a ‘Queen Mother’ from Benin.

The kingdom of Benin (in present-day Nigeria) was plunged into a state of turmoil at the end of the fifteenth century when oba Ozolua died and left two powerful sons to dispute succession. His son Esigie controlled Benin City while another son,

Arhuaran, was based in the equally important city of Udo about twenty miles away. The ensuing civil war severely compromised Benin’s status as a regional power and under-mined Benin City’s place at the political and cultural center of the kingdom. Exploiting this weakness, the neighboring Igala peoples sent warriors across the Benue River to wrest control of Benin’s northern territories. Esigie ultimately defeated his brother and conquered the Igala, reestablishing the unity and military strength of the kingdom. His mother Idia received much of the credit for these victories as her political counsel, to-gether with her mystical powers and medicinal knowledge, were viewed as critical ele-ments of Esigie’s success on the battlefield. To reward and honor her, Esigie created a new position within the court called the iyoba, or “Queen Mother,” which gave her significant political privileges, including a separate residence with its own staff.

As mother of the king, Idia and later iyobas wielded considerable power. Until recent times, the iyoba, who bore the oba’s first son, had no other children and devoted her life to raising the future ruler of the kingdom, a role she was destined

to play even before her own birth. Queen Mothers were therefore viewed as instrumen-tal to the protection and well-being of the oba and, by extension, the kingdom. Indeed, obas wore carved ivory pendant masks representing the iyoba during ceremonies de-signed to rid the kingdom of malevolent spiritual forces. An especially fine example of such masks in the Metropolitan Museum’s collection dates from the sixteenth century and is believed to depict Idia herself (1978.412.323). Two vertical bars of inlaid iron between the eyes allude to medicine-filled incisions that were one source of Idia’s meta-physical power. Within the court, the iyoba’s political status was equal to that of a senior chief, and she enjoyed the right to commission precious works of art for personal and devotional use. Images of the iyoba found on the cast brass objects with which she was associated, such as ikegobo (altars to the hand) (1979.206.218) and urhoto (rectan-gular altarpieces) (1991.17.111), portray her in a shirt of coral beads flanked by atten-dants bearing symbols of political and spiritual power. These attendants, also depicted in carved ivory (1978.412.302), were women under the tutelage of the iyoba destined for marriage to her son, the future oba. As with ancestral obas, deceased iyobas were venerated with cast brass memorial heads (1977.187.36) fitted with carved ivory tusks and displayed on royal altars.

QUEEN MOTHER

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Alexander Ives BortolotDepartment of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University

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Celebrity News

Peter OkOye investing in Beverages CompanyOkoye, one of the singing duo of PSquare, is currently building a muti-million naira beverage and bottling company in Lagos.

Peter Okoye Investing Big

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The company, when officially opened, will be producing bottled water and assorted fruit juice. Bayo Adetu, P-Square’s publicist, con-firmed the development when contacted.Yes, we expect the company to be launched before this year runs out. It’s a big deal because Mr. P has invested heavily on it,” Adetu said.

To Linda Ikeji, the new multi-million naira company is located on one acre of land somewhere on the Island. The

construction of the beverage and bottling company started in 2014, and it is expected to be launched before the end of this year The multi-million naira factory is a subsid-iary of P-Classic Group (PCG), a fast-grow-ing and dynamic company owned by Peter Okoye.There was speculation that the marriage of the singer to wife Lola might be on its way to the rocks as they taunted each other on so-cial media. Lola and Peter have two children together.

Photo credit: LindaIkejiB

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This year, a record 1,826 billionaires made it to FORBES’ annual ranking of the world’s richest people.

