Bloodborne pathogens

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

Bloodborne Pathogens Division of Safety & Hygiene

DHO UNIT 13

Objectives:

• Identify five classes of microorganisms by describing their characteristics

• List six components of the chain of infection

• Differentiate between antisepsis, disinfection and sterilization


Basic Understanding of Infection Control

Normal FloraNonpathogensPathogensVirulenceHostHealth Care Workers need to know how diseases are transmitted and avoid being the link to further transmission.

Bacteria

Cocci are round, one celled plants classified according to shape and arrangement.

Diplococci are arranged in pairs

Examples:Gonorrhea, Meningitis and Pneumonia

Streptococci are spherical bacteria arranged in chains:

Examples: Strept. throat, Scarlet Fever,Rheumatic Fever

Staphlococci are clusters of cocci.

Examples: Wound infections, Impetigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome. Often causing purulent material to be formed.

OTHER BACTERIABACILLI (RODS) are large,rod-shaped cellsFound singly or in groupsExamples Anthrax, Salmonella, TB,Tetanus, Typhoid

SPIRILLA are curved or spiral bacteria That are arranged singly or in colonies.Examples: Campylobacter, Syphilis, Lyme Disease

ANTIBIOTIC ARE OFTEN EFFECTIVE AGAINST A BACTERIAL INFECTION

Another version of Bacteria: RICKETTSIA

Rickettsia species are small, Gram-negative bacilli that are obligate intracellular parasites. Called “oblate” because they can reproduce only inside other living cells.Examples: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Chlamydia.

The Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum, a common, human-biting tick.

OTHER PATHOGENS:PROTOZOA are complex one-celled animals that can live in human fluids and cause disease. Many have flagella.Examples: Giardia (Travelers Diarrhea) Trichomonas, Malaria

Fungi are simple plants but without chlorophyll. Yeast and mold are types Fungi. They must parasitize as they cannot make food.Examples; Candida (Thrush), Tinea(Ringworm),

VirusesViruses are intracellular parasites that consist of a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope. They invade cells and insert theirown genetic code into the host. Thus, the pirate the hosts nutrients and organelles, multiply and infect other cells.Examples: Cold, Influenza, West Nile Virus, Avian Flu, Polio,Mono, Measles, Mumps, HBV,HCV, HIV.

Hepatitis B

• Most common occupationally-acquired infection

• Blood borne, sexual contact and perinatal

• Virus attack livers and can cause lifelong

infection, cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer,

liver failure and death.

• Vaccine available. Required by OSHA.


Hepatitis B

Found in:

• Blood

• Vaginal Secretions

• Semen

• Saliva


Signs and Symptoms:• Nausea

• Lack of appetite

• Fatigue

• Joint pain

• Dark urine

• Jaundice

• Fever


Hepatitis C• The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne

virus that was previously referred to as

non-A/non-B hepatitis

•As many as 80-85% of people initially infected

with HCV may become chronically infected

•No vaccine available

•Today HCV is the leading reason for liver transplants


Hepatitis A

• Not bloodborne

• Severity of disease

• Poor sanitation

• Raw seafood

• Daycare centers

• Vaccine


Hepatitis D

A defective virus that needs the HBV to exist

Co-infection with HBV Chronic liver disease with cirrhosis, liver

cancer, and fulminant hepatitis also possible.

HIV• HIV infection is a viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that gradually destroys the immune system, resulting in infections that are hard for the body to fight.

• People who become infected with HIV may have no symptoms for up to 10 years, but they can still transmit the infection to others.

• No vaccine, no cure

• Risk to Health care workers



HIV Signs & Symptoms

• Night sweats

• Fever, chills

• Joint Pain

• Swollen glands

• Flu-like

• Fatigue

• Rash

(many have all, none, or some)

Factors required for growth

Warm

Moist

Dark

Aerobic require oxygen to live

Anerobic live and reproduce without oxygen

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASES AND INFECTIONS

ENDOGENOUS

EXOGENOUS

NOSOCOMIAL

OPPORTUNISTIC

The Chain of Infection

Reservoir Host

Portal of Exit

Mode of TransmissionPortal of Entry

Susceptible Host

Infectious Agent

ASEPTIC CONTROL ASEPSIS

CONTAMINATED

ANTISEPSIS

DISINFECTION

STERILIZATION

Exposure Control


UNIT 13:2

Division of Safety & HygieneBloodborne Pathogens

Potentially Infectious MaterialsBlood Mucus

Semen Vaginal Secretions

Sputum Saliva

Other Body fluids “Visible soiled” objects

Tissue/Cell specimens Mucous Membranes

Non-intact skin

“IF IT IS WET AND FROM THE BODY, CONSIDER IT INFECTIOUS”…..better safe than sorry.


Standard (Universal) Precautions

An approach to infection control. All

human blood and certain body fluids are

treated as if known to be infectious.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS: are the rules

designed to protect the patient and HCW


Methods of Control


Methods of Control (Cont.)

Hand sanitizers with 60% or more alcohol are very effective.

• Always wash hands:

•Visibly contaminated

•After using bathroom

•Before you eat

•When hands feel “sticky”

• Pathogens that are spores ( C-Difficile)


Gloves

• Disposable - not reused

• Change if torn or punctured

• Awareness of latex allergic reactions

• Use of utility gloves

PPESyringes with protection devices

Gloves with choices to avoid latex

Masks with various filters (e.g N95)

Face Shields

Biohazard symbol to warn of body fluid


Exposure Incident

A specific eye, mouth, or other

mucous membrane, non-intact skin

or parenteral contact with blood or

other potentially infectious material

that results from the performance of

an employee’s duties.

Post-exposure follow-up

• Definition of “exposure”

• Selecting medical service

• Informing the employee

• Recordkeeping

• Confidentiality of results


Blood spill clean-up

• Use correct “–cidal”

• Follow “wait” time

• Performed by someone with HBV

vaccine


Bloodborne pathogens

Education

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