BM Complete Starhill

8/13/2019 BM Complete Starhill

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Assignment 2:

Site Research Report

Submission Date:

2nd

December 2013

Place:

Starhill Gallery Kuala Lumpur

Group Member ID Number

Danielle Yoong Li Ping 0317206

Chung Hui Ping 0310592

Ng Wei Lin 0316302

Rya Ghunowa 0316565

Noora Azwer 0316440



Table of Content

1. Objective------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

2. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-3

3. Materials Used In Starhill Gallery

3.1 Stone------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-11

3.2 Ceramic---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12-19

3.3 Glass-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20-24

3.4 Timber----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25-31

4. Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32

5. References----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33-38



Objective

The objective of this assignment is to enable us to get to know better the materials used in

different type of buildings, to actually recognise and distinguish the materials based on what

we learnt in lecturers and understand why or its purpose of it being used for that particular

area. Thus we decided to choose Starhill Gallery as our building for its unique design and

various materials that is not common in our everyday life. Other than that, we also can

further strengthen the bond between our group members as corporation is vital in

successfully completing this assignment. Hence, throughout the whole the assignment, we

will be get to know further the properties, advantages and disadvantages, installation

method and application of the material.



Introduction

The building chosen for our building materials assignment is Starhill Gallery. Starhill Gallery

is located at Bukit Bintang, which is a shopping district of Kuala Lumpur.

Map taken from Google Maps

Other than Starhill Gallery, there is Pavilion, Sungai Wang, Berjaya Times Square, Lot 10 and

many bigger shopping complexes (Wikipedia 2013).

Picture 1 shows the overview of Starhill Gallery which is connected to Sephora through a sky

bridge.



Starhill Gallery was originally a shopping centre at the year 1996. However, in 1999, YTL

Corporation took over and changed the business to a luxury brand retail centre. Architect

David Rockwell redesigned it and it was reopened in July 2005 as Starhill Gallery (Wikipedia

2013).

In the year 2009, Stephen Pimbley of SPARK was hired to refurbish the façade, entrance

foyer interior and construct a new retail pavilion which is currently leased to Sephora. Due

to the crystalline facets of the new Starhill façade, it attracted many tourists (Wikipedia

2013). It is constructed by using lightweight steel and state of art technology which has a

sleek, angular stone and glass panels of glimmering liquid like effect (Starhill Gallery n.d.).

Starhill Gallery was also listed as one of “Asia’s most beautiful shopping malls” (Starhill

Gallery n.d.).



Stone

The Picture above shows the location where granite can be found in Starhill

Gallery



Hypoallergenic, allergen & Bacteria resistant – Granite does not accumulate bacteria,

allergens or molds. Studies of bacteria retention on common countertop surfaces have

proven to be more superior to other types of surfaces. (Precision Stone Designs, 2009 & My

Atlanta Flooring, 2011)

Heat Resistant – Upto +-250 Degree Celsius (Precision Stone Designs 2009)

Easy Maintenance – Countertops can easily be cleaned using a damp cloth or dust mop.

Granite Flooring can easily be cleaned using a damp mop with mild Ph – neutral stone

cleaner, or even vacuumed.

Biodegradable – as a stone product it is completely biodegradable making it a very

environment friendly

Resistant to water and moisture – Absorption rates (% water, by weight) of granite range

from 0.1% - 0.60% proving that the pore volume capable of anchoring a staining agent is

very little. (Precision Stone Designs,2009)

Stain Resistant – Volume of pores in granite in small and so are very good in resisting stain.

It can easily be cleaned in one swipe.

Available in wide range of colours and patterns – Granite comes in a variety of colours and

manmade finishes – polished, honed of flamed surfaces.

This Table, retrieved from Mineral zone, shows the physical properties of Granite



This Table, also retrieved from Mineral Zone, shows the chemical composition a typical

granite stone would be composed of.

