Blood. What do you know??? Why is it called the "river of life"?
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Transcript of Blood. What do you know??? Why is it called the "river of life"?
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Blood
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What do you know???
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Why is it called the "river of life"?
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Function:1. Transport: gases, nutrients, wastes2. Transport of processed molecules:
-substances made in one part of body and transported to another part of body
-ex. Vitamin D, Lactic acid3. Transport of regulatory molecules4. Regulation of pH & osmosis
pH 7.35-7.455. maintain body temperature6. Protection against foreign substances7. clot formation
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Components:Plasma and formed elements
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Plasma:-55% of blood-made of: 90% water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, gases-plasma proteins (made by liver):
1. albumin - helps osmotic pressure of blood to keep blood in bloodstream
2. Fibrinogen - clotting protein3. globulins - antibodies for defense and
lipid transportproteins are not used by cells
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plasma amount is regulated by body systems1. if proteins too low - liver produces more2. if blood too acid (acidosis) - or too basic
(alkalosis) - kidneys and lungs help bring pH back to normal (pH 7.35-7.45)
plasma also distributes body heat through body
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Formed elements (cells)-45% of blood- include red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
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Red blood cells - erythrocytesfunction - carry oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide too-are anucleate at maturity-contain few organelles-contain hemoglobin - (protein with iron)
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-lack mitochondria-make ATP by anaerobic fermentation - so don't
use oxygen they carry-biconcave disk (think snow tube!)-1000 RBCs to 1 WBC-add thickness to blood-1 cell = 250 million hemoglobin molecules-5 million cells /cubic mm-contains 12-18 g hemoglobin/100ml
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Problems with RBCs:1. anemia - decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
causes: low # of RBCs RBCs don't have enough
hemoglobin in themSeveral types of anemia:
a. hemorrhagic anemia - due to blood lossb. hemolytic anemia - bacteria lyse RBCsc. pernicious anemia - lack of B12d. aplastic anemia - bone marrow
destructione. iron deficiency anemia - low iron in diet
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f.sickle cell anemiacause: genetic defect - abnormal
hemoglobin made (must have 2 copies)
mostly in people of African descentRBC becomes sickle shaped
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-become sickle shape when low oxygen - during exercise, anxiety, stress
-dam up blood vessels-low oxygen delivery to cells-symptoms: pain, jaundice, tired, inability to fight
infection-diagnosis: blood test -treatment: folic acid -helps produce RBC, pain
meds-prognosis: can live full life, some deaths
immune to malaria
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2. polycythemia - increase in number of RBCs
cause: bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera), high altitudes (secondary polycythemia)
increases blood viscosity, makes circulation harder especially if clogged arteries
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Leukocytes- white blood cells (WBC)
function: fight off infection caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells-removes dead cells and debris
-4,000-11,000/mm3-have nuclei (DNA)-move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis (amoeboid
movement)-respond to chemicals released in body
-positive chemotaxis-body can produce double amount in a few hours
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Leukocytosis- Greater than 11,000 cells/mm3-indicates an infection
Leukopenia - low white blood count-caused by meds - corticosteroids, anticancer
agents
Mononucleosis-cause Epstein Barr virus-symptoms - sore throat, fever, tired, enlarged
spleen-spread in saliva, mucus - "kissing disease"-diagnosis - blood test, questions-treatment-goes away on own
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Leukemia- cancer of the blood cells-body produces abnormal cells-different types
acute leukemia - blood cells remain immature (blasts)
chronic leukemia -some blasts present, progresses more slowly
-symptoms:-fever, chills, fatigue, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, easy bruising/bleeding, bleeding
gums, joint pain-diagnosis:medical history, blood test, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture-treatment:radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant
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Leukocytes - two main groups of cells:1. Granulocytes - have granules in cytoplasm
a. neutrophils - most common, alive for 10-12 hours
phagocytes, found in pus
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html#neutrophils
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b. eosinophils - reduce chemicals to decrease infection, rid body of parasitic worms, regulates
inflammatory response
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm
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c. basophils - release histamine to promote inflammation, releases heparin - prevents clots
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm
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2. Agranulocytes- lack granules
a. lymphocytes- smallest white blood cells
-produce antibodies
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm
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made in bone marrow:
B-lymphocytes - oversee immunity of bodies' humors (fluids)-mature in bone marrow
T-lymphocytes - arise from cells that migrate to thymus for maturity (2-3 days) regulated by thymosin hormone-circulate through body - go after pathogens infected
cells
both of these migrate via blood to lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues
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b. monocytes - largest white blood cellbecome macrophages - phagocytize bacteria, dead
cells
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm
precursor to macrophage
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Platelets