The Rich World29 African Billionaires

Aliko DangoteCEO Dangote Group

There are 29 African billionaires this year, the same number as in 2014. While 2 tycoons – South African mining magnate Desmond Sacco and Mo-roccan real estate mogul Anas Sefrioui fell off the billionaire rankings this year, Mohammed Dewji of Tanzania makes his debut on the list with a fortune estimated at $1.3 billion. At 39, Dewji is the young-est billionaire in Africa. Dewji’s company, METL Group manufactures textiles and consumer goods and has annual revenues of more than $1.4 billion. Nigerian-born Femi Otedola, 50, rejoins the list of African billionaires after a 5-year hiatus with a $1 bil-lion fortune. He owns a controlling stake in Forte Oil, a publicly-listed energy distribution company in Nigeria. Folorunsho Alakija of Nigeria and Isabel dos Santos of Angola are the only two female billionaires on the continent.

Aliko Dangote, $15.7 billion

Nigerian, Cement, Flour, Sugar

Falling stock prices and a recent valu-ation of the Naira might have dent-ed his fortune, causing him to lose roughly $10 billion since last year, but Aliko Dangote is still the richest man in Africa. His Dangote Group is West Africa’s largest industrial conglomer-ate and has interests in cement pro-duction, flour milling, sugar refining and food and beverages.

Johann Rupert & Family, $7.4 billion

South African, Luxury Goods

Rupert is the chairman of publicly-listed Swiss-based luxury goods outfit Compagnie Financiere Richemont , which owns brands including Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, Jaeger-LeCoultre and Montblanc. He also owns stakes in investment holding companies Remgro and Reinet.

He also owns two of South Africa’s best-known vineyards, Rupert & Rothschild and L’Ormarins as well as the Franschhoek Motor Museum which houses his personal collec-tion of over 200 antique vehicles.

Nicky Oppenheimer & Family, $6.7 billion

South African, Diamonds

Oppenheimer cashed out of the dia-mond business in July 2012 when he disposed of his family’s 40% stake in his family’s diamond business, De Beers to Anglo American for $5.1 billion in an all-cash deal that marked the end of the Oppenheimer family’s multi-decade control of the diamond company. His E. Oppen-heimer & Son entity controls invest-ment arms Stockdale Street Capital and Tana Africa Capital, a joint ven-ture with Singapore government-owned investment firm Temasek. Tana holds minority interests in

African food manufacturers Promasidor and Regina Co.

Christoffel Wiese, $6.3 billion

South African, Retail

Wiese, a South African retail mogul, owns a 15% stake in Shoprite Holdings, a chain of low-price supermarkets with a presence across multiple African coun-tries. He also owns a large stake in Pep-kor, a private company that owns seven different discount fashion brands. His other assets include Lanzerac Manor & Winery, a five-star hotel and a significant shareholding in Brait, a private equity firm.

Nassef Sawiris, $6.3 billion

Egyptian, Construction

Sawiris, Egypt’s richest man, is the CEO of Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), the country’s most valuable pub-licly-traded company.

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He plans to separate OCI’s construction unit from its chemicals and fertilizers business, and list the newly formed Orascom Construction in Egypt and the UAE in the first quarter of 2015. He also sealed a partnership last No-vember with Abu Dhabi’s International Petroleum Investment Co. to develop a coal-based power plant in Egypt.

Mike Adenuga, $4 billion

Nigerian, Telecoms and Oil

The reclusive Nigerian billionaire is the founder of Globacom, Nigeria’s second largest mobile phone network which has about 27 million subscribers. He also owns Conoil Producing, an indig-enous oil exploration company which holds the rights to some of Nigeria’s most lucrative oil fields. Notoriously private, Adenuga hardly grants Press interviews and travels around in with a retinue of bodyguards.

Mohamed Mansour, $4 billion

Egyptian, Diversified

Along with his two brothers, Yasseen and Youssef (also on FORBES’ billion-aires list), Mohamed runs the Mansour Group which owns the world’s largest GM dealership. The Mansour Group also owns the largest supermarket chain in Egypt, the country’s second largest real estate developer, Palm Hills, and the Philip Morris franchise in Egypt.