DISADVANTAGES

Expensive & High Initial Cost

Requires Professional Installment

Needs Regular Sealing – In order to maintain the floor’s stunning look, regular sealing is

required

Regular Maintenance

Although it is resistant to heat, direct heating above a certain temperature (250 Degrees )

can cause cracking

(Serene Interiors & Precision Stone Designs, 2009)



INSTALLATION OF GRANITE FLOORING

1. The granite tiles are cut slowly using a tile saw with a diamond blade to required

measurements.

2. A small amount of white thin-set mortar is spread of the area to be tiled, using a

notched edge of a trowel. The mortar would be thin enough to only cover the

subfloor and not so that the tiles would sink into it.

3. The tiles would be pressed onto the mortar according to the desired pattern.

4. The tiles are then tapped with a rubber or wooden mallet to ensure that there are

no air bubbles inside.

5. The mortar is then let to dry for 24 hours.

6. The tiles are then grouted (the grout is spread over the tiles) and let to cure for a

period of 72 hours and then cleaned using sponge and warm water.

7. After the grout has dried, it is then sealed with a grout sealer for protection of water

and stains.

(E-how, 1999-2013)



APPLICATION

FLOORING

Granite’s inherent strength, abrasion resistance and superior weathering durability pave theway and reason for its usage in residential and commercial interior application such as

heavy-duty surfaces like floors. Therefore the quality of the floor is still maintained due to

the nature of the stone, inspite of the floor being a heavily used surface, and survives of

chemicals and drinks by people that tread on it.

Granite is an igneous stone that is formed from the solidification of lava at extremely high

temperatures which creates and contributes to the stone’s strength and also results in the

resistance it demonstrates to be safe and slip resistant surface which prevent people from

slipping while walking.

Granite floors come in different types of manmade finishes, such as ‘High Gloss’ finish which

is a polished, shiny and reflective surface, like that of a mirror, where the full colour and

structure of the stone is visible resulting in a very fine and smooth finish. Or a matte finish,

also known as a ‘Honed’ finish which is a matte appearance that results in a smooth but not

reflective surface. A satin or a

leather finish is an

intermediate between high

gloss and honed finish, thus, it

is a surface with a faint gloss.(

Best GM, 2010 & My Atlanta

Flooring, 2011)

This diagram on the left is

another picture taken of the

polished granite flooring in the pathways of Starhill Gallery.



This diagram on the left is a picture

taken of the polished granite table

top in Starhill Gallery.



Ceramic

The picture above pin point the location where ceramic can be found in Starhill

Gallery



Ceramic

Ceramic is one of the earliest building materials used in construction (Lyons 2010).

According Everett (1994), “ceramics are made from a mixture of mineral material

(commonly quartz sand) and a clay binder (hydrated aluminium silicate) with impurities such

as chalk, dolomite, and sulphates, plasticized with water.” Ceramic is always present around

us, for example tiles, bricks, plates, glass, and toilets. At the moment when the ceramic is

shaped, it is fired to a high temperature and this process is called kiln (Johnson n.d.).

Properties

Most ceramic are compound, which means that they are made from two or more elements.

The bond present is holding them together is covalent bond and ionic bond, which affects

the properties (Johnson n.d.). Thus, as ceramics have a wide range of properties, they are

used in many various applications (Johnson n.d.). The properties of ceramics are, very hard

when fired at very high temperature, has high thermal expansion and corrosion resistance,

and low density. Hence, ceramic has high wear resistance with a low density, wear

resistance in corrosive environments and resistant to corrosion at high temperatures

(Ceramic Substrates and Components Ltd 2013).

Advantages

Due to the properties mentioned above, ceramics have many advantages, such as durability.

Ceramic has a longer life compared to the other materials used. Ceramics tiles are fireproof

which means that they do not burn, release smoke or any fumes. Other than that, ceramic

tiles are best used in moisture area as they have a lower absorption rate compared to other

materials. Another reason why people always use ceramic as flooring or walling is because it

can be easily maintain, it only requires sweeping, and vacuuming them. Because it has easy

maintenance, thus it is hygienic and recommended to be used in hospitals or clinics (Build

Direct 2013).

