Blood Types

Transfusion

• Cause = Reduction of the amount of blood from the body– Hemorrhage

• Effect = Adding blood from another person– Transfusion

Problems with Transfusion

• Patient blood may contain antibodies or agglutinins

• May cause donors blood to rupture and release hemoglobin– Hemolyzed

• Antigen or agglutinogens on the surface of RBCs may not be compatible

Blood Cell Proteins

• A and B antigen

• Rh factor

ABO Blood Type Group

• Four Blood Types– A– B– AB– O

• Indicate the type of antigen present on the RBCs

Antibodies

• Substances that clump onto specific foreign materials

• No one has antibodies to their own blood type

• Antibodies develop to the antigens that are not present

Compatibility

• Blood type is determined by heredity

• O can be given to any type (Universal Donor)

• People with AB blood receive any type of blood

• A can receive from A or O

• B can receive from B or O

• O can receive from only O

Rh Factor

• Blood contains an Rh antigen

• Rh positive – antigen is present

• Rh negative no Rh is present

Why is it Important

• Plasma never naturally contains anti-Rh antibodies

• Antibodies will be made if Rh+ blood is given to an Rh- recipient

Why is it Important

• Babies born Rh+ from Rh- mothers and Rh+ fathers

• Babies blood might stimulate anti-Rh antibodies to be produced in the mother

• If another Rh+ baby is produced, the fetus may develop Erythroblastosis fetalis

No Agglutination

Agglutination

No Agglutination Agglutination

Chart Of A-B-O Blood Donor & Recipient Compatibility

RECIPIENT

D

O

N

O

R

Alleles &Antibodies

  Oanti-Aanti-B

  Aanti-B

  Banti-A

  ABNone

O None None None None

A Clump None Clump None

B Clump Clump None None

AB Clump Clump Clump None

                                                    

       

A red blood cell (RBC) containing three different antigens on the surface of its membrane. Each antigen has the complimentary antibody attached to it. The antigens and antibodies are large glycoproteins with unique molecular shapes.

Red blood cells (RBCs): Type A Positive (left) and type A Negative (right). Both types have the A antigen, but only the A Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

Red blood cells (RBCs): Type B Positive (left) and type B Negative (right). Both types have the B antigen, but only the B Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

Red blood cells (RBCs): Type AB Positive (left) and type AB Negative (right). Both types have A and B antigens, but only the AB Positive (left) has the Rh antigen.

Red blood cells (RBCs): Type O Positive (left) and type O Negative (right). Both types are without A and B antigens, but the O Positive (left) has the Rh antigen. Type O Negative (right) has none of the antigens (A, B or Rh) on its membrane.

Agglutination (clumping) of type A RBCs by anti-A antibodies. The antibodies have two combining sites and are able to attach to the A antigens on adjacent RBCs, thus causing the RBCs to bond together. Blood clotting is an entirely different biochemical mechanism involving blood platelets (thrombocytes) and the clotting protein prothrombin which is converted into thrombin. The thrombin acts like an enzyme, catalyzing the conversion of fibrinogen protein into fibrin. The actual blood clot is composed of fibrin threads that wind around RBCs and platelets

Now, see how you do in determining compatible blood types

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