Nathan Kirsh, $3.9 billion

Swaziland. Real Estate

Nathan Kirsh, a Swazi national is the founder of Jetro Holdings, a cash and carry wholesaler of perishable and non-perishable food products, house-hold goods,

equipment, supplies and related goods for grocery retailers. Kirsch made his first fortune in Swaziland several decades ago when he found-ed a corn milling business in 1958. He subsequently expanded into wholesale food distribution in apart-heid South Africa and commercial property development.

Isabel Dos Santos, $3.1 billion

Angolan, Investments

The oldest daughter of Angola’s president owns substantial stakes in a number of blue-chip Angolan and Portuguese companies such as An-golan mobile phone company Unitel , Angolan bank Banco BIC SA, Por-tuguese media giant ZON Optimus and Banco BPI. She is believed to hold many of these assets in trust for her father.

Issad Rebrab, $3.1 billion

Algerian, Diversified

Algeria’s richest man owns a control-ling stake in Cevital, Algeria’s biggest family-owned conglomerate. Cevital owns one of the largest sugar refin-eries in the world with an annual output of 1.5 million tons. The group also has interests in sugar refining, port terminals, auto distribution, mining and agriculture.

Naguib Sawiris, $3.1 billion

Egyptian, Telecoms

Naguib Sawiris is the CEO of Orascom Telecom Media and Tech-nology (OTMT). The company owns a 75% stake in Koryolink, North Ko-rea’s only cell network. He is looking to acquire a 53% stake in French me-dia company Euronews Television.

Youssef Mansour, $2.9 billion

Egyptian, Diversified

Youssef Mansour is a part owner of Mansour Group which owns Cater-pillar dealerships in 8 African coun-tries and General Motors dealerships in Egypt and Iraq, as well as super-markets, McDonald’s and Philip Morris distribution. He maintains a lower profile than his billionaire brothers Mohamed and Yasseen.

Koos Bekker, $2.3 billion

South African, Media

Koos Bekker who has run Cape Town-based media conglomerate Naspers since 1997 will be stepping down as CEO in April this year, and will be taking a year off to travel the world and explore new business op-portunities for the company. He is expected to take over as chairman of the company from next year. Over a 17 year period, Bekker transformed the storied publisher into a new media powerhouse, with investments in China (Tencent), Russia (Mail.ru), Brazil (Abril) and other countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Africa. Refusing to take a salary, Bek-ker has traditionally been compen-sated via stock option grants that vest over time.

Mohammed-Dewji

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Othman Benjelloun, $2.3 billion

Moroccan, Banking

Othman Benjelloun is the CEO of BMCE Bank, one of the largest commercial banks in Morocco, with operations in at least 15 African countries. He is also the chairman of holding company FinanceCom which has interests in banking, insurance, and tele-com in Morocco.

Yasseen Mansour, $2.3 billion

Egyptian, Diversified

Yasseen Mansour and his broth-ers Youssef and Mohammed run Mansour Group, a large Egyptian conglomerate which owns Cater-pillar and General Motor dealer-ships, supermarkets, restaurant franchises, and Philip Morris distribution in Egypt.

Patrice Motsepe, $2.1 billion

South African, Mining

South Africa’s first and only black billionaire is the founder and chairman of publicly traded mining conglomerate, African Rainbow Minerals (ARM) which has interests in platinum, nickel, chrome, iron, manganese, coal, copper and gold. He also holds a stake in Sanlam, a publicly trad-ed financial services company.

Stephen Saad, $2.1 billion

South African, Pharmaceuticals

Along with business partner Gus Attridge, Stephen Saad founded Aspen Pharmacare in 1997.

It is now the largest publicly-traded drug manufacturer on the Johan-nesburg Stock Exchange. Aspen is a supplier of branded and generic pharmaceuticals in more than 150 countries and of consumer and nutritional products in selected ter-ritories. The company has a market capitalization of $11 billion. Saad is the company’s largest shareholder.