Disadvantages

Likewise, there are also the drawbacks of ceramics. The drawbacks are firstly, since ceramic

is hard, thus it is not suitable to be used a flooring at a place where people needs to have to



vitreous china sanitary wares are also very easy to maintain, hence saving the maintenance

cost. Besides that, since Starhill Gallery is a shopping complex, thus the average amount of

customers using the toilet per day would be many. Vitreous china sinks and toilet bowls are less

porous, hence it does not ware off easily when it gets in contact with water every day.

Glazed Ceramic Tiles

Glazed ceramic tiles are

basically tiles that have a

layer of sheen on the surface.

Under a very high

temperature, approximately

2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the

liquid glass or sometimes

known as glaze is baked onto

the surface of the clay

(Algarra 2008). This liquid glass enables the tiles to be moisture resistant, stain proof and

give them various colours (Schneider 2011). Most of the glazed tiles are very slippery when

it is wet, thus suppliers often apply a non-slip finishing for these types of tiles. There are a

few sizes for glazed tiles. However, the smaller sizes ones such as mosaic glazed tiles are less

slippery compared to the bigger ones because of its many grout lines (Algarra 2008).

Installation Process

Before installing ceramic floor tiles, the subfloor must be structurally sound, rigid, smooth

and flat, free of wax or oily films and free of

curing compounds (Mosaic Tiles and Co n.d.).

Secondly, the room is squared off and measured

and chalk lines are snapped. The installer will put

the loose tiles on the floor so that the cut-lines

are of the equal size on each floor. Most tiles

have a slight difference in the tone of the colour, thus installers will mix the tiles before

installing. The third step is installer starts to put a thin set on the floor section by section. A

layer of coating will be spread with a trowel, followed by the second coat. The forth step is



placing the tiles one at a time using the

twisting and pressing motion while

allowing suitable spacing for the grout. By

using a short length of wood, the tiles are

tamped to ensure that it is in touch with

the thin set (Mosaic Tiles and Co n.d.).

The last step which is grouting is done on

the next day to allow the thin set sufficient time to set up before putting the grout. Clean

the tile with a damp cloth after grouting (Mosaic Tiles Co n.d.).

Glazed tiles are more suitable for indoor usage. Common places used are kitchens,

bathrooms, and many more. Compared to unglazed tiles which are not as slippery as glazed

tile in wet conditions, it is more frequently being used at outdoors (Algarra 2008).

Alternative

One of the most popular alternative used to replace glazed tiles are porcelain. Porcelain tiles

are made up of 50% feldspar and fired at a much higher temperature compared to the

normal ceramic tiles. Thus, it is harder and has a lower absorption rate, less than 0.5%.

Other than that, porcelain tiles can be utilized for internal or external used (American Tile

and Stone 2013).

Application

Ceramic glazed tiles are used in Starhill Gallery because it has a very shinny glossy look that

makes it beautiful and elegant. Other than that, glazed tiles are easy to maintain due to its

smooth and shinny surface that can be easily cleaned by the workers.

http://lipidejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/blog-Grouting-Tile.jpg



Homogenous Ceramic Tiles

Homogenous

tiles are one of

the types of

ceramic tiles

but fired at a

higher

temperature,

hence the tiles

are harder and

less porous.

Properties

The major difference of a homogenous ceramic tile and a normal ceramic tile is the

properties. A homogenous tile has its colour and pattern which are consistent for the entire

tile, whereas for a normal ceramic tile, it is only coated with a layer of ceramic coating in the

surface.

Advantages

One of the important benefits of homogenous tiles is that if you crack or chip a homogenous

tile, there will none differences seen in its properties beneath the surface. However, if there

is a chip in the normal ceramic tile, a baked clay like material will be seen underneath it (SG

Interior Hub 2011). As homogenous ceramic tiles are resistant to stain, it makes it an

excellent choice for areas with high human traffic (SG Interior Hub 2011).