-fragments of large multinucleated cells (megakaryocytes)-aka thrombocytes-300,000/mm3-produced in red bone marrow-function - clotting of blood
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Hematopoiesis
-blood cell formation-happens in red bone marrow-stay in bone marrow until mature, then go to rest of body
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hemocytoblast = stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cellstwo types:
lymphoid stem cell - becomes lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells - all other cells
red blood cells live ~ 120 daysgotten rid of by phagocytes in spleen, liver and
other tissuessynthesize hemoglobinyoung red blood cell - reticulocyte - still contains
ERtakes 5 days to mature from hemocytoblast
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Erythrocyte production control
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white blood cells and platelets is stimulated by hormones(colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins)
stimulates bone marrow to produce leukocytes
exposure to bacterial toxins stimulates macrophages/lymphocytes to release CSFs and interleukins
thrombopoietin - hormone that helps makes platelets
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Hemostasis
-blood clotting process- results from break in blood vessel
Three major steps:a. platelet plug
formationb. vascular spasmsc. coagulation
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1. Platelet plug formation:-if blood vessels break - collagen fibers are exposed,
cause platelets to get "sticky"-anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more
plateletsto make platelet plug (white thrombus)
2. Vascular spasms:-platelets release serotonin - causes blood vessels to
spasm-narrows blood vessel, decreases blood loss, before
clotting
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3. Coagulation events:-thromoboplastin is released by injured tissues-PF3 (phospholipid) coats platelets and reacts with
thromobplastin, other clotting factors and calcium ions - cause clotting cascade
-prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin (enz)
-thrombin joins with fibrinogen to make long hairlike fibers called fibrin
-fibrin forms mesh network that traps other platelets and RBCs to form clot
-clot hardens to form scab-serum = plasma minus clotting proteins - clear fluid that
seeps from wounds-takes 3-6 minutes to clot, once clotting cascade starts-applying gauze and pressure speed up clotting
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Hemostasis disorders:1. thrombus = clot that develops and stays in unbroken blood
vessel-if forms in heart vessels - causes heart attack-if floats freely in blood stream = embolus
-no problem unless gets into small vessels it can't get through. cerebral embolus = stroke
-anything that causes roughening of blood vessel can cause clotting
-severe burns, physical blows, cholesterol build-up, blood pooling
-treatment: anticoagulants - aspirin, heparin, coumadin
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Bleeding disorders:1. thrombocytopenia - insufficient # of platelets in blood
-normal movements causes bleeding from blood vessels
-petechiae = purplish blotches-cause- bone marrow cancer, radiation, drugs
2. Vit K deficiency - Vit K needed by liver to produce clotting factors
3. Hemophilia - "bleeder's disease"-lack of certain clotting factors-factor VIII = 75% - most common-sex linked trait-use transfusions or injections of clotting factor
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Blood Groups
-Karl Lansteiner (1900) discovered four different types-due to specific presence or absence of agglutinogens (carbs, glycoproteins or glycolipids) on surface of RBC
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24 blood groups with 100 antigens-rarest type MN
ABO blood groups based on type A and type B antigens
agglutinogens = antigens = substance that the body recognizes as foreign-stimulates the release of antibodies (agglutinins)for
defense-we tolerate our own, get reaction if come in contact
with different types of blood antigens-antibodies "recognize" and attach to RBC antigen
causingagglutination (clumping)
-can cause kidney failure
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To figure out what blood type children would be: use Punnett Squares
Type A blood = AA or AOType B blood = BB or BOType AB blood = ABType O blood = OO
so if parents are: AB and AO, children could beA B
A
O
AA AB
AO BO
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Rh factor = another antigen on the surface of RBCscan be Rh + (has antigen) or Rh- (no antigen)-named after the Rhesus monkey where it was first
discovered-normally not a problem unless mother is Rh- and baby is
Rh+-first pregnancy - mother starts building
antibodies against Rh factor-second pregnancy - mother's body will try to
reject baby-baby can be born with hemolytic disease-baby is anemic, hypoxic, brain damage if left
untreated -treatment: transfusing the baby at birth
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now injection of RhoGam (anti Rh gamma globulin)is all that is needed to prevent mother from producing antibodies
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Importance of blood typing:-so no agglutination (clumping)
cross matching = testing to make sure donor blood is compatible
How is it done?test blood with antiserum (Anti A and Anti B)RBCs of type A will clump with anti A serumRBCs of type B will clump with anti B serumRBCs of type AB will clump with both anti A and Anti
B)RBCs of type O will not clump with either anti A or
Anti B
Rh factor typing is same but with anti Rh
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When is blood typing needed?
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Blood tests:
1. red blood cell countmales - 4.6-6.2 million RBC/mm3females 4.2-5.4 million RBC/mm3
2. Hemoglobin14-18 gm/100ml - males12-16 gm/100ml
3. Hematocrit = % of total blood volume composed of RBC40-50% of total blood volume (male)38-48% of total blood volume (female)
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4. White blood cell counttotal # of WBC in
blood5000-9000/ml3
5. platelet count250,000-400,000/ml3
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Developmental aspects of blood
-embryo - liver and spleen also make blood cells-by 7th month of development - red marrow does most production-fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is different than mature hemoglobin - has more oxygen carrying capability-after birth have hemoglobin (HbA) =typical-jaundice happens in infants when liver can't process all of the destroyed RBCs fast enough
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