Mohamed Al Fayed, $2 billion

Egyptian, Property

In 2010 Mohammed Al-Fayed sold his Harrod’s department store in London to Qatar Holding for a re-ported $2.4 billion and last July, he sold Fulham Football Club, which he acquired in 1997 to Ameri-can billionaire Shahid Khan for a reported $300 million. He now owns the famed Hotel Ritz in Paris which he closed in August 2012 to start construction on what will be the hotel’s biggest redo since it was built in 1898 and also owns Co-cosa, a U.K.-based discount fashion website.

Folorunsho Alakija, $1.9 billion

Nigerian, Oil

Nigeria’s first female billionaire built her fortune on oil. Nigeria’s former President Ibrahim Ba-bangida awarded her company, Famfa Oil a lucrative oil prospect-ing license in 1996 – now OML 127, which is one of Nigeria’s most prolific oil blocks and produces as much as 200,000 barrels of oil per day on good days. Famfa Oil, which Alakija controls fully, owns a 60% stake in OML 127.

Onsi Sawiris, $1.8 billion

Egyptian, Diversified

Onsi Sawiris is the patriarch of Egypt’s wealthiest family, and founder of the eponymous Orascom conglomerate, which is involved in construction, tele-coms and hotels. The companies are all run by his three sons- Naguib, Samih and Nassef, all billionaires.

Aziz Akhannouch, $1.7 billion

Moroccan, Diversified

Aziz Akhannouch is the largest share-holder in Akwa Group, a multi-billion dollar Moroccan conglomerate with interests in petroleum, gas and chemi-cals through publicly-traded Afriquia Gas and Maghreb Oxygene, as well as media, real estate development and hotels. His wife, Salwa Idrissi, runs a successful real estate development company in Morocco, and holds the Moroccan franchise for Gap, Zara, and Galeries Lafayette, among other fashion brands.

Allan Gray, $1.6 billion

South African, Investments

Moneyman Allan Gray founded Cape Town-based investment management firm, Allan Gray Limited in 1973, after earning his MBA from Harvard and spending eight years at Fidelity in the US. The company manages $34 billion, making it the largest privately owned asset manager in South Africa. He also owns Orbis Investment Management in Bermuda which manages $30 bil-lion. Venerable philanthropist funds the Allan Gray Orbis Foundation which awards higher education grants to students in Southern Africa.

The Rich World (Continues)

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Samih Sawiris, $1.1 billion

Egyptian, Property Development

Samih Sawiris is the youngest son of Egyptian construction mag-nate Onsi Sawiris. His company, Orascom Development develops integrated towns and operates resorts in Egypt. He also owns a minority stake in construction company, OCI N.V., which was founded by his father Onsi and is now run by his brother Nassef.

Sudhir Ruparelia, $1.1 billion

Ugandan, Property, Banking

East Africa’s richest man is the founder of the Ruparelia Group, Uganda’s largest conglomerate with interests in property, banking, edu-cation, insurance and agriculture. It owns a chain of hotels, hundreds of commercial and residential prop-erty in Kampala, a country club, a chain of forex bureaus, two High-brow secondary schools and Crane Bank, one of the Uganda’s top 3 commercial banks.

Femi Otedola, $1 billion

Nigerian, Gas Stations

Nigeria’s Femi Otedola returns to Forbes’ list of billionaires for the first time since

2009 following a sharp rise in the share price of petroleum market-ing company Forte Oil, despite the drop in oil prices in 2014. Otedola is the controlling share-holder of Forte Oil, with a 78% stake. The company owns gas sta-tions and fuel storage depots and manufactures its own line of engine oils.

Abdulsamad Rabiu, $1 billion

Nigerian, Diversified

Rabiu, 55, is the founder of BUA Group, a Nigerian conglomerate with interests in sugar refining, ce-ment production, real estate, steel, port concessions, manufacturing, oil gas and shipping. Rabiu used to work for his father, legendary Kano-based businessman, Isyaku Rabiu, before striking out on his own in 1988, importing rice, sugar, edible oils as well as steel and iron rods.

Rostam Azizi, $1 billion

Tanzanian, Telecoms

Tanzania’s second richest man owes the bulk of his fortune to his 35% stake in Vodacom Tanzania, the country’s largest mobile phone company with more than 10 mil-lion subscribers. He also owns Caspian Mining, a contract min-ing company that provides mining services to giants like BHP Billiton and Barrick Gold. Caspian Mining also owns several mining conces-sions for gold, copper and Iron ore in Tanzania. Other assets include a stake in Dar es Salaam Port in which he is a partner with Hutchi-son Whampoa and extensive real estate in Tanzania, Dubai, Oman and Lebanon.

Miloud Chaabi, $1.3 billion

Moroccan, Diversified

Miloud Chaabi got his start in 1948 devel-oping housing, then expanded through his privately owned Ynna Holding into hotels, supermarkets and renewable energy. Chaabi has committed to building a uni-versity in Casablanca in partnership with Indiana State University.

Mohammed Dewji, $1.3 billion

Tanzanian, Diversified

Mohammed Dewji turned a trading house founded by his father into industrial conglomerate MeTL Group. He acquired government-owned manufacturing plants in the textiles and edible oils industries on the cheap and transformed them into profitable businesses using lean manage-ment style. He owns 75% of the group. Nicky Oppenheimer

Nathan Kirsh

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Senegalese-American RnB singer Akon may be best known for his string of platinum-selling records, but the Missouri-born artist is also becoming a rising star in the movement to bring electricity to rural Africa.

Launched in February 2014, ALA’s aim is simply to “bring electricity to African villages by a clean and affordable solar energy solution.” The company uses a micro-lending model to provide solar-powered micro-grids and street lighting systems.Akon’s venture joins a relatively crowded field of entrepreneurs and investors—and governments—looking to establish off-grid solar projects across the continent. One characteristic that differentiates ALA, though, is its growth rate.Just over a year since launching, the company has operations in 11 nations, including Guinea Cona-kry, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Benin and Sierra Leone.“We invest our own money to get things started,” Akon says. “We go in, plead our case to the country, put up pilots with our own dollars using sophisticated equipment and we make sure we do the instal-lation right. It shows people that we’re not coming in to pull money out of the country, we’re there to provide jobs for the locals and to enable them to feed their families.”There is also no question that ALA’s mission to install solar systems in areas that have minimal estab-lished infrastructure can be challenging. “In any emerging market there will be a lot of difficulties—the countries are not necessarily stable and infrastructure isn’t there, but if you understand that, it’s not difficult,” Akon says.

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Inspiring StoryAkon Lighting Africa

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OLAMIDEMelo Melo

[Chorus]

I no dey denge denge i no dey pose ehMy baby give me biscuit i want sugarThe things you do me, bi’ojo ba ro kose wiBi’orun baran, bi’orun ba’ran ko se soMelo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe soAni Melo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe so

[Verse 1]Eyin fun jowo, eyin mu’enugunApon bepo re mi, akonke igi leyin ogba miNigba kosowo, nigba ko siola, nigba ko soroTi aye romipin you stood by meI know i make some mistakes but i don dey regretNow i no go forget to cherish wetin i getThe first day we met i told you how i feltWalahi i dey melt, my baby you’re the best

[Chorus]I no dey denge denge i no dey poseMy baby give me biscuit i want sugarThe things you do me, bi’ojo ba ro kose wiBi’orun baran, bi’orun ba’ran ko se soMelo melo, melo melo la fe wiWritten by naijalyricszone.comMelo melo, melo melo la fe soAni Melo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe so

[Verse 2]For better for worse, for rich & and for poorKo si elomiran afi iwo nikanIgba ti’moun hustle, ti moun squat takunleTi mo darinka jabata, ti moun fie se sha labuleShebi iwo lorimi and you showed me love regardlessThem other ladies them no dey send

me at firstI know you make some mistakes now you don dey regretNow you no go forget to cherish we-tin you get

[Chorus]I no dey denge denge i no dey poseMy baby give me biscuit i want sugarThe things you do me, bi’ojo ba ro kose wiBi’orun baran, bi’orun ba’ran ko se soNaija Lyrics Zone dot comMelo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe soAni Melo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe so

Isu parada odi iyan, agbaso parada odi ekoBaddo parada odi olowo, my baby parade odi bossIwo nikan, iwo, iwo nikan shoshoafi iwo nikan shosho shosho, afi iwo nikan shosho

[Chorus]I no dey denge denge i no dey poseMy baby give me biscuit i want sugarThe things you do me, bi’ojo ba ro kose wiBi’orun baran, bi’orun ba’ran ko se soMelo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe soAni Melo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe so [Cho-rus]I no dey denge denge i no dey poseMy baby give me biscuit i want sugarThe things you do me, bi’ojo ba ro kose wiBi’orun baran, bi’orun ba’ran ko se soMelo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe soAni Melo melo, melo melo la fe wiMelo melo, melo melo la fe so

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Know the LyricsOlamide (Melo Melo)

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Be InspiredWith50 Signs You Might Be an Entrepreneur

1. You come from a family of individuals who just couldn’t work for someone else. Your parents worked for themselves. Though this isn’t true for every entrepre-neur (myself included), many have a fam-ily history with one or both parents hav-ing been self-employed.

2. You hate the status quo. You’re a per-son who is always questioning why peo-ple do the things they do. You strive to make things better and are willing to take action on it.

3. You’re self-confident. Have you ever met an entrepreneur who was pessimis-tic or self-loathing? After all, if you don’t have confidence, how can others believe in you? Most entrepreneurs are very op-timistic about everything around them.

4. You’re passionate. There will be times when you spend an excessive amount of time and do not make a dollar. It’s your passion that will keep you going.

5. You don’t take no for an answer. An entrepreneur never gives up -- ever.

6. You have the ability to create unlike-ly partnerships from out of nowhere because of your ability to connect the dots. People tend to gravitate toward you because you are likable. Many times this is because of your passion.

7. You spend more time with your co-founder than your spouse or signifi-cant other.

8. You dropped out of college like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Mark Zucker-berg.

9. The daily commute to your office is from the bedroom to the living room.

10. You were always a lousy employee and probably have been fired a lot. Don’t worry; you’re not alone. I personally have been fired several times in my life. Don’t take it as a sign that you’re a bad person. Sometimes it’s in your DNA.

11. You’ve always resisted authority; that’s why you’ve had a problem holding down a job.

12. You believe that there is more than one definition of job security: You real-ize that your job is safe as long as you are in control as opposed to relying on a boss who could ruin your career after one swift mistake.

13. Most of your wardrobe consists of T-shirts; some you probably got at SXSW. Others display your company’s name or logo.

14. You have a competitive nature and are willing to lose. You always know that you can do something better.

15. You check your mailbox when you wake up in the morning.

16. You ask to be paid in game tickets, shoes or whatever else you love. There are just some things that are better than money, right?

17. Your idea of a holiday is a working day without anything interfering with the tasks you really need to get done.

Entrepreneurs are a unique group of people. Not only do they think differently; they act differently.They draw on personality traits, habits and mind-sets to come up with ideas that straddle the line between insanity and genius.

By John RamptonContributorEntrepreneur and Connector

Be InspiredSigns You Might Be an Entrepreneur

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18. You’re unemployable, and there’s nothing wrong with that. Life skills are more valuable than the office politics commonly found at 9-to-5 gigs.

19. You work more than 60 hours a week; yet you earned more money at an hourly job when you were in high school.

20. You want to be in control and in command of your own company. You typically like overseeing most things that go on at your company.

21. You see opportunities everywhere. For example, you walk into a building and are curious about its worth or the companies inside.

22. The word “pitch” no longer has an association with baseball.

23. Your take a personality test, like one offered by the Enneagram Institute, and end up with a result calling you a “reformer type,” someone purposeful, self-controlled and perfectionist.

24. You recognize that the best seats at your favorite coffee shops are those closest to power outlets.

25. You’re a logical thinker with ideas about how to correct problems and the overall situation.

26. Speaking of problem solving, have you checked to see if there’s an app for that? Perhaps you’ve already begun to create a business model and the soft-ware architecture to see if it’s feasible.

27. You’re a people person. You have no problem communicating with peo-ple.

28. You regularly quote Steve Jobs main-ly to keep yourself from falling to pieces.

29. You sold stuff as a kid like at a lemon-ade stand. Heck, when there were class sales, you were probably one of the top sellers.

30. You get more SMS alerts from peo-ple you follow on Twitter than from actual friends listed in your address book.

31. You’re a self-starter, meaning you don’t give up on a project until it’s completed.

32. No matter what you do on a daily basis, you always think of it in terms of delivering a return on investment.

33. Your dress code is shabby chic and your suit is just collecting dust. You prefer T-shirts and jeans over a suit any day.

34. You’re unrealistic. As an inventor or innovator, you kind of have to be this way.

35. You think outside of the box. If not, what will change?

36. You’re a charming and charismatic person.

37. Rules don’t apply to you. We’re not talking about breaking the law. Instead, you believe in efficiency and will bend rules to make things run smoothly.

38. You realize that you can’t do every-thing alone. You have an idea and can promote it but also know that you’re not skilled at every task of running a business.

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Be InspiredSigns You Might Be an Entrepreneur

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39. You’re very opinionated. That’s anoth-er reason you got fired a lot.

40. You’re unpredictable. As an entre-preneur, you know how quickly things can change. Thankfully, you’re ready and willing to make adjustments.

41. You enjoy being with a group but don’t relish much being alone. You probably get most energetic when working with groups of more than four people.

42. You’re determined. You have to make the impossible possible.

43. You have the support of your friends and family. These are the people who get you. And they’ll be there to support you along the way.

44. It’s normal for you to take a nap under your desk to catch up on sleep. After all, getting eight hours of sleep sometime between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. is antiquated.

45. You’ve done the market research. You know that just because you have an incredible idea doesn’t mean that it’s profitable. But you’ve already looked into whether customers will make the purchase.

46. You surround yourself with qual-ity people -- not leeches who will bring you down.

47. You’re a bit out there. Having the ability to create something out of noth-ing takes a mad-genius type of person. Remember, people thought Albert Ein-stein was insane before he proved the theory of relativity.

48. Did you ever ask your family, friends or significant other to send you a cal-endar invite so that you could talk for all of five minutes?

49. You believe that your time is worth more than money.

50. During your most recent rant about growth hacking, your spouse or boy-friend (or girlfriend) totally understood what you were saying.

But just because you’re an original thinker and came up with an idea to

replace gasoline in cars doesn’t mean you’re cut out to be an entrepreneur.

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Signs You Might Be an EntrepreneurBe Inspired

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Fashion EventPwitty Models Agency

One of the models on the ruynway39

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Fashion EventPwitty Models Agency

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Fashion EventPwitty Models Agency

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The second edition of the super model contest organised by pwitty models agency was held between 3rd May to 17th May, 2015 in the rich oil city of warri, Delta state and it was filled with thrills, fashion and glamour.The models were camped for two weeks, where they were trained and asked to perform different task.“Grace Ogeili” was crowned winner and she went home with the cash prize of N150,000.Blessing Anderson was crowned the most outstanding model of the Nightomon utomi was best model on the run-way while Sandra okafor was the Face of pwitty model Agency

The Face of pwitty model Agency

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CEO of Pwitty Models Agency and the winner of the second edition super model contest

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Pwitty Models AgencyFashion Event

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Be AfricanLearn to use this. Go back to the root.BE AFRICAN