Application

Starhill Gallery uses homogenous ceramic tiles as one of the type of its flooring because of

its ability to be resistant to stain. Since it is a shopping area, children are bound to spill

beverage on to the ground. Hence having flooring which is resistant to stain reduces its

maintenance fee.



Mosaic Ceramic Tiles

Mosaic ceramic tiles are normally

used to create images with small

assorted pieces of coloured tiles. It

is one of the methods of

decorative art or interior

decoration. Ceramic mosaic tiles

are made of small pieces of

ceramic tiles of various colour.

Mosaic tiles can be used for

flooring or walling.

Advantages

Mosaic tile can either be glazed or unglazed. Unglazed

mosaic tiles are suitable to be used in swimming pools

as it does not get slippery when wet. Mosaic tiles are

also frost proof and resistant to chemicals (Lyons

2010).

Installation Process

Mosaic tiles are normally installed using the mesh-

based tessarae or also known as the mosaic tile sheet. Since mosaic tiles are small, it would

be very tedious to install it one at the time. Thus normally a total of 144 tiles approximately

are affixed to a fiberglass mesh sheet that holds the tiles in place (Wallender 2013).

Next a layer of adhesive approximately 3mm to 4mm thick is applied on to the area that is

going to be tiled. The layer of mosaic is then applied onto the adhesive and a short length of

wood is used to tap the sheet level to the wall. Finally, on the next day, grout is applied to

the tiles. Clean excess grout from the tiles using a damp cloth (Tile Deport 2013).

Application



Starhill Gallery uses ceramic mosaic tiles for its washroom to have a unique type of walling.

Although the mosaic tiles are not of various colours, however, due to its unique size, it is

more beautiful compared to a regular size of ceramic tiles. Other than that, using mosaic

tiles can actually reduce the cost of tiles than using regular sizes ceramic tiles.



Glass

The plan above shows the location where glass can be found in Starhill Gallery



Glass

Glass is a hard material but fragile and transparent material that is can be seen in our daily

life (Lenntech 2013). The major components of glass are sand (silicates, sodium carbonate,

and calcium carbonate). Lenntech (2013) also mentioned that the components are put

under high temperature to fuse together and then later left aside to cool down to form a

strong structure. The cooling rate depends on the different properties glass products that

are to be produced.

Properties

Glass has various properties that distinguishes what kind of product is going to bemanufactured and being applied at where. Firstly glass is a solid and hard material. It also

has a chemical resistance where when it gets in contact with acid, the effect is almost

negligible (Brand GMBH n.d.). Glass is also good for thermal insulation, able to control the

amount of solar energy entering into the building and also has fire resistant properties

(Glass for Europe n.d.). Other than that, the website Glass for Europe (n.d.), also stated that

glasses are also able to provide safety and security by laminating it or toughening the glass.

Noise control is also one of the main properties of

glass that made it favourable to people (Glass for

Europe n.d.). Glasses also come with various colour.

Advantages

The advantages of glass are similar to its properties

which are chemical resistance, thus it does not get

rusty and can last a long period of time if handled with

care. Thermal insulation prevents unwanted sunlight

to enter the building. Other than that, glasses block

the fire so that people on the other side of the glass

are safe. Although glass does not fully prevent noises

from entering, however it reduces the noise thus making more tolerable to those that prefer

the peace and quiet. Furthermore, with various colours of the glass, privacy of the people



can also be protected. Glasses can also be recycled and reused, thus protecting the

environment as well.

Disadvantages

Mainly the disadvantages of glass material are from the manufacturing process. Since the

silicates, sodium carbonates and calcium carbonates are fired by a relatively high

temperature, thus a lot of energy is consumed which is not environmentally friendly. Other

than that, the manufacturing of glass releases air pollutants that contribute to various

environmental problems (Ghar Expert 2013).

In this assignment, the type of glass that will be discussed is tempered float glass, and

crystalline glass.



Tempered Float Glass

Float glass is one of the most common types of glass used in the world. It is manufactured

from a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate, limestone, dolomite, and sodium sulfate and

then fired to 2700 degrees Fahrenheit. The molten product is poured into a mould

(Sawatzky 2013). A normal float glass is slightly green in colour because of its effect of iron

oxide impurities within the sand (Lyons 2010).

However, tempered float glass undergoes two extra stages which are annealing and heating

it in a furnace and then cooling it down with forced air. According to Sawtzky (2013), he

explains that annealing means the glass is heated until it turns slightly soft to allow any

internal stresses to relax and later

cooled slowly.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Tampered float glass or sometime

known as safety glass. Tempered float

glass is more resistant to breakage

compared to normal float glass. Even

though it is broken, it will break into

small parts and pieces, thus the injury

caused will be less serious (Guardian 2008). Other than that, with the thickness to a normal

float glass, it is approximately 5 times stronger.

On the other hand, the disadvantages are that tempered float glass has a soft surface;

hence it can be easily scratched. Tempered float glass also cost more compared to the

normal tempered float glass (Fenesta 2013).

Application

Tempered float glass is used in Starhill Gallery at the edge of the floor level, under the metal

bar and handrail and at the excelator is to prevent children of that height from falling down.

Besides that, the tempered float glass would not break easily if someone kicks it or hits it.



Crystalline Glass

“All crystal is glass but not all glass is crystal” explains Etched Crystals (2013). Thus, a glass

must at least contain a certain percentage of lead before it can be called a crystal. The

definition of crystal changes depending on the country (Moore 2013).

Based on a European definition of crystal, a glass must have a minimum of 24% of lead oxide

to be called a “full lead crystal”. It is said that glass is not considered as a crystal because it

only has one amorphous structure giving its shape. On the other hand, crystals are arranged

in crystalline structures (Moore 2013).

Advantages and Disadvantages

Crystalline glasses are valued for their beauty, unique

patterns and very eye catching sparkle. The lead content

enables the crystal to be softer compared to glass and

hence easily to be cut into its distinctive shapes. Due to its

high index of refraction, it creates a brilliant sparkle of

crystal that is cut at sharp angles. The major disadvantage

is that although the higher content of the lead, the more it

belongs to the crystal, however, too much lead can leach

into acidic beverage and cause various illness (Moore 2013).

Application

Starhill Gallery used tinted crystalline glass as the façade of the building firstly is because of

the sparkle that attracts attention of many passersby and to give it an elegant look. Other

than that, the tinted panes are able to reflect the sun and filter in only the natural light.

Thus, keeping the inside of the building cool and reduces the cost of air conditioning.



Timber

The picture above tells the location where timber materials can be found in the

complex



Timber

Starhill Gallery is a luxury retail mall and so requires the most aesthetically beautiful

materials for its interior design. Timber being a natural material, being aesthetically

beautiful possessing various colors, tones and grains.

The columns used in the interior of the building and

ornamented by timber such as this one, in the diagram

below, taken at Starhill Gallery.

The different colors of the timber give the room a

natural look, therefore, adding a touch of luxury to it.

Timber is still widely being used in the construction

industry because of its versatility, diversity, and

aesthetic properties.

Properties

The properties of timber can be further divided into structural, physical and acousticalproperties. There are a few structural properties on timber which are wood depends on the

thickness of the cell walls and not the thickness of the fibers, wood is a good material to be

used as insulation as it has a very fine porous structure and wood is a fibrous material. On

the other hand, for its physical properties, firstly the sized of the wood may vary according

to the temperature and moisture. Wood may experience shrinkage in size when it is heated

up to a high temperature due to the loss of water in the wood. Besides that wood is a poor

conductor of heat, corrosion resistant and has a relatively high absorption capacity. Wood is

famous for its acoustical properties that make it a favourable material to be used in

orchestra halls. This is said because wood has a good sound insulation that produces a

better sound quality (Spence, Kultermann 2011).

Advantages

Timber has many advantages that made it so popular in the construction industry. The

advantages are timber is a renewable resource as trees can be grown through proper



development, it is resistant to any electrical sources, is a good insulator of heat and has

good sound absorption as mentioned in the properties above. Furthermore, timber has a

long span of life and is strong enough to be a load bearing member of a building as the

columns, piles or walls (Allen, Iano 2009).

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of timber is its defects. There are many types of defects; some are

natural and some caused by the processes. One of the natural defects is knots.

Figure 1 shows the natural defect of timber, knots (Wood Work Forum 2007)

Defects caused by the timber processing methods such as during conversion of wood

sloping grain or wane may occur. Other than that, during seasoning, the timber may

experience defects such as bow, spring, twist and cup.

Figure 2 shows the defects caused by seasoning(Brandon 2012)



Wood Parquet Flooring

Wood parquet is elegant and decorative as flooring. It is commonly used in homes, shopping

complex, sports hall and others. People use it for its excellent mechanical and insulation

properties and various other reasons such as the unique colour, natural appearance and

acoustics (Parketi Tomovic 2013).

Types of Parquet Flooring

Parquet wood can be easily installed and maintained. The type of wood used for parquet

flooring must be relatively strong, flexible, weather resistant, termite resistant and also

humidity. Hence, the more common ones used for floor parquet are teak, marine resin, ironwood, oak, pine or mahogany. Parquet flooring can be categorized into solid parquet and

synthetic parquet. Solid parquets are

stronger, durable and the design is more

similar to a real wood, but the price is more

expensive. On the other hand synthetic

parquet has limited durability, colour and

texture. It will also fade after a long period

(Best Home Inspirations 2013).

Installation

The installation process of wood parquet flooring is similar to tiles installation. Firstly, plan

the installation by snapping chalk lines between the midpoints of the walls. A trowel is used

to apply and spread the adhesives over a small section of the floor as it sets very quickly.

The parquet is pressed carefully onto the adhesives. Try to use the same amount of strength

when pressing the parquet onto the adhesives to avoid uneven parquets. Sometimes, a

hammer covered with cloth or a short length of wood is used to tap the parquet (Better

Homes and Gardens 2013).

Application

It is a very luxurious type of flooring and adds beauty to the shopping mall. The wood

parquet is hygienic since it does not collect dust. This kind of flooring helps to maintain a



desired room temperature as it is an insulator therefore the mall is at a uniform

temperature. The wood floor raises the value of the property. Wood paneling

In recent years, wood-based panel products have become increasingly specialized and are

used widely, including as a substitute for metals and plastics in some applications (McLain,

2007).

Properties

Wood-based panels cover a variety of different board products that have a wide range of

engineering properties. Wood composites are low grade logs or chips and sawdust produces

at sawmills. Wood composite are more favourable to be used for wood panels instead of

solid timber because it is more consistent

which means that they can support loads

with smaller safety margin. Other than that,

the properties of wood composites can be

engineered, cost less and come in bigger

sizes when needed. The special properties

which wood composites come with are low

thermal conductivity, fire resistance,

improved bio-resistance and better surfaces (Irle, Barbu 2010). Besides that, the equilibrium

moisture content for wood composites such as fibre boards, MDF or OSB are lower

compared to solid wood (Niemz 2010).

Functions

Wood panels are normally used as a partition

for a space or for decorative purposes and

sometimes to upgrade the acoustical

properties of a room. Nowadays, people

favours to use wood panels as a decorative

partition to separate the space optimally and

Photo courtesy of Venus Buzz (2011)



Conclusion

In conclusion, there are various different types of materials used in Starhill Gallery, however,

we narrowed it down to four types, which are granite, ceramic, timber and glass. Granite is

used throughout the whole building such as in the walkway, washroom and in some shops

as well. Ceramic on the other hand is more focused in the washroom and tiles flooring at the

walkway of the shopping complex. Other than that, timber due to it aesthetical value, is

used mostly for decoration purposes in the building. Furthermore, glass has many

applications to the building, for example façade purposes, safety purposes and decoration

purposes.

We had to do extra research on new materials that we have never learnt in lecture such as

ceramic homogenous tiles used as flooring and crystalline glass used as façade of the

building for its sparkling properties